工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文外文翻译文献中英文翻译原文：DESIGNandENVIRONMENTProductdesignistheprincipalpartandkernelofindustrialdesign.Productdesigngivesusespleasure.Agooddesigncanbringhopeandcreatenewlifestyletohuman.Inspscificity,productsareonlyoutcomesoffactorysuchasmechanicalandelectricalproducts,costumeandsoon.Ingenerality,anything,whateveritistangibileorintangible,thatcanbeprovidedforamarket,canbeweighedwithvaluebycustomers,andcansatisfyaneedordesire,canbeentiledasproducts.Innovativedesignhascomeintohumanlife.Itmakesproductlookingbrand-newandbringsnewaestheticfeelingandattractionthataredifferentfromtraditionalproducts.Enterprosetendtorenovateideaofproductdesignbecauseofchangeofconsumer'slifestyle,emphasisonindividuationandself-expression,marketcompetitionandrequirementofindividuationofproduct.Productdesignincludesfactorsofsociety,economy,techologyandleteraehumaniores.Tasksofproductdesignincludesstyling,color,faceprocessingandselectionofmaterialandoptimizationofhuman-machineinterface.Designisakindofthinkingoflifestyle.Productanddesignconceptioncanguidehumanlifestyle.Inreverse,lifestylealsomanipulatesorientationanddevelopmentofproductfromthinkinglayer.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,moreandmoreattentionispaidtoausterityofenvironmentalpromblems,suchaspollutingofatmosphere,destroyofforest,soilerosion,landdesertification,waterresourcepolluting,agreatdealofspeciesbecamingextinct,exhanstingofpetroleum,naturalgasandcoalandsoon.Adesignershouldhaveastrongconsciousnessofprotectingenvironmentandtomakehis\herdesigntobebasedonavoidingdestroyingenvironmentandsavingnaturalrecourse.Nowadays,greenhouseeffects,destroyedozonelayersandacidrainarethreeglobalenvironmentalquestions.Greenhouseeffectisphenomenaoftheatmospherebecomingwarmer.TheformingprincipleofgreenhouseeffectisthattheSunshortwaveradiationcanpenetrateintogroundthroughatmosphere,longwaveradiationemittedfromgroundaftergroundiswarmed,isabsorbedbycarbondioxideofatmosphere,andthenatmospheregetswarmer.Thecarbondioxideintheatmospherechangestheearthtoalargegreenhouselikeathicklayerofglass.Methane,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine,hydrocarbonandaqueousvaporalsomakesomecontributiontogreenhouseeffects.Withrapidincreaseofpopulationandrapiddevelopmentofindustry,moreandmorecarbondioxideofatmosphereentersintoatmosphere.Becauseforestiscundowninalargeamountalso,carbondioxideincreasesgradally,andthegreenhouseeffectsarestrengthenedconstantly.Theresultsofthegreenhouseeffectsareveryserious.Thegreatchangeswilltakeplaceinthenaturalecology,suchasdesertexpanding,landcorrodingaggravating,forestretreatingtothepolarregion,calamityofdroughtandwaterlogseriousandrainfallincreasing.Thetemperatezonewillbewetterinwaterandwillbedroughtierinsummer.Tropicalzonewillbecomewetterandsubtropicalzonewillbecomemorearid.Alloftheseabovewillforcestheexistingirrigationworkstobeadjusted.Coastalregionswillbethreatenedseriously.Becausethetemperatureisrising,ice-cubeswillbemeltedatthetwopolessotothesealevelwillberisingandalotofcitiesandportswillbesubmerged.Theozonelayerdestroyedshockedacademiaandthewholeinternationalaommunity.Americanscientists,MonilaandRowland,pointedoutthatitishumanactivitiesbringozoneholeoftoday.arch-criminalthatwenowwellknowisfreonandKazakhstandragon.Acidrainhasalreadybecomeakindofairpollutionphenomenoninextensiverange,crossingovernationalboundariesatpresent.Acidraindestroyssoil,makeslakeacidandendangersgrowingofabimalsandplants.Italsostimulatespeople'sskin,bringsouttheskindisease,causeslunghydronces,lungharden,andcorrodesthemetalproduct,paint,leather,fabricsandbuildingwithcarbonate.Inaword,theenvironmentofhumanlifehasalreadyworseneddaybyday.Thereasonsoftheworseningmostlycomefromthehumanownbadlifestyle,disrespectingtheobjectivelaw,eagerforquicksuccess,useoftheearthresourcewithoutscientificplan,andlackofconsciousnesspratectingtheenvironmentindesign.Sotheydestroyhomebythemselves,whichnotonlyharmhumanoncontemporary,butalsoseriouslyinfluenceexistenceofdescendants.Theenvironmentalquestioniscausedbypeople'sbaddesignandlifestyletoagreatextent,whichputsforwardaseriousquestionforadesignerthatdesignersshouldundertakethehistoricalimportanttaskofenvironmentprotection.Industryhasbroughtthedisastertoworldwhilecreatesalargeamountofwealthformankind.Industrydesignhasacceleratedtheconsumpitionoftheresourceandenergyresourceandhascausedenormousdestructiontotheecologicalbalanceoftheearthwhilecreatingmodernlifestyleandlivingenvironmentformankind.Soasindustrydesigners,settingupenvironmentalawarenessincarnatestheirmoralsandsocialsenseofresponsibility.Designersmustberesponsiblefortheirowndesigns,andmusttakehumanhealthandblessedness,andharmonicallycoexistingofnaturewiththehumanastherulesnecessarilyobeyedintheirowndesign.Designersmustalsomasterthenecessaryknowledegeinmaterial,craft,chemicalindustry,manufacturing,ect.,inordertobepossibleforavoidingtodangertoenvironmentcausingbyhisdesign.Theconceptof"Sustainabledevelopmentdesign"hasepoch-malingmeaningsofhumanityandrealdevelopmentoftheworld.Itreflectsthedesigner'smoralsandresponsibility,andhasalreadybecomethetrendofdesigningdevelopmentinthe21stcentury.Hence,mankind'sdevelopmentmadeoftraditionalindustrialcivilizationwasturnedtooneofthemodernecologicalcivilization.Itisthecoordinationofsocialprogress,economicgrowthandenvironmentalprotestion.Sustainabledevelopmentisakindconceptofbrand-newethics,moralsandvaluesthatpeopleshouldfollow.Itsessenceliesinfullyutilizingthemodernscienceandtechnongy,exploitinggreenresources,developmentconstantly,impellingharmoniousdevelopmentbetweenhumanandnatureandpramotinginter-harmonyofpopulation,resourceandenvironment.Solvingtheproblemofsustainabledevelopmentisachangeoftechnologicalinnovationandbehaviormade.Sustainabledevelopmentstrategyistosolvetheproblemofmeetingcontemporarypeople'sdemandsinmaximumunderthepreconditionofun-hurtingseveralgenerations'demandsofthefuture.Itwillrealizetheunityofthepresentinterestsandlong-terminterestandleavethedevelopmentspacefordescendants.Thequestionofthestrategicconsiderationofsustainabledevelopmentshouldincludecirculation,greenenergyandecologicalefficiency.Greendesigncomesfromintrospectiononenvironmentalandecologicaldisruptioncausedbydesignofmoderntechnologyandculture.Greendesignfocusesonthebalancerelationofpersonsandnaturalecology.Designersshouldconsidertheenvironmentalbenefitsateverydecisionofthedisignprocess,andtrytheirbesttoreducethedestructiontoenvironment.Forindustrydesign,thecoreofgreendesignis"3R",namelyReduce,RecycleandReuse.Itisnecessarynotonlytoreduceconsunptionofsubstanceandenergysources,andreducelettingofharmfulsubstance,butalsotoclassifiedreclaim,recycleandreuseproductsandpartsconveniently.Greendesignisnotonlytechnical,butalsoaninnovativeidea.Itrequiresdesignertogiveupsomerat-fuckmethodexcessivelyemphasizingatthestyleofproducts,andtofocusontherealinnovative.Heorshewoulddesigntheformoftheproductswithmoreresponsiblemethodandmaketheproductslengthentheirwervicelifeasmuchaspossiblethroughsuccinctandpermanentmodeling.Formaterials,stockandregenerationofrawmaterials,consumptionandpollutionofenvironmentalenergyduringobtainingmaterials,machiningperformanceinfollow-upmanufacturing,lowconsumptionandlowpollutionofenergy,andreclaimableduringdiscardedshouldbeconsidered.Problemsofmanufacturingarethatpollutionshouldbereducedordiedoutduringbeginningofmanufacturing.Considerationonpacking,transporting,sale,ect.ismeanttheenvironmentalperformanceofpackaging,greenpacking,goodperformanceoftransportation,decreasingselfweight,reducingenergyconsumption,localizedproductionandreducingconsimptionofworkflow.Considerationontheuseofproductconcernswithwasteofenergyandresourceswhileproducesareused,themodularizationofenvironmentalperformance,recombinedability,andthemadesofusingproductwhileproductsarerenewed,aswellasotherfactors.Easydisassembledfeature,convenientdecompositionandclassification,reclaaimableandreusablefeaturesofmaterials,andrecombinedfeatureofpartsorremovesforotheruseshouldallbeconsideredduringtheperiodwhileproductsarerenewed,aswellasotherfactors.Easydisassembledfeature,convenientdecompositionandclassification,reclaimableandreusablefeaturesofmaterials,andrecombinedfeatureofpartsorremovedforotheruseshouldallbeconsideredduringtheperiodwhileproductsarediscarded.CleanenergysoucesshouldbeConsidered,suchassolarernergy,water,electricityandwindpower.Cleanmaterialsconcernwithlowpollution,innocuity,disaggregationandreclaimable.Cleanmanufacturingprocessismeantproductionwithenergysavingandenvironmentprotectionwhileused,andreclaimablewhilediscarded.Regenerationandreuseofpartsarepowerfulmeasureofsustainablestrategy.Thefacthasprovedthatthroughdisassemblyandanalysistheproportionofreusablematerialwouldbehigherafterimprovingdesignandretread.Forexample,inascrapcar,metalmeterialaccountsfor80%.Amongthem,nonferrousmetalaccountsfor3%~4.7%.45%ofoutputofsteelcomesfromscrapsteeelinworldand25%outputofsteelcomesfromscrapsteelinourcountry.ProductLifecycleManagementismeantalllifecourseofproductfrompeople'sdemandforproducttobewashedout,includingthemainstagesofdemandanalysis,praductplanning,conceptualdesign,producedesign,digitizedsimulation,proceesspreparation,processplanning,productiontestingandquaalitycontrol,sellanddistribution,use\maintainingandmaintain,aswellasscrapandreclaiming.Advancedmanagementideaandfirst-classinformationtechnologyaretakenintoindustrialandcommercialoperationinmodernenterprises,whichmakesenterprisesbeabletoadjustmanagementmeansandmanagementwayseffectivelyindigitaleconomicera,inodertoexertenterprise'sunprecedentedcompetitionadvantage.Helpingenterprisetocarryonproductsinnovation,towinthemarket,andtoobtainadditionalprofitwouldimprovethevalueoftheenterpriseproducts.译文：设计与环境产品设计是工业设计的主体和核心。产品设计给用户带来享受，一个好的产品设计给人带来希望并创造新的生活方式。产品设计的主要任务是解决人与物之间的关系问题。以汽车设计为例：从工业设计的角度考虑，要考虑汽车的安全性、舒适性及造型美等方面；从人机工程的角度出发，设计使得汽车易于驾驶、操纵，乘坐空间与内部装饰宜人、座位舒适、适合个人的审美时尚等问题。考虑汽车的主动安全性、被动安全性，体现以人为本，保护驾驶员和乘客的安全。创新的设计已经进入人类生活之中。它让产品焕然一新，带来与传统产品不同的美感和吸引力。由于消费者的生活方式改变、强调个性化与自我表现、激烈的市场竞争以及产品差别化的需要，企业更新产品的创新理念已经成为大势所趋。产品设计应该包含社会、经济、技术、人文等因素。产品设计的任务包括：产品外观造型设计、色彩方案设计、表面处理工艺设计、材质选择设计、优化人机界面设计。设计是对生活方式的一种思考，产品及其设计观念，起着引导和提示生活的作用，反过来生活方式也从思想观念的层面上左右着产品的定位和发展方向。随着科技的发展，人们越来越认识到环境问题日益严重，大气污染、森林破坏、水土流失、土地沙漠化、水资源污染、大量物种灭绝、石油、天然气、煤等资源枯竭。作为工业设计师，应该有强烈的环境保护意识，使得自己的设计建立在不破坏环境及节约自然资源的基础上。其中，温室效应、臭氧层破坏和酸雨是当今全球性的三大环境问题。温室效应就是大气变暖的效应其形成原因是太阳短波辐射可以透过大气射入地面，而地面增暖后放出的长波辐射却被大气中的二氧化碳就像一层厚厚的玻璃，把地球变成了一个大暖房。甲烷、臭氧、氯、氟烃以及水汽等也对温室效应有所贡献。随着人口的急剧增加和工业的迅速发展，越来越多的二氧化碳排入大气中；又由于森林被大量砍伐，大气中原本应被森林吸收的二氧化碳没有被吸收，致使二氧化碳逐渐增加，温室效应也不断增强。温室效应的后果十分严重，自然生态将随之发生重大变化，荒漠将扩大，土地侵蚀加重，森林退向极地，旱涝灾害严重，雨量增加；温带冬天更湿、夏天更旱；热带也将变得更湿，干热的亚热带变得更干旱，迫使原有水利工程重新调整。沿海将受到严重威胁。由于气温升高，两极冰块将融化，使海平面上升，将会淹没许多城市和港口。臭氧层破坏现象引起科学界及整个国际社会的震动。美国的两位科学家Monila和Rowland指出，正是人为的活动造成了今天的臭氧洞。元凶就是现在所熟知的氟利昂和哈龙。酸雨目前已成为一种范围广泛、跨越国界的大气污染现象。酸雨破坏土壤，使湖泊酸化，危害动植物生长；刺激人的皮肤，诱发皮肤病，引起肺水肿、肺硬化；会腐蚀金属制品、油漆、皮革、纺织品和含碳酸盐的建筑。总而言之，人类生活的环境已经日益恶化。而恶化的原因大部分属于人类本身的不良生活方式和不尊重客观规律，急功近利，对于地球资源的使用没有科学的计划性，而且在设计、制造产品以及日常生活中缺乏保护环境的意识，以至于自毁家园，其危害不仅于当代，而且严重影响了子孙后代的生存。环境问题在很大程度上是由于人们的不良设计、生活方式造成的后果。于是给设计师们提出了一个严肃的问题：作为设计师，应肩负起保护环境的历史重任！工业在为人类创造大量物质财富的同时，也给世界带来了灾难。工业设计在为人类创造了现代生活方式的同时，也加速了资源、能源的消耗，并对地球的生态平衡造成了巨大的破坏。所以，作为工业设计师，建立环境意识体现了其道德和社会责任心。设计师必须对自己的设计负责，必须把人类的健康幸福，自然与人类的和谐共存作为设计中心遵循的原则。设计师还必须掌握必要的材料、工艺、化工、制造等方面的知识，使得其设计不对环境造成危害而成为可能。“可持续发展设计”这一概念的提出，对于人性的回归及世