对外济贸易金融学综合答案历年考研真题2010 2011 2012 2013笔记加

对外经济贸易大对外经济贸易大一、填空（每空1.5分，共9分）1.当一种商品的价格变动时，消费者对它的均衡购买变动是由两种作用形成的，一（（正常关税一般是指（。一国持有国家储备的成本指（）与利息之二、判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的划勾，错误的划差。（每小题1.59分垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时，可能会出现亏损，即经济利润为国民经济中只要有摩擦性事业或资源性事业存在，就不能说经济实现了充分就业证券发行时的评级主要是预测该证券未来的收益高低，对投资者而言评级越高的券其未来的收益也越高三、单项选择题（每题1.5分，共6分）C.P等于最小的LACD.4.当下列哪种情况出现时，货币贬值有利于改善贸D11.下列哪些项目可计入GDP：2.出口管制的商品主要包括远期合约（Forwards）局部均衡和一般均技术性贸易单元银票据发六、简述题（10分20中央银行的资产负债表有哪些主要内容？它们是如何影响货币简述战略性贸易理论的代表七、论述与分析题（116210261.假设一个垄断厂商面临的需求曲P103Q，成本函数为TCQ2求利润最大时的产量、价格和利润2.设纽约外汇市场外汇牌价即期汇三个月远期汇率差50－40英镑/美（1）英镑三21.let'sreallycleanupthosenumbers――nowLittlenoticedintheshockofWorldComInc.'smassiveaccountingfraudisthatitcametolightonlyafterareviewinitiatedbythecompany'sauditcommittee.Yes,believeitornot,thedirectorsintheboardroomactuallyaskedtheirauditorstotakeanotherlookatthenumbers.Loandbehold,thatreviewlettothelargestsinglerestatementever:a$3.8billionreductioninpreviouslyreportedpretaxincome.TogetherwithXeroxCorp'srecentconcessionthatitoverstatedoperatingearningsby$1.4billion,thesetwocorporatemeaculpasalonenearlymatchthecombinedtotalhitof$5.8billionfromall463restatementsin1998,1999,and2000.Howmuchworsecanitget?Plenty.It'snotthatwe'lllikelyseenumbersasbreathtakingasthoseasWorldComorXerox.Butexpectatidalwaveofrestatementstocomeinwhatwillsurelyamounttosomesortofaccountingchatharsis.Ifeveroffinancialreportinghasvariedwidely.Somecompaniesdidthebareminimumtomeetaccountingstandards.Othersweremorecautious.Togetbeyondthecurrentstockmarketmalaise,companiesneedtoflushouttheexcessessoinvestorscanregaintheirconfidenceinourfinancialsystem.It'sbettertotakeahitnowthanriskdraggingthisoutoverthenextfewyears.2.Happybirthday,MiltonMiltonFriedman'sprofessionalcareerhasbeenmarkedbycontroversyovermanypolicyproposalsYetasheapproacheshis90thbirthdayFriedmancenturyincreasinglyrecognizedasthemostinfluentialeconomistinwitnessedtoweringcontributionsfromJohnMaynardKeynes,PaulA.Samuelson,andFriedmanisbestknownfor"monetarism",aviewthatstabilityinthegrowthofthemoneysupplyiscrucialtocontrollinginflationandrecessions.AlthoughnolessanauthoritythanFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspanhasindicatedthatFriedman'semphasisonastablemonetaryframeworkwasinstrumentalinguidingBeforeFriedman,economicconventionalwisdomheldthatinflationreducesbecomemoreaccurate.Hisanalysishasbeenvalidatedtwicesincethen----bythehighU.S.the'90eventhoughinflationwasTwodecadesbeforeChileintroducesitsrevolutionaryprivateindividualaccountretirementsystem,Friedman'sclassic1962bookCapitalismandFreedomcriticizedtheprevailingpay-as-you-goSocialSecuritysystemsfortheabilityofindividualstochoosehowmuchandinwhatformtosavefor3andformixingawelfareprogramandformixingawelfareprogramforelderlypoorwithacompulsoryprogramthatappliestoalltheelderly.Hashisadvicebeenfollowedtwentyyearsago,therewouldbenoimpendingSocialSecurityfinancingcrisisintheU.S.andotherdevelopednationswithagingpopulation.3.AreForceMajeureClausesExclusionInordertodifferentiateanexclusionorlimitationclausefromaforcemajeureclausewemustfirstdefineexactlywhatwemeanbyexclusionclausesandexaminetheireffectonthecontractualrelationsoftheparties.Wemightthenusefullycomparetheoperationofexceptionclausestothatofforcemajeureclauses.Atripartitedistinctionbetweendifferenttypesofclausewasasfollows:"whatwouldotherwisebethedefendant'sduty;second,thosewhichexcludethedefendant'sliabilityforbreachofspecifiedaspectsofthatduty,andthird,thosewhichlimittheextenttowhichthedefendantisboundtoindemnifytheplaintiffinrespectoftheconsequencesofbreachesofthatduty."Thedifferencebetweenthefirsttwocategoriesissaidtobethis:inthefirstcasethereisnobreachofcontractsincethereisnoobligationtoperforminthecircumstanceswhichhavearisen,whilstinthesecondcasethereisabreachbuttheliabilitytopaydamagesinrespectofithasbeenremoved.Forcemajeureclauses,itseems,gotolimittheextentoftheobligationassumedbythepromisor.Theydonotoperatesoastoshieldapromisorfromliabilityforabreachofcontract.Aforcemajeureclausewillensurethatnon-performanceis答案部对外经济贸易大一、填空（每空1.5分，共9分）1.当一种商品的价格变动时，消费者对它的均衡购买变动是由两种作用形成的，一是（，另一种是（正常关税一般是指（最惠国税。一国持有国家储备的成本指（）与利息之2开市场业3.最惠国 4.边际投收益5.二、判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的划勾，错误的划差（每小题1.5分，共9分垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时，可能会出现亏损，即经济利润为负国民经济中只要有摩擦性事业或资源性事业存在，就不能说经济实现了充分就业4择期是一种可以放弃合约履行的外汇业答案 3.三、单项选择题（每题1.5分6）C.P等于最小的LACD.4.当下列哪种情况出现时，货币贬值有利于改善贸答案1.下列哪些项目可计入GDP：2.出口管制的商品主要包括D.某些重要的文物、艺术品、黄金、白银等特殊3.关于金融衍生工具，正确5远期合约（Forwards）远期合约（Forwards）A.两角套汇B.三角套汇C.套利D.套期保答案五、简单准确解释下列名词（4分20分1.货币创造乘数:又称为“货币乘数”或“货币扩张乘数”。指中央银行创造一单位的础货币所能增加的货币供应量。如果是活期存款，它还能通过活期存款派生机制创造货币公式为DR和DR（D为活期存款总额，R为原始存款，r为存款准备金，rderd+超额存款准备金。如果在存款创造机制中还存在现金流出，即贷款并不完全转化为存款1，其中r为现金－存款比率。此时，仅把活期存cr+r+ c考虑为货币供给量。如果把活期存款和通货都考虑为货币供给量，即M＝D+Cu，同时，入强力货币H（银行准备金加上非银行部门持有的通货时的货币创造公式如下MC+rcDu===Cu+Rd+ Cu+Rd+rc+rd+ 存款的比例。货币乘数可以从两个方面起作用：它既可以使银行存款多倍扩大，又能使存款多倍收缩。因此，中央银行控制准备金和调整准备率对货币供给会产生重大影响2.局部均衡和一般均衡：（1）均衡equilibrium）是指不考虑所分析的商市场或经济体系内某一局部以外因素的影响时，这一局部所达到的均衡状态。是经济（2）一般均衡（generalequilibrium）是指在一个经济体系中，所有市场的供给和需求同时消费者和生产者接受。这种状况需满足以下条件：①完全竞争的市场；②资源具有稀缺性6trade：（1）有利于银行和地方政府的协调，适合本地区经济发展的需要；（2）对中央银行的控制（管理层次少，业务经营的灵活性较大；（4）可以限制银行吞并和垄断，缓和大银行对小银行5.票据发行便利:又称票据发行设施或票据发行融资安排，是一项具有法律约束力的据发行设施的发展十分迅速。票据发行设施所发行的票据面额较大，一般为10万美元。1.中央银行的资产负债表有哪些主要内容？它们是如何影响货币流通的款时，基础货币等量扩张，结果货币供给量按货币乘数倍增。财政部发行公债对货币供给7放的结构中占有越来越重要的地位。其影响货币供给量的机制如下：1994年新的外汇体制外汇结算周转余额比例管理。19967月又将外商投资企业纳入了结售汇体系，外商投资其他负债。其他负债增加，也会减少基础货币。例如，外国央行在本国央行款增加，表明本国企业个人向外国签发支票金额增加，减少现金或商行准备8币政币政策（1）战略性贸易理论德代表性观2080行综合，创立了所谓的“新贸易理论”(Neo-tradetheory)。在新贸易理论的基础上，格罗市场结构理论为研究工具，提出了战略性贸易政策理论(StrategicTradePolicy)（2）战略性贸易理论的主要观战略性贸易理论主要包括以下几个主要的观①政府干预的必要②以进口保护促进出口的利润转③关税的利润转移润。该模型突破了传统最优关税理论关于只有大国才有可能用关税来改善其贸易条件的限④出口补贴的利1985⑤对外部性强的产业提供战略支持不发展使9七、论七、论述与分析题（第116分，第210分26分1.假设一个垄断厂商面临的需P103Q，成本函数为TCQ2求利润最大时的产量、价格如果政府打算对该厂商征收一笔固定的调节税，以便把该厂商所获得的超额利都拿走，问这笔固定税的总额是多少（4）如果政府对该厂商生产的每单位产品征收税得利润Q=2，P=10－3Q=4R=0即限价应定为4，这时企业利润为0征税拿走所有的超额利润2.设纽约外汇市场外汇牌价1单位，新的均衡点如何？（即期三个月远期汇率差50－40英镑/美英镑三个月远期实际汇率是多少卖出价因此英镑三个因此英镑三个月远期实际汇率因此，应报的美元数＝80001.56=12480美元.在这里采用英镑＝1.56美元的报价是因为，上述的外汇牌价是以银行买卖实体的外贸公司需要将外汇卖给银行，所以采用的是1.56八、专业英语（英译中115215320分50（1）let'sreallycleanupthoseLittlenoticedintheshockofWorldComInc.'smassiveaccountingfraudisthatitcametolightonlyafterareviewinitiatedbythecompany'sauditcommittee.Yes,believeitornot,thedirectorsintheboardroomactuallyaskedtheirauditorstotakeanotherlookatthenumbers.Loandbehold,thatreviewlettothelargestsinglerestatementever:a$3.8billionreductioninpreviouslyreportedpretaxincome.TogetherwithXeroxCorp'srecentconcessionthatitoverstatedoperatingearningsby$1.4billion,thesetwocorporatemeaculpasalonenearlymatchthecombinedtotalhitof$5.8billionfromall463restatementsin1998,1999,and2000.Howmuchworsecanitget?Plenty.It'snotthatwe'lllikelyseenumbersasbreathtakingasthoseasWorldComorXerox.Butexpectatidalwaveofrestatementstocomeinwhatwillsurelyamounttosomesortofaccountingchatharsis.Ifevertherewasatimeforcompaniestocomeclean,it'snow.Overtheyears,thequalityoffinancialreportinghasvariedwidely.Somecompaniesdidthebareminimumtomeetaccountingstandards.Othersweremorecautious.Togetbeyondthecurrentstockmarketmalaise,companiesneedtoflushouttheexcessessoinvestorscanregaintheirconfidenceinourfinancialsystem.It'sbettertotakeahitnowthanriskdraggingthisoutoverthenextfewyears.参考译文让我们现在认真清理那些在大规模的世通公司8降低的其多报的14新制作财务报告纠正的58亿美元错账之和了险留到后来爆发，长痛不如短痛MiltonFriedman'sprofessionalcareerhasbeenmarkedbycontroversyoverhismanypolicyproposals.Yetasheapproacheshis90thbirthday,Friedmanisincreasinglyrecognizedasthemostinfluentialeconomistina20thcenturythatwitnessedtoweringcontributionsfromJohnMaynardKeynes,PaulA.Samuelson,andothers.Friedmanisbestknownfor"monetarism",aviewthatstabilityinthegrowthofthesupplyiscrucialtocontrollinginflationandrecessions.Althoughtherelationbetweenthemoneysupplyandtheeconomyhasoftenbeenhighlyvariable,nolessanauthoritythanFederalReserveChairmanAlansupplyiscrucialtocontrollinginflationandrecessions.Althoughtherelationbetweenthemoneysupplyandtheeconomyhasoftenbeenhighlyvariable,nolessanauthoritythanFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspanhasindicatedthatFriedman'semphasisonastablemonetaryframeworkwasinstrumentalinguidingcentralbanksinEuropeandtheU.S.towardlowinflationduringthepasstwodecades.BeforeFriedman,economicconventionalwisdomheldthatinflationreducesunemploymentbecausepricesrisefasterthanlaborcosts.Inthelate1960s,Friedmanarguedinsteadthatthereisnopermanentreductioninunemploymentfromcontinuinginflationbecausewageseventuallycatchuptopricesasexpectationsaboutinflationbecomemoreaccurate.HisanalysishasbeenvalidatedtwicesincethenbythehighU.S.unemploymentduringthe1970sdespiterapidinflation,andlowemploymentduringthe'90eventhoughinflationwasTwodecadesbeforeChileintroducesitsrevolutionaryprivateindividualaccountretirementsystem,Friedman'sclassic1962bookCapitalismandFreedomcriticizedtheprevailingpay-as-you-goSocialSecuritysystemsforrestrictingtheabilityofindividualstochoosehowmuchandinwhatformtosaveforretirement,andformixingawelfareprogramforelderlypoorwithacompulsoryprogramthatappliestoalltheelderly.Hashisadvicebeenfollowedtwentyyearsago,therewouldbenoimpendingSocialSecurityfinancingcrisisintheU.S.andotherdevelopednationswithagingpopulation.参考译文密尔顿·弗里德曼，生日90岁大寿，弗里德曼越来越被看作是20世纪中自约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯、保罗·A·萨缪弗里德曼所强调的稳定的货币供应框架有助于指导欧美的中央银20年中取得低通货膨胀的成绩。劳动成本。060年代末，弗里德曼认为并非如此。他认为持续通货膨胀不会永远降低的分析曾两度得到验证——7090年代与低通货膨福利制度和适用于全体老人的20年前就听从了他的建议，人口老龄化的美国和其他发达国家就不会出现迫在眉睫的社会保障资金危（3）AreForceMajeureClausesExclusionInordertodifferentiateanexclusionorlimitationclausefromaforcemajeureclausewemustfirstdefineexactlywhatwemeanbyexclusionclausesandexaminetheireffectonthecontractualrelationsoftheparties.Wemightthenusefullycomparetheoperationofexceptionclausestothatofforcemajeureclauses.Atripartitedistinctionbetweendifferenttypesofclausewasasfollows:"conditionsarethreedistincttypes:first,thosewhichlimitorreducewhatwouldotherwisebethedefendant'sduty;second,thosewhichexcludethedefendant'sliabilityforbreachofspecifiedaspectsofthatduty,andthird,thosewhichlimittheextenttowhichthedefendantisboundto