社会工作专业英语 课件 chapter 2 Social Work Theories

Chapter2SocialWorkTheoriesProfessionalEnglishforSocialWork【KeyPoints】Asocialworktheoryattemptstoexplainwhyaproblemexists,andapracticemodelattemptstoprovideamethodforsolvingtheproblem.Theoriesareanglesforustounderstandthings.Eachtheorysuggestsadifferentsetofcausesforaproblemandleadslogicallytoadifferentprescriptionforitssolution.Socialworktheoriesnotonlymaketheprofessionalsystem

morecomplete,butalsoinstructthe

socialworkprofessionals’

servicestomakethemmore

authoritative

andeffective；graduallyestablishingthestatusofsocial

workintheacademic

system

ofsocialsciences.

Socialworktheoriesisanimportantsymbolforthedevelopmentofsocialwork

professionalknowledge,

whichprovide

ustheprinciplesandmethodsfor

social

workpractice.

Withthedevelopmentofmorethan100years,theexpertsofsocialworkhavenotonlyestablisheda

completeprofessional

servicesystem,

butalsoawealthof

professionalsocialworktheories

basedonthefront-linepractice.

Asanimportantpartof

theprofessional

systemofsocialwork,

socialworktheoriesnotonlymaketheprofessionalsystem

morecomplete,butalsoinstructthe

socialworkprofessionalstoprovide

servicesmore

authoritativelyandeffectively,

graduallyestablishingthestatusofsocial

workintheacademic

system

ofsocialsciences.

Modernsocialworktheoryreferstothetheoriesandpracticesthatinformthetheoreticalfoundationsofthemodernsocialwork.Thedevelopmentofsocialworktheoriesisanimportantsymbolofthegrowthofsocialwork

professionalknowledge,

whichprovide

ustheprinciplesandmethodsfor

social

workpractice.【Introduction】CONTENTS321TheDefinitionofTheoryTheUsefulnessofSocialWorkTheoriestoPractitionersMajorsocialworkTheoriesTheDefinitionofTheoryPARTONE

Theoriescandirect[v.指导]ourunderstandingoftheworld.Insocialworkarea,theorieshelpilluminate[vt.阐明，说明]socialstructures,humanbehavior,crisisandconflict,andprovidesinsightsintohowtoalleviatesocialandpersonalhardships.Theoriesareusedtoguidethepracticeofsocialwork.Socialworkerstoil[v.苦干，努力工作]toimprovethelivesofindividualsandgroups.Socialworkersrelyheavilyontheexistingresearchandtheories,andderivedeepsinsightsfromothermajorsinsocialscienceareatobetterresponsethesocialissuestheyarefacing.

Atheoryisasetofstatementsorprinciplesdevisedtoexplainagroupoffactsorphenomena,especiallyonethathasbeenrepeatedlytestedoriswidelyacceptedandcanbeusedtomakepredictionsaboutnaturalorsocialphenomena.TheDefinitionofTheoryTheUsefulnessofSocialWorkTheoriestoPractitionersPARTTWO

Asocialworktheoryattemptstoexplainwhyaproblemexists,andapracticemodelattemptstoprovideamethodforsolvingtheproblem.Theoriesareanglesforustounderstandthings.Eachtheorysuggestsadifferentsetofcausesforaproblemandleadslogicallytoadifferentprescriptionforitssolution.TheUsefulnessofSocialWorkTheoriestoPractitioners

Socialworkersusetheoriesasabasisforgatheringandinterpretingdata.Theoriesguideresearchaswellaspracticeinsocialwork.Avarietyoftheoriesexisttohelpsocialworkersdevelopacomprehensiveassessment,treatmentrecommendations,andgoals.Sometheoriesaremorewidelyacceptedthanothers.Mostsocialworkersuseavarietyoftheoriestoguidetheirpractice.

Socialworktheoriesinstructtheprofessionalspracticebygivingthemaframeworkofthinkingthesocialissues.Socialworktheoriesalsoenhancepracticebyexplainingwhysocietyisthewayitis,andalsogofurthertoexplainwhyclientsfacetheproblems.Socialworktheoriescanalsohelptheprofessionalstofindsolutionsfortheintricate[adj.错综复杂的；难解决的]problemsthattheirclientsarefacing.MajorsocialworkTheoriesPARTTHREESystemsTheoryMajorsocialworkTheoriesPsychodynamicTheorySocialLearningTheoryFeministTheoryConflictTheorySocialConstructivistTheorySocialCognitiveTheoryEcologicalSystemsStagesofChangeTheoryBehaviorTheoryExistentialTheoryStrengthPerspective

TheoryTheoryofEmpowermentSocialSupportTheory1235764141210813119SystemsTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories1

Systemstheorygrowsfromstudyofbiologyandecology,andattemptstoanalyzeandunderstandsocialproblemsthroughthelensofanindividual'splaceinaninterconnectedsociety.Itisbelievedthattocomprehendanindividual'sissues,it'simportanttounderstandhisorherroleinandinteractionswiththeestablishedorder.Systemstheorymightsuggestthatastrugglingemployeeendedupinarolesheisill-suitedforduetoeconomicandsocietalpressureandisexperiencingstressduetoapoorfit.Systemstheorycanbehelpfulinassessingaclient'sstressorsandsupportnetworks.MajorsocialworkTheories

Psychodynamictheoryexaminestheemotional[emotional:adj.感情的]andinternalforcesthatshapehumanbehaviors.Bothconsciousemotionsandsubconsciousforcesarethoughttoplayapartinwhywedowhatwedo.PsychodynamictheoryhasrootsintheFreudianconceptsoftheid,ego,andsuperego,andtheinteractionsbetweenthethree.Psychodynamictheoristsattachagreatdealofimportancetoearlychildhoodexperiencesandtheireffectsonthedevelopmentofpersonality.Apsychodynamicanalysisofthatsametroubledemployeemightrevealthatherimmediatesupervisorhasavoicesimilartoherfather's,stirringdifficultmemories.PsychodynamicTheory2SocialLearningTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories3

Sociallearningtheoryseekstounderstandhumanbehaviorsinthecontextofhowwelearnfromobservingandinteractingwiththeothersaroundus.Childrenandadultsobserve,copyandmodelthebehaviorsaroundthemindailylives.Individualsobserveothers’actionsandlearningfromit,atthesametime,theywillexpectthesamebehavioralresultsthattheysawpreviously.Accordingtothetheory’soriginator,AlbertBandura,thedegreetowhichsuchmodelingtakesplacedependsonattention,retention,reproduction,andmotivation.Sociallearningtheoryisrelatedtobehaviorism,butstressthemutualprocess.Morespecifically,sociallearningtheoryexpressedthatthespecificenvironmentcanaffectsindividuals’behaviors.Besides,theindividuals’behaviorpatterncanalsoinfluencetheenvironment.Sociallearningtheorymightsuggeststhatthetroubledemployeewatchedaparentgethisownwaythroughwhining[v.抱怨；发牢骚]orbullying[n.恃强欺弱的行为；v.欺负]andlearnedthosebehaviors.MajorsocialworkTheories

Feministtheoryseekstounderstandhowoppressedgroups,andinparticularwomenlivinginmale-dominatedsocieties,areaffectedbytheirsocialposition.Whensocialworkersusethistheory,theymightlookathowpowerhasbeenexercisedoverwomenandhowwomenhaveachievedgreaterequalityandliberationovertime.FeministTheory4MajorsocialworkTheories5Conflicttheoryissimilarasthefeministtheoryinthatitobserveshierarchical[adj.分等级的，等级制度的]relationsofpeoplewithinsociety.However,conflicttheorypositsasocietyinwhichgroupscompeteovertheircollectiveinterests.Eventually,oneormoreofthesegroupsaredominatedbyaparticulargroupandmarginalized.Conflicttheoryattemptstoemphasizesolidarityamongmarginalized[被边缘化；被排斥]groupsastheyattempttoresistthestatuswhichcreatedbythedominantsocialgroup.Assuch,itstressespeople'sabilitytoworktogethertobettertheirconditions.ItislargelyinfluencedbytheworksofKarlMarx,FriedrichEngelsandotherprominentMarxisttheorists,suchasLouisAlthusser.Foraconflicttheorist,humanbehaviorcanbeexplainedintermsofcompetitionbetweengroupsthathaveunequalpower.Thestruggleforcontroloverlimitedresourcesisbelievedtoexplaincrime,poverty,unequaleducationandtheoppressionofwomen,amongotheraspectsofsocialstructureandhumanbehavior.Aconflicttheoristwouldsaythattheabovetroubledemployeewasexperiencingtheinevitable[adj.不可避免的;必然发生的]effectsofheroppressedstatuswithinthepowerstructure.ConflictTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories

Socialconstructivisttheorylooksathowpeople'sbeliefsandactionsshapeandrecreatetheirsocialcontext,andhowinturnthatsocialcontextreflectsuponpeople,recreatingitselforgraduallychangingthroughtheirpractices.

Fromsocialconstructivist[建构主义]theory,socialworkerscangaininsightsintohowsocietiesreinforce[vt.强化，增强]themselvesandchangethroughtheactionsofindividuals.Theycanthengoaboutusinginsightsfromsocialconstructivisttheorywhentheytrytoinstigate[vt.煽动；激起]socialchangeintheirownsocieties.SocialConstructivistTheory6SocialCognitiveTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories7

Socialcognitivetheoryisapsychologicaltheorythatdescribestheindividualasacomplexbeingmoldedbypersonalfactors,environmentandlearnedbehavior.Itemphasizesatechniquecalledself-efficacy[自我效能],wherebyonecancometoself-regulateantisocialbehaviorthroughanunderstandingofone'senvironmentandbydevelopingcertainexpectationsabouttheoutcomesofcertainbehavior.Socialworkerscanusetheseinsightsinordertohelpcounselpeoplesufferingfromantisocialbehavior.MajorsocialworkTheories

UrieBrofenbrenner[乌里·布罗芬布伦纳]'swidelyacceptedframeworkdescribestherelationshipbetweenvariousecologicalsystems.Thistheorydescribeshowecologicalsystemsinfluencedevelopment.Forexample,theneighborhood[n.临近街坊]whereachildresides,theschoolsheattendsandherrelationshipswithextendedfamilymembersinfluenceachild'swell-beinganddevelopment.Socialworkersutilizethistheorybytakingintoaccountaperson'senvironmentwhenconductinganassessment,establishingadiagnosisandformulatingtreatmentplans.EcologicalSystems8StagesofChangeTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories9StagesofChangeTheory(SCT)referstofivestagespeopleexperiencewhenmakingbehavioralchanges.Duringthepre-contemplation[前预期阶段]stage,peopledenyhavingaproblem.Duringthecontemplationstage[沉思阶段],peoplebegintoconsiderthepossibilitytheymayhaveaproblem.Thepreparationstageleadstodevelopingaplanforchange.Throughouttheactionstage,peoplemakechanges.Thelaststage,maintenance[n.维持，保持],requiresongoingstepstosustainthechange.Socialworkersutilizedifferenttreatmentapproachesbasedonaclient'sreadinesstochange.MajorsocialworkTheoriesBehaviortheoryisbasedontheideathatbehaviorsresultfromconditioning.Behavioroccursfollowingastimulus[n.刺激物；刺激因素；刺激]andconditioningoccurswhenabehaviorbecomeslinkedtothestimulus.Pavlov[巴甫洛夫]usedthistheorywhenherangabelleverytimeadogwasfed.Eventually,ringingthebellcausedthedogtodrool[vi.流口水],evenwhenfoodwasnotplacedinfrontofthedog.Socialworkersoftenusethistheorywhenteachingparentshowtomotivate[vt.促动，激发]childrenbyofferingappropriateconsequencesforpositiveandnegativebehaviors.BehaviorTheory10ExistentialTheoryMajorsocialworkTheories11

Basedontheideathathumannatureisgood,theexistentialapproachprovidesclient-centeredtreatment.Interventionsaimathelpingclientsincreasetheirself-awareness[n.自我意识].Socialworkersutilizingthisapproachemphasizetheclients'abilitytobetruetothemselves.Thisapproachfocusesondevelopingatherapeuticrelationshipthatallowseachclienttoworkthroughissuesathisownpace.Clientschoosetheirowngoalsanddirectthetreatment.MajorsocialworkTheories

Insocialworkpractice,aswellasotherhelpingprofessions,thestrengthsperspectiveisoftenusedtohelpthoseinneed.Itformsthebasisforindividualgrowthandtherapeutic[adj.治疗的]assistance.

Unlikethemedicalmodeloftreatment,whichfocusesonthemanagementofsymptoms,thestrengthsperspectivefocusesonthestrengthsofindividuals.Thesestrengthsmaycomefromwithintheindividualorfromtheirenvironment.Therearethreemainareasoffocusinthisstrengths-basedapproach:EveryoneHasStrengths,FocusonStrengths,ResourcesAreAvailable.StrengthPerspective

Theory12TheoryofEmpowermentMajorsocialworkTheories13

“Empowerment”,referstograntorconsolidatetherightsofindividualsorgroups.Inrealities,asaresultofunevendistributionofsocialinterestsandunequalinstitutionalarrangement,thedisadvantaged[n.弱势的]groupsfromlowersocialstrataormarginalizedbymainstreamsocietylacktherightandpowertosafeguardandrealizetheirinterestsandclaims.Toimprovethepowerlesssituation,weneedconductaredistributionofpowerandresorttoempowerment.Empowermentcanexistatthreelevels:atthepersonallevel,whereempowermentistheexperienceofgainingincreasingcontrolandinfluenceindailylifeandcommunityparticipation,coveringbothapsychologicalsenseofpersonalcontrolandaconcernwithactualsocialinfluence.Attheinter-personallevel,whereempowermentreferstotheincreaseofsocialresourcesorcapitals;atthesametime,itindicatestheimprovementofpersonalimage,andstruggleforafairersocialenvironment.Atthesocialparticipationlevel,wheretheaimofempowermentisorientedtowardsswayingsocialdecisions,expressingpersonalinterestclaims,participationinsocialresourcesdistribution,andstruggleforsocialjusticeandequalitycorrespondingwithhealthysocietyanddevelopedculture.MajorsocialworkTheories

Socialsupportnetworkreferstothecontactbetweenagroupofpeople,throughwhichindividualsmaintaintheiridentitiesandgainemotionalsupport,materialassistanceandservice,informationandnewsocialcontact.Inaccordancewithsocialsupporttheory,themorepowerfulanindividual’ssocialsupportingnetworksis,thebettertheindividualistodealwithenvironmentalchallenges.Theresourcesanindividualpossessesfallintopersonalresourcesandsocialresources.Personalresourcescoverself-functionandcopingability,thelatterofwhichisthewidenessofpersonalsocialnetworkandtheextentofsocialassistanceprovidedbyindividuals.Thesocialworkorientedtowardssocialsupporttheoryhighlightstheroleplayedbyinterventioninindividualsocialnetworksinindividuallife.Forthoseindividualswhosufferfromlimitedsocialnetworksortheirownlimitedcapabilitytoutilizesocialnetworks,socialworkersworkhardtorenderthemnecessaryassistance,helpthemenlargetheirsocialnetworks,andimprovetheirabilitytoutilizesocialnetworks.SocialSupportTheory14【ChapterSummary】

Atheoryisas