060三级笔译翻译实务真题

20235月人事部三级笔译真题Freedbywarming,watersoncelockedbeneathicearegnawingatcoastalsettlementsaroundtheArcticCircle.InBykovsky,avillageof457onRussia”snortheastcoast,theshorelineiscollapsing,creepingcloserandclosertohousesandtanksofheatingoil,atarateof15to18feetayear.“Itispracticallyallice-permafrost-anditisthawing.“ForthefourmillionpeoplewholivenorthoftheArcticCircle,achangingclimatepresentsnewopportunities.Butitalsothreatenstheirenvironment,theirhomesand,forthosewhosetraditionsrelyontheice-boundwilderness,thepreservationoftheirculture.ApushtodeveloptheNorth,quickenedbythemeltingoftheArcticseas,carriesitsownrewardsanddangersforpeopleintheregion.ThediscoveryofvastpetroleumfieldsintheBarentsandKaraSeashasraisedfearsofcatastrophicaccidentsasshipsloadedwithoiland,soon,liquefiedgaschurnthroughthefisheriesoffScandinavia,headedtomarketsinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Landthatwasuntouchedcouldbetaintedbypollutionas generators,smokestacksandlargevehiclessprouttosupportthegrowingenergyindustry.CoastalerosionisaprobleminAlaskaaswell,forcingtheUnitedStatestopreparetorelocateseveralInuitvillagesataprojectedcostof$100millionormoreforeachone.AcrosstheArctic,indigenoustribeswithtraditionsshapedbycenturiesoflivinginextremesofcoldandicearenoticingchangesinweatherandwildlife.Theyaretryingtoadapt,butitcanbeconfounding.InFinnmark,Norway”snorthernmostprovince,theArcticlandscapeunfoldsinlatewinterasanendlesssnowyplateau,silentbutforthecriesofthereindeerandtheoccasionalwhineofasnowmobileherdingthem.AchangingArcticisfeltthere,too.“Thereindeerarebecomingunhappy,“saidIssatEira,a31-year-oldreindeerherder.FewcountriesrivalNorwaywhenitcomestoprotectingtheenvironmentandpreservingindigenouscustoms.Thestatehaslavisheditsoilwealthontheregion,andSamiculturehasenjoyedsomethingofarenaissance.AndyetnoamountofgovernmentsupportcanconvinceMr.Eirathathislivelihood,intractablyentwinedwiththereindeer,isnotabouttochange.LikeaTexascattleman,hekeepsthesizeofhisherdsecret.Buthesaidwarmertemperaturesinfallandspringweremeltingthetoplayersofsnow,whichthenrefreezeasice,makingitharderforhisreindeertodigthroughtothelichentheyeat.“Thepeoplewhoaremakingthedecisions,theyarelivinginthesouthandtheyarelivingintowns,“saidMr.Eira,sittinginsidehishomemadeofreindeerhides.“Theydon”tmarkthechangeofweather.Itisonlypeoplewholiveinnatureandgetresourcesfromnaturewhomarkit.“ApushtodeveloptheNorth,quickenedbythemeltingoftheArcticseas,carriesitsownrewardsanddangersforpeopleintheregion.ThediscoveryofvastpetroleumfieldsintheBarentsandKaraSeashasraisedfearsofcatastrophicaccidentsasshipsloadedwithoiland,soon,liquefiedgaschurnthroughthefisheriesoffScandinavia,headedtomarketsinEuropeandNorthAmerica.Landthatwasuntouchedcouldbetaintedbypollutionas generators,smokestacksandlargevehiclessprouttosupportthegrowingenergyindustry.路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个长久和平、共同富强的和谐世界。会的雄伟目标。中国永久是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚决力气。全面协调可持续进展。202311月人事部三级笔译真题Facedwithgrowingevidencethatavianinfluenzaisspreadinginbirds,theWorldHealthOrganizationonWednesdaysignedanagreementwiththeSwisspharmaceuticalcompanyRocheHoldingtobuildupitsstockpileofmedicinesincaseofapandemicinhumans.Undertheagreement,RochewillreservethreemilliontreatmentsofitsTamifluantiviralmedicineforusebytheUNagencyincaseofaworldwidehumanpandemicofavianflu.“It”sjustenoughtodealwithaninitialoutbreak,“saidJong-WookLee,director-generaloftheWHO.“Butclearlythisisnotenoughtodealwithafullpandemic.“Theagencysaysonly57peopleinIndonesia,Vietnam,ThailandandCambodiahavedied,mainlyfromcontactwithinfectedbirds.ThevirushaskilledmillionsofchickensandledtopreventivecullingacrossAsiasincelate2023.Sustainedhuman-to-humaninfectionhasnotyetbeenrecorded.ButtheWorldHealthOrganizationwarnsthatbirdflu,whichfirstappearedinHongKongin1997,couldmutategenetically,makingiteasierforhumanstocatchandtransmitthediseaseamongthemselves.SignsthediseasehasspreadrecentlytobirdsinSiberiaandKazakhstanareaddingtoconcerns,theWHOsays.ApanelofEuropeanUnionexpertswillconveneThursdayinBrusselstodiscussmeasurestopreventthespreadofbirddeathstoEuropeanpoultry.Whenaskedwhetherhethoughtawidespreadoutbreakinhumanswasimminent,Leesaid:“Wedon”tknowwhenitwillcome.ButitwouldbehugelyirresponsibleiftheWHOandmemberstatesdidnottakepreventivemeasuresnow.“RochedeclinedtogivefiguresforitsstockpilesofTamiflu.Aspokeswomanforthecompany,MartinaRupp,saidittookfrom12to18monthstodeliverthedrugafteranorderwasplaced-arelativelylongtimeduetoacomplicatedproductionprocess.放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增加，各项社会事业全面进展，的２５年间，中国经济年均增长９．４％。２５年前，中国年国内生产总值为１民的乐观性、主动性、制造性。代化，使全体人民都过上富有生活，还需要进展长期不懈的困难奋斗。加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加富强、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。20235月人事部三级笔译真题IttooknineyearsfromthetimetheDanishandSwedishgovernmentsagreedtobuildafixedlinkbetweentheircountriestothetimethefirstcar,train,truckandbicyclistscrossedtheOresundBridge.Constructionofthebridge,includingdesignandcornerstone,beganin March1991andwascompletedinJuly2023.Today,itisthelongeststone-stayedroadandrailbridgeintheworld.Atapproximately10miles(16kilometers),includingthetunnel,itisanengineeringandarchitecturalmarvel.Butastimehasproven,thebridgeisaculturalandeconomicboonaswell.ThesleekspanofconcretewhosedesigntypifiesScandinavianminimalismhascontributedgreatlytothedevelopmentoftheOresundregion:theeasternpartofDenmark,includingCopenhagen,andthesouthwesternpartofSweden,includingMalmöandLund.ThelevelofcommutingbetweenMalmö andCopenhagenhasquadrupledsincetheopeningofthebridgein2023,andthenumberofDanesmovingtothesouthofSwedenhasincreasedsixfold.TheOresundregionhasbecomeaculturalandeconomicpowerhouse,consideredamodelregionbytheEuropeanUnion.Workonthebridgebeganin1995,andwasundertakenbyateamofinternationalconsultingandconstructioncompanies.Fromthebeginning,constructionofthebridgecompliedwithsomeoftheworld’stoughestenvironmentalregulations,aswellasmanyadvanceddesignandconstructiondetails.TheMexico-basedCEMEX,oneoftheworld’slargestproducersofCementandready-mixconcrete,wasawardedacontracttodelivertonsofhigh-qualitycementtohelpbuildthemainpartofthebridge,thetwoapproachbridgesandthetunnel.WhenitopenedinJuly2023,theOresundBridgeconsistedofa3.5-kilometerimmersedtunnel,thelargestofitskindintheworld,a4-kilometerlongartificialisland(madefrommuddugoutfromthebottomofstraittomakespaceforthetunnel)anda7.8-kilometercable-stayedbridge,theworld’slongestbridgeincludingbothahighwayandarailroad.Thoughjusthalfofthetotalconstruction,theactualbridgespan,isvisibleabovewater,theoverallarchitecturewasdesignedtopleasetheeyefromboththeDanishandSwedishsidesofthestrait.Thefour204-meter(670feet)tallpillarscarryingthebridgehaveasimpleScandinaviandesign.Todriversandpassengerscrossingthebridge,thepillarsprovideavisual,aswellasactual,impressionofstabilityandcalm.Thetwo-levelstructureismadeofsteelandconcrete.Alongtiletwoapproachbridges,tracksarepiacedinconcretetroughsthatturnintosteeldecksonthebridge.Thebridge’supperdeckcarriescarsandtrucks,whilethelowerdeckaccommodatestherailroad.Thefourpillarsaregroundedingiantcementboxesplacedatthebottomofthestrait,about18metersbelowsealevel.Lastyear,anaverageof13,600vehiclesand17,000passengerscrossedthebridgeeveryday,andtrafficcontinuestoincreaseby10-20percenteveryyear.Throughouttheconstructionprocess,theDanishandSwedishenvironmentalagencieshavesurveyedbutfoundnochangesinthewildlife,birds,fishandvegetationsurroundingthebridge.Inaddition,thechemicalsusedinconstructionandthepercentageofwastematerialshavebeenkepttoaminimum,asrequiredbybothDanishandSwedishlaws.In2023,theOresundBridgewontheIABSE(InternationalAssociationforBridgeandStructuralEngineering)OutstandingStructuralAwardforitsinnovativedesign,planningandconstructionmanagement,aswellasitsstrictcompliancewiththetimeschedule,budgetandenvironmentalrequirements.了世界经济和人类社会的进展。100多年里，兴旺国家先后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大量的自然资加是经济社会进展的客观必定。中国是当今世界上最大的进展中国家，进展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国政府和开拓了道路，为世界的进展和富强作出了重大奉献。中国是目前世界上其次位能源生产国和消费国。能源供给持续增长，为经济能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重要的乐观作用。202311月人事部三级笔译真题OneofthebiggestdecisionsAndyBlevinshasevermade,andoneofthefewhenowregrets,neverseemedlikemuchofadecisionatall.Itjustfeltlikethenaturalthingtodo.Inthesummerof1995,hewasmovingboxesofsoupcans,papertowelsanddogfoodacrossthefloorofasupermarketwarehouse,oneofthebiggestbuildingshereinsouthwestVirginia.Theheatwasbrutal.Thejobhadsoundedimpossiblewhenhearrivedfreshoffhisfirstyearofcollege,lookingtomakesomesummermoney,stillaskinnyteenagerwithsandyblondhairandanarrow,freckledface.Buthardworkdonewellwassomethingheunderstood,evenifhe wasthefirstcollegeboyinhisfamily.Soonhewasmakingbonusesontopofhis$6.75anhour,moremoneythaneitherofhisparentsmade.Hisgirlfriendwasaround,andsowerehishometownbuddies.Itwasjustabouttheperfectsummer.Sothethoughtcrossedhismind:maybeitdidnothavetoend.Maybehewouldtakeabreakfromcollegeandkeepworking.HehadbeengettingC”sandD”s,andcollegeneverfeltlikehome,anyway.“Ienjoyedworkinghard,gettingthejobdone,gettingapaycheck,“ Mr.Blevinsrecalled.“IjustknewIdidn”twanttoquit.“Sohequitcollegeinstead,andwiththat,AndyBlevinsjoinedoneofthelargestandfastest-growinggroupsofyoungadultsinAmerica.Hebecameacollegedropout,thoughnongraduatemaybethemorepreciseterm.Manypeoplelikehimplantoreturntogettheirdegrees,eveniffewactuallydo.AlmostoneinthreeAmericansintheirmid-20”snowfallintothisgroup,upfromoneinfiveinthelate1960”s,whentheCensusBureaubegankeepingsuchdata.Mostcomefrompoorandworking-classfamilies.“Thesystemmakesafalsepromisetostudents,“saidJohnT.CasteenIII,thepresidentoftheUniversityofVirginia,himselfthesonofaVirginiashipyardworker.中国自1978年开头实行改革开放政策以来，极大地解放和进展了中国的社会生产力，我国国内生产总值年均增长9.67%。中国在世界经济总量中所占比重不到147322600206亿美元增加到8000多亿美元。目前，中国经济43位。的政策，在公平互利的根底上，同世界一切友好国家进展经贸关系。会威逼任何人。中国进展是世界进展的一个重要组成局部，中国以自己的进展促进了世界的和平，为人类社会的进展进步作出了奉献。样性，构建和谐社会。20235月人事部三级笔译真题第一局部英译汉Ayearago,thislushcoastalfieldnearRomewasfilledwithorderlyrowsofdelicatedurumwheat,usedtomakehighqualityItalianpasta.Todayitoverflowswithrapeseed,atall,gnarledweedlikeplantburstingwithcoarseyellowflowersthathasbecomeanewmannaforEuropeanfarmers:rapeseedcanbeturnedintobiofuel.Luredbygenerousnewsubsidiestodevelopalternativeenergysources-andameasureofconcernaboutthefutureoftheplanet-Europeanfarmersareplungingintogrowingcropsthatcanbeturnedintofuelsmeanttoproducefeweremissionsthangasoroilwhenburned.TheyarechasingaftertheircounterpartsintheAmericaswhohavebeencroppingforbiofuelformorethanfiveyears.“Thisisamuch-neededboosttooureconomy,ourfarms,“saidMarcelloPini,afarmer,standinginfrontoftheseaofwavingyellowflowersheplantedforthefirsttimethisyear.“Ofcoursewehopeithelpstheenvironment,too.“InMarch,theEuropeanCommission,disappointedbytheslowgrowthofthebiofuelsindustryinEurope,approvedadirectivethatincludeda“bindingtarget“requiringmemberstatestouse10percentbiofuelfortransportby2023 -themostambitiousandspecificgoalintheworld.MostEUstatesarecurrentlyfarfromachievingthetarget,andareintroducingnewincentivesandsubsidiestoboostproduction.Asaresult,bioenergycropshavenowreplacedfoodasthemostprofitablecropinanumberEuropeancountries.InthispartofItaly,forexample,thegovernmentthepurchaseofbiofuelcropsat€22per100kilograms,or$13.42per100pounds-nearlytwicethe€11-to-€12rateper100kilogramsofwheatontheopenmarketlastyear.Betterstill,Europeanfarmersareallowedtoplantbiofuelcropson“set-aside“fields,landthatEUagriculturepolicywouldotherwiserequirethemtoleavefallowtopreventanoversupplyoffood.ButanexpertpanelconvenedbytheUNFoodandAgricultureOrganizationthismonthpointedoutthatthebiofuelsboomproducesbothbenefitsaswellastradeoffandrisks-includinghigherandwildlyfluctuatingglobalfoodprices.Insomemarketsgrainpriceshavenearlydoubledbecausefarmersareplantingforbiofuels,“Atatimewhenagriculturalpricesarelow,incomesbiofuelandimprovesthelotoffarmersandinjectslifeintoruralareas,“saidGustavoBest,anexpertattheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganizationinRome.“Butasthescalegrowsandthedemandforbiofuelcropsseemstobeinfinite,we”reseeingsomenegativeeffectsandweneedtoholdupayellowlight.“JosetteSheeran,thenewheadoftheUNWorldFoodprogram,whichfednearly90millionpeoplein2023,saidthatbiofuelscreatednewdilemmasforheragency.“Anincreaseingrainpricesimpactsusbecauseweareamajorprocurerofgrainforfood.Sobiofuelsarebothachallengeandanopportunity.“InEurope,therapidconversionoffieldsthatoncegrewwheatorbarleytobiofueloilslikerapeseedisalreadyleadingtoshortagesofingredientsformakingpastaandbrewingbeer,supplierssay.Thatcouldtranslateintohigherpricesinsupermarkets.“Newandincreasingdemandforbioenergyproductionhasputhighpressureonthewholeworldgrainmarket,“saidClaudiaConti,aspokeswomanforBarilla,oneofthelargestItalianpastamakers.“NotonlyGermanbeerproducers,butMexicantortillamakershaveseethecostoftheirmainrawmaterialgrowingquicklytoquicklytohistoricalhighs.“Forsomeexperts,moreworrisomeisthepotentialimpacttolow-incomeconsumersfromthedisplacementoffoodcropsbybioenergyplantings.Inthedevelopingworld,theshiftfromgrowingfoodtogrowingmorelucrativebiofuelcropsdestinedforrichercountriescouldcreateserioushungeranddamagetheenvironmentinplaceswherewildlandisconvertedtobiofuelcultivation,theFAOexpertpanelconcluded.ButofficialsattheEuropeanCommissionsaytheyarepursuingameasuredcoursethatwillpreventtheworstpriceandsupplyproblemsthathaveplaguedAmericanmarkets.“WeseeintheUnitedStatesfarmersgoingcrazygrowingcornforbiofuels,butalsoproducingshortagesoffoodandfeed,“saidMichaelMann,acommissionspokesman.“Soweseebiofuelasagoodopportunity-butitshouldn”tbethebe-allandend-allforagriculture.“Inarecentspeech,MariannFischerBoel,theEUagricultureandruraldevelopmentcommissioner,saidthatthe10percentEUtargetwas“notashotinthedark,“butrathercarefullychosentoencouragealevelofbiofuelindustrygrowththatwouldnotproduceunduehardshipfortheContinent”spoor.Overthenext14years,shecalculated,itwouldpushupwouldrawmaterialpricesforcalculated,itwouldpushupwouldrawmaterialpricesforcerealby3percentto percentby2023,whilepricesforoilseedmayrisebetween5percentand18percent.Butfoodpricesontheshelveswouldbarelychange,shesaid.才发挥作用制造必要的条件和环境中国目前实行的是工程技术人员职称聘任制实行工程技术人员职称聘任制度制度。并乐观促进工程师国际互认和资格准入制度。网友整理，仅供参考：BusinessofGreen:AnappealtoslowdownonbiofuelLastFridayanadvisorypaneltotheEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyissuedanextraordinaryscientificopinion:TheEuropeanUnionshouldsuspenditsgoalofhaving10percentoftransportationfuelmadefrombiofuelby2023.TheEuropeanUnion”sbiofueltargetswereincreasedandextendedfrom5.75percentby2023to10percentby2023justlastyear.Still,Europe”swell-meaningrushtobiofuels,thescientistsconcluded,hadproducedaslewofharmfulrippleeffects-fromdeforestationinSoutheastAsiatohigherpricesforgrains.Inarecommendationreleasedlastweekend,the20-memberpanel,madeupofsomeofEurope”smostdistinguishedclimatescientists,calledthe10percenttarget“overambitious“andan“experiment“whose“unintendedeffectsaredifficulttopredictanddifficulttocontrol.““Theideawasthatwefeltweneededtoslowdown,toanalyzetheissuecarefullyandthencomebackattheproblem,“LaszloSomlyody,thepanel”schairmanandaprofessorattheBudapestUniversityofTechnologyandEconomics,saidinatelephoneinterview.Hesaidthatpartoftheproblemwasthatwhenitsetthetargets,theEuropeanUnionwastryingdesperatelytosolvetheproblemofrisingtransportationemissions“inisolation,“withoutadequatelystudyingtheeffects ofothersectorslikelanduseandfoodsupply.“Thestartingpointwascorrect:I”mhappythattheEuropeanUniontooktheleadincuttinggreenhousegassesandweneedtocontroltrafficemissions,“Somlyodysaid.“Butthebasicproblemisitthoughtoftransportalone,withoutconsideringalltheseothereffects.Andwedon”tunderstandthoseverywellyet.“Thepanel”sadviceisnotbindinganditisnotclearwhethertheEuropeanCommissionwillfollowtherecommendation.Ithasbecomeincreasinglyclearthattheglobalpursuitofbiofuels-encouragedbyarashoftargetsandsubsidesinbothEuropeandtheUnitedStates-hasnotproducedthedesiredeffect.Investigationshaveshown,forexample,rainforestsandpeatswamparebeingclearedtomakewayforbiofuelplantations,aprocessthatproducesmoreemissionsthanthebiofuelscansave.Equallyconcerning,landneededtoproducefoodforpeopletoeatisplantedwithmoreprofitablebiofuelcrops,andwaterisdivertedfromthedrinkingsupply.InEuropeandtheUnitedStates,foodpricesforitemslikepizzaandbreadhaveincreasedsignificantlyasgrainstoresshrinkandwheatpricesrise.Thepriceofwheatandricearedoublethoseofayearago,andcornisathirdhigher,theUNFoodandAgricultureOrganizationsaidthisweek.“Foodpriceinflationhitsthepoorhardest,astheshareoffoodintheirtotalexpendituresismuchhigherthanthatofwealthierpopulations,“saidHenriJosserandoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganization.Biofuelsarenot,ofcourse,theonlyreasonforhighfoodprices.Fueltotransportfoodismoreexpensivewithoilmorethan$100abarrel.Therehavebeenunexpecteddroughtsthisyearaswell.Shouldweconcludethatallbiofuelsarebad?No.Butmotivatedbytheobviousproblemsnowemerging,scientistshavebeguntotakeaharderlookattheirbenefits.Forexample,theEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyadvisorypanelsuggeststhatthebestuseofplantbiomassisnotfortransportfuelbuttoheathomesandgenerateelectricity.Tobeusefulforvehicles,plantmattermustbedistilledtoafuelandoftentransportedlongdistances.Toheatahome,itcanoftenbeusedraworwithminimalprocessing,andmovedjustashortdistanceaway.汉翻英是介绍上海世博会的比较简洁。就没贴出来了。汉译英网在促进经济构造调整、转变经济进展方式等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。与产业，对中国经济高速增长作出了重要奉献。国进展低碳经济的型战略性产业。的互联网信息效劳，以满足人们多样化、多层次的信息消费需求。参考译文：TheInternetishelpingpromotetheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofChina.Intheeconomicsector,theInternethasspreaditsinfluenceintotraditionalindustry,whichleadstotheemergenceofnewbusiness modelsandserviceeconomy,generatingnewtypesofindustries.TheInternetisplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinpromotingeconomicrestructuringandtransformingthepatternofeconomicdevelopment.TheInternethasbecomeanenginepromotingtheeconomicdevelopmentfChina.ITincludingtheInternetanditsindustryhasmadesignificantcontributionstotherapidgrowthoftheChineseeconomy.ThecombinationoftheInternetandtherealeconomy,thereformandnhancement of traditional industry through IT, have given an impetus to restructuringoftraditionalindustryandchangingofthepatternofitsdevelopment.ThedevelopmentandapplicationoftheInternethasgivenrisetotheemergenceofmanynewindustries.Servicesforthedevelopmentofindustriessuchasindustrialcounseling,softwareserviceandoutsourcingaremushrooming.TheroleofITinpromotingindependentinnovation,energyconservation,emissionreductionandenvironmentalprotectionhasbecomeevermoreprominent.TheInter-nethasemergedasanewstrategicindustryinChina’sdevelrncmy.英译汉〔全文〕MicrofinanceforsolarpowerRinaChandran27October2023UniquemicrofinanceschemesarelightingthelivesofSouthAsianvillagers.Inaregionwheremillionsgowithoutelectricity,theuseofsolar-powereddevicessuchassolarcookersandlanternswillgoalongwayinpromotingtheuseofrenewableenergywhilebringingdowncarbonemissions.Ahmedabad:WhennightfallsinremotepartsofAfricaandtheIndiansubcontinent,hundredsofmillionsofpeoplewithoutaccesstoelectricityturntocandlesorflammableandpollutingkerosenelampsforillumination.Slowlythroughsmallloansforsolarpowereddevices,microfinanceisbringinglighttotheseruralregionswherealackofelectricityhasstymiedeconomicdevelopment,literacyratesandhealth.AwomansewsclothesonasewingmachinedrivenbysolarenergyinAhmedabad/Photocredit:AmitDave/Reuters“Earlier,theycouldnotdomuchoncethesunset.Now,thesunisuseddifferently.Theyhaveincreasedtheirproductivity,improvedtheirhealthandsocio-economicstatus,”saidPinalShahfromSEWABank,amicro-lendinginstitution.VegetablesellerRamibenWaghritookoutaloantobuyasolarlanternwhichsheusestolightupherstallatnight.Thelanterncostsbetween$66-$112,about week’sincomeforWaghri.“Thevegetableslookbetterbythislight,andit’scheaperthankeroseneanddoesn’tsmell,”saidWaghri,whoestimatesshemakesabout300rupees($6)moreeacheveningwithherlantern.“Ifwecanusethesuntosavesomemoney,whynot?”InIndia,solarpowerprojects,oftenfundedbymicrocreditinstitutions,arehelpingthecountryreducecarbonemissionsandachieveitsgoaltodoublethecontributionofrenewableenergyto6%,or25,000megawatts,withinthenextfouryears.Off-gridapplicationssuchassolarcookersandlanterns,whichcanprovideseveralhoursoflightatnightafterbeingchargedbythesunduringtheday,willhelpcutdependenceonfossilfuelsandreducethefourthbiggestemitter’scarbonfootprint,saidPradeepDadhich,aseniorfellowatenergyresearchinstituteTERI.“Theyarereachingpeoplewhootherwisehavelimitedornoaccesstoelectricity,anddependonkerosene,dieselorfirewoodfortheirenergyneeds,”hesaid.“Theapplicationsnotonlysatisfytheseneeds,theyalsoimprovethequalityoflifeandreducethecarbonfootprint.”SEWAorSelfEmployedWomen’sAssociation,isamongagrowingnumberofmicrofinanceinstitutionsinIndiafocusedonprovidingaffordablerenewableenergysourcestopoorpeople,whootherwisewouldhavehadtostandforhourstobuykeroseneforlamps,ortrudgemilestocollectfirewoodforcooking.SKSMicrofinance,India’slargestMFI,offerssolarlampstoits5millioncustomers,whileGrameenSuryaBijlee(RuralSolarElectricity)FoundationhelpsfundlampsandhomeandstreetlightingsystemsforvillagersinIndia,NepalandBangladesh.“Providingelectricityisagovernmentresponsibility,butit’sagigantictaskandthegovernmentalonecannotdoit,”saidShirishGarud,coordinatoroftheRenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPartnership(REEEP)inSouthAsia.“Inmanycases,theend-userhasnoaccesstoconventionalbankingandfinancialservices,whichiswhyweneedMFIs.”TheAryavartGraminbankhasapprovedloansfortheinstallationof8,000solar-home-systemsinUttarPradesh,India’smostpopulousstateandakeygraingrowingregion.InAfricatoo,micro-loansarebringingsolarsystemstohomes,schoolsandcottageindustrybusinessesinremoteregions,off-the-grid.Poorpeopleusemoneytheywouldhavespentonkerosenetopaybacktheirloansforthesolardevices.BillionlampsHundredsofmillionsofpeopleinIndiahavelittleornoaccesstoelectricity.YetdemandforpowerbyindustriesinacountrywhichsawitsGDPatorabove9%inthethreeyearsto2023/08hastakenatolloncapacityandinfrastructure.Ofthe76millionhomesinIndiathathavenoaccesstoelectricity,65millionusecarbon-emittingkerosene,accordingtoREEP.Keroseneishighlyflammableandthefumesarenoxious.Everyyearthousandsofpeopleindevelopingcountriesdiefromaccidentsinvolvingkerosenestovesandlamps.Developingnationsnowemitmorethanhalftheworld’sgreenhousegasesandthatfigureissettorise.InIndia,greenhousegasemissionsareexpectedtojumptobetween4billiontonnesto7.33billiontonnesin2031.ThereisnofigureforIndia’scurrentgreenhousegasemissions.Itspercapitaemissions,estimatedat1.2tonnes,areexpectedtoriseto2.1tonnesby2023,accordingtoarecentgovernment-fundedstudy.“Hundreds of millions of people in India have little or no access electricity“Indiaaddsabout10gigawattsofpowerevery yearandislikelytoseeashortfallofasmuchas21,000MWascapacityexpansionfailstokeepupwithdemand,leadingtomoreoutages.Solarpowerwilleasesomestrainonthegrids.InneighbouringBangladesh,thestate-ownedandprivatesectorpowerplantscangenera