Lesson-14-speech-on-hitler's-invasion-of-the-ussr第十四单元课件

ADVANCEDENGLISHBookI

14SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.RWinstonS.ChurchillI.Theexplanationofthetitle:Whatdoes“Hitler’sinvasionoftheU.S.S.R”mean?

ItmeansHitlerinvadedtheU.S.S.R.Whatdoes“U.S.S.R”standfor?ItstandsforUnionof

SovietSocialistRepublic.Itisinitialing,akindofabbreviation(shortening).Paraphrase:WhenHitlerinvadedtheUnionOfSovietSocialistRepubliconJune22,1941,Churchillbroadcastthespeechabouttheinvasiononthesameday.II.Whatisthetypeofthewritingofthetext?InEnglishwriting,therearefourtypes,namelydescription,narration,exposition,argumentation.Whichofthefouristhemostsuitabletothistext“SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.R?Argumentation.Thewriterofanargumentativeessaytriestoconvinceotherpeopletoagreewithhispointofview,toapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatheproposes,ortodosomethingthathewantstobedone.Speechesonpolicies,editorialsofnewspapers,articlesonpoliticalortheoreticalquestions,areoftenargumentation.III.AdditionalBackgroundMaterialforSirWinstonChurchillEarlyLifeBornonNov.30,1874,atBlenheimPalaceIn1888,hewenttoHarrowandthentotheRoyalMilitaryCollegeatSandhurstandgraduatedin1894.In1895,visitedtheSpanisharmyIn1897,waswiththeBritisharmyIn1898,tookpartinthebattleofOmdurmanintheSudanasawarcorrespondentIn1899,setoutfortheBoerWarascorrespondenttotheLondonMorningPostYoungPoliticianIn1900,enteredtheHouseofCommons.In1904,joinedtheLiberals.By1908,wasamemberofLordAsquith’scabinet.InOct.1911,wasappointedFirstLordof

theAdmiralty.In1915,losthisAdmiraltypost.In1917,returnedtothegovernment.firstasMinisterofMunitions,thenasMinisterofWar.InterwarYearsIn1924,severedhistieswithliberalismandwentbacktotheConservativeParty,becameChancelloroftheExchequer.OpposedtheRussianRevolution.From1929totheoutbreakofwarhewasoutofoffice.WorldWarIIInMay1940,hebecamePrimeMinister,andtookpartinalltheimportantconferenceswithRooseveltandStalinduringthewar.Heannouncedhisnewgovernmentinthesewords:“Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood,toil,tearsandsweat…Ourpolicyistowagewar,bysea,landandair,withallourmight.Ouraimistowinthevictory.”InJuly1945hewasdefeatedintheelection.LastYears

In1951,heagainbecamePrimeMinister.In1953,hewascreatedKnightoftheGarterbytheQueen,andawardedtheNoblePrizeinliterature.In1955,resignedofficeandendedhispubliccareer.HediedonJan.

24,1965.Churchill’sWorksChurchill’swork,combiningpersonalperspectivewithgrandhistoricalthemes,arewrittenwithgreatsweepandlucidity.TheyincludeTheWorldCrisis

(6vols.1923-1931),anaccountofWorldWarI;TheSecondWorldWar(6vols.1948-1953);HistoryoftheEnglishSpeakingPeoples(4vols.1956-1958)IV.AdditionalBackgroundMaterialforWorldWarIIQuestion1:

Whenwasthe1stWorldWar?Answer:Question2:

Whenwasthe2ndWorldWar?Answer:The1stWorldWarstartedin1914byLenin’sOctoberRevolution,endedin1918.The2ndWorldWarbrokeoutonJu1y

7,1937,byJapaneseInvasionofChina,oronSept.1,1939,byGerman’sinvasionofPolandandBritainandFrancewagedwaragainstGerman.ItendedinMay,orAugust,1945.HowdidChurchillknowthatHitlerwouldinvadeRussia?Answer:BeforethefallofPoland,BritishintelligenceofficersmanagedtogetholdofaGermancodingmachineandagroupofcode-breakingexperts,calledtheBlotchilyParkgroup,soondiscoveredhowthemachineworked.Withthehelpofthismachine,theBritishwereabletodecipherallGermancodedmessages.SoonJune6,theBritishhadalreadylearntthatHitlerwastoattackRussiaandpassedonawarningtotheSovietUnion,whichwasunheeded.WhendidChurchillbegintowritethespeech?Answer:

OnJune20,twodaysbeforetheinvasion,ChurchillworkedonaspeechtobebroadcasttotheworldwhentheinvadingforcesrolledintoRussia.V.AdditionalBackgroundMaterialforPoliticalSystemBritishGovernmentKing/QueenElizabethIIParliamentUpperHouseofLordLowerHouseofCommonU.S.AGovernment

PresidentVice-president

CongressSenateHouseofRepresentatives大臣内政大臣MinistersintheCabinet首相；国务大臣文官大臣外交和联邦事务大臣贸易和工业大臣PrimeMinister;MinisterofStateMinisterfortheCivilServiceSecretaryofStatefortheHomeDepartmentSecretaryofStateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairsSecretaryofStateforTradeandIndustryandPresidentoftheBoardofTradeMinistersintheCabinetSecretaryofStatefor

Defense\SocialServiceSecretaryofStateforEmployment\EnergySecretaryofStatefortheEnvironment\EducationandScience国防、社会事务大臣就业、能源大臣环保、科教大臣MinistersNotintheCabinetFirstLordoftheTreasure首席财政大臣Parliamentary\ChiefSecretarytotheTreasury财政部政务次官、首席财政大臣ParliamentaryUnderSecretariesofState政务次官Parliamentary\Economic\FinancialSecretarytotheTreasure财政部政务、经济、金融次官MinistersNotintheCabinetLordPrivySealandLeaderoftheHouseofCommons掌玺大臣兼下议院领袖ChancellorofDuchyofLancaster兰开斯特公爵郡大臣Attorney-generalSolicitor-general检察总长副检察长LordChiefJusticeLord（High）Chancellor最高法院院长上院议长LocalGovernmentCounty

郡

District

区Region

大区Perish

教区Community

社区Town

镇MetropolitanDistrict\County

城市区、郡Borough(District)Council

市、区议会CouncilofLondonBorough

伦敦议会LordMayor

大市长VI.TitleofBritishNoblemen、PeersDuke公爵Marquis

侯爵Earl/Count

伯爵Viscount

子爵Lord/Baron

男爵Baronet

准、从男爵Knight

爵士Dukedom

公爵地位Marquises

女侯爵Countess

女伯爵Viscountess

女子爵Sir(prefixtothenameofaBaronetorKnight)VII.DetailedStudyoftheTextListentothetapeaboutthetextonce.Getthegeneralideaaboutthespeech.Howmanypartscanthetextbedividedandhowisthespeechcomposed?Thespeechwascarefullycomposed.Itisfullofgravethemesandweightyarguments.Itconsistsoftwomainparts.ThefirstpartisfromthebeginningtothefirstlineonPara.6.It'saboutthebackgroundofthespeech,theirpreparationforthespeech;whenandhowtheGermansattackedtheSovietUnionandtheirreactionortheirstandorattitudetothenewsofHitler'sinvasionofU.S.S.R.AndthesecondpartisfromPara.7totheend,whichisthecontentofthespeech.Inthespeech,firstly,ChurchillseriouslycondemnedNaziGermanyingeneralandinparticularthecrimesHitlerhadcommittedintheinvasionoftheU.S.S.R.Secondly,thespeechfocusesontheBritishgovernment’spolicyanddeclaration.Thirdly,ChurchillpointedoutthemotiveofHitler'sinvasionnamely,thepreludetoinvasionoftheBritishIsles.HedeclaredhisimmediateandstrongaidtoSovietUnionandcalledontheattentionofthepeopleallovertheworldtouniteandfightagainsttheNazifascists.Finally,hecametothelogicalconclusion“TheRussiandangeristhereforeourdanger…”andendedhisspeechwithapowerfulcall“Letusredoubleourexertions,andstrikewithunitedstrengthwhilelifeandpowerremains.”.Thespeechiswell-organized.It'sunifiedandcoherent.It'sfulloftheuseoffiguresofspeechsuchastherepetition,parallelism,contrast(balancedsentence),metaphor,simileandbiblicalallusion.Thechoiceofthewordsiswell-polished.Hechosesomebigwordsorformalwordstoshowthestyleofthespeech.1.Comprehensionquestionsforpara.1-3WhendidChurchilllearnaboutthenewsoftheGermanattack?HadheeverthoughtthatHitlerwouldattackRussia?Whatwashisreactiononlearningthenews?HowdidtheGermansattackRussia?WhathappenedtotheRussians?WhydidhethinkunnecessarytoconsulttheWarCabinet?PartOne:Languagepoints

Conviction:

n.averyfirmandsincerebelief.Forexample,Ispeakinthefullconvictionthatourcauseisjust.Iaminthefullconvictionthatthesituationwillbeimproved.

convince

:v.使相信，说明。应与of连用，或与有连接词that之名词子句连用。Forexample，Iamconvincedofhisinnocencebyyourargument.Heisconvincedofitstruth.Themistakesshemadeconvincedthatshehadnotstudiedherlesson.Compare:

Convict:

v.tofindsomeoneguiltyofacrime,esp.inacourtlaw;forexample,Thecriminalwasconvictedofmurder.

Convict:n.apersonwhohasbeenfoundguiltyofacrimeandsenttoprison,esp.foralongtime.Forexample,anescapedconvict;

Conviction:n.1.(u.)theactofconvicting;2.(c.)anoccasiononwhichonehasbeenconvicted;3.(c.u.)veryfirmandsincerebeliefCompare:belief,faith,conviction

Belief:

乃是一般用语。Eg.Hisbeliefinsuperstitiongetshimintotrouble.Faith:

应用于毫无根据,只基于自己之信任。Eg.Ihavefaithinhisabilitytosucceed.Conviction:

应用于一种坚定之信念，乃是由于他人使之相信后所生之坚定信念。Convictiongenerallyimpliesthatapriordoubtexistedandnowhasbeenremovedbecauseonehasbeenconvincedorassuredofthetruth.SentencetranslationIhadnottheslightestdoubtwhereourdutyandpolicylay.Norindeedwhattosay.对于我们的职责所在、政策所归，我没有半点犹豫；对我要发表的讲话也无半点的怀疑。(参考译文)改译：对我们的职责、政策所在我毫无疑虑，对我要讲些什么也成竹在胸。Whatisalitotes?Itisaformofunderstatementwhichgainsitsparticulareffectbyphrasinginthenegativewhatitwishestosaypositively.曲言,也叫间接肯定法。指用反对语的否定来表示肯定的一种修辞法。Eg.1.Thisisnosmallaccomplishment.2.Thisisnotatallunpleasant.3.Heisnofool.4.NorareoccurrenceNorindeedwhattosay.Thisisanellipticalsentence.Thefullorcompletedoneofitisasfollows:NorhadIindeedtheslightestdoubtastowhatIwastosay.

译文：我也完全清楚该如何就此发表声明ParaphraseGivenotice:inform=Noticeshouldbegiven.Hasten:v.(causeto)moveorhappenfaster,connotingurgencyorsometimesasuddenandprematureresult;e.g.WhenLudendorff’s（德国鲁登道夫将军）armymetdefeatonthewesternfront,Germanyhastenedtoopennegotiationsforanarmistice.（ArmisticeDay:Nov.11;Veterans’Day）Onanenormousfront:onalargescaleWhoisGeneralDill?（Note2）SirJohnGreenDill(1881--1944)约翰格林第尔爵士Britishfieldmarshal英国陆军元帅ChiefoftheImperialGeneralStaff

帝国总参谋长、英国皇军总参谋长ChiefofStaff（美）陆军或空军参谋长AmemberofthejointAnglo-Americanboardofstrategy英美联合战略董事会成员1941—1944年任英国驻美国联合参谋使团团长，被公认为英国首屈一指的战略家。他对盟国的最大贡献是在驻华盛顿时期（1941-1944）时协调西方两个主要盟国的军事方针。他和美国总参谋长马歇尔的友谊大大地促进了英美的团结一致。Hadsurprisedalargeportionof:tooktheRussiansbysurpriseanddestroyedahighpercentageofSovietairplanesbeforetheycouldtakeoff;e.g.tosurprisetheenemyRoundup:herdtogether;collecttogether(peopleoranimals)whoarescattered.SurroundandcaptureInhordes:inlargequantities\numbersParaphrase

ToconsulttheWarCabinet:

toaskadviceof

theWarCabinet;On10May1940,Churchillformedanationalgovernment(coalitiongovernment)withhimasthePrimeMinisterandAtleefromtheLaborPartyastheDeputyPrimeMinister.

(战时内阁。指1940年5月由邱吉尔组建的联合政府内阁，邱吉尔任首相，阿特例任副首相。）

Thefollowingaccountof

…:thefollowingdescriptivereportof…;Thisisatransitionalparagraph.

Counton\upon:expectwithconfidence;

Enlist:winthesupportof;getthehelporserviceof;obtain2.Comprehensionquestionsforpara.4-6WhatdidChurchillthinkthatHitlerwascountingon?WhatwasChurchill’scommentonHitler’splan?WhydidChurchill’ssecretaryaskhimwhetherhewasonlyconformingtothepublicopinion,withmentalreservationonthequestionofGermanattackofRussia?WhatwasChurchill’sreply?Whatdidhemeanby“makingafavorablereferencetothedevil”?PicturesofBuckinghamPalaceLondonDowningStreetAtChequers

切克尔斯首相官邸TheBigBenSentencetranslationThefollowingaccountofthisSundayatChequersbymyPrivateSecretary,Mr.Colville,whowasondutythisweekend,maybeofinterest:我的私人秘书克勒维尔先生正好周末值班，以下的记述是他就我的官邸一天来发生的事情的描述，也许与此有些关联。（参考译文）改译：以下是我星期天当班的私人秘书克勒维尔先生记述的这一天发生在切克斯首相官邸的一些事情，现引述如下，以飨读者：Wecounton\uponyourhelp.=countonyoutohelpYouhadbetternotcountonanincreaseinyoursalarythisyear.CanIenlistyourhelpincollectingmoneyforthepeoplemadehomelessbytheforeigninvaders?Hetriedtoenlisttheirsympathies.RightWing:themoreconservativeorreactionarysectionofapoliticalparty,groupetc.

Paraphrase:

HitlerwashopingthatifheattackedRussia,hewouldwininBritainandtheU.S.A.thesupportofthosewhowereenemiesofCommunism.ThesamewouldbetrueoftheU.S.A.=theUnitedStateswoulddothesame\adoptthesameattitude.Thisistrueoftheruralareaaswellasoftheurbanarea.

WhywasHitlercountingonenlistingtheirsympathiesin

thiscountry?

BecauseHitlerthoughtthatBritainwasacapitalistcountryandRightWingwhohadalwaysbeenanavowedenemyofcommunism.IfheattackedRussia,hewouldcountonenlistingtheiraidsorsupports.WhydidChurchillsidewiththeSovietUnionsincehehadalwaysbeenanavowedenemyofcommunism?Becausehehadonlyonepurposenow,thedestructionofHitler,whohethoughtwastheworstintheworld.Questions:Onthecroquetlawn:Croquetisanoutdoorgameinwhichtheplayersusemalletstodriveawoodenballthroughaseriesofhoopsplacedintheground.槌球游戏(一种用木槌击木球钻小圈的游戏)Revert:v.gobacktoaformersubject;talkaboutagain;Thearchanti-Communist:thechiefhostiletoCommunist(头号反共大将)

archenemy;archangel:angelofhighestrank;atriumphalarch(凯旋门)aGothic-archedgateway

Paraphrase:

ThisisnotbowingdownintheHouseofRimmon:thisisametaphorandabiblicalallusion.(seeNote11tothetext)

一个圣经引述。出自《圣经旧约》中《列王纪下》5：15-18，原意为“拜倒在伪神临门脚下”，常用来喻指“拜倒在金钱脚下”，在此处用来暗指“邱吉尔一贯反对共产主义，这样做是否改变了他以前的立场、观点或态度”。表面上与传统教或风俗一致，实际做起来保守由于政治目的，Rimmon是大马士革叙利亚人崇拜的神。

SentencetranslationAndIaskedwhetherforhim,thearchanti-Communist,thiswasnotbowingdownintheHouseofRimmon.我就问他，这种表态是不是表明他这位反共产主义干将将要改变自己的政治立场。（参考译文）改译：我问他，你这位反共干将是否言不由衷，（这种表态是不是作秀而已）。Tobowdown(to)；tobendforwardtheupperpartofthebodytoshowrespectoryielding;toadmitdefeatandagreetoserve;e.g.Hewasboweddownwithcare.

他因忧虑过度而精神不振.

IfHitlerinvadedHell,IwouldmakeatleastafavorablereferencetotheDevil:

sayawordinfavourofanyonewhoisattackedbyHitler,nomatterhowbadorhowwickedorevilhehadbeeninthepast.ItshowsChurchill’sfirmstand.HellandDevilarethemosthatedplaceandthefoeofmankind.TheyareusedhereasmetaphorreferringtotheSovietUnionandCommunismYoushouldmakeareferencetoadictionary.Don’tmakeanyreferencetohislameness.

Totheeffect(that):havingtheresultorimplicationthat(大意是),后接从句,有时还可表示sothat(以便)的目的意义。e.g.Hestartedearlytotheeffectthat(=sothat)hemightgettherebylunchtime.Idon’trememberhisexactwords,butI’msurehedidsaysomethingtothateffect.

译文：我记不得他是怎么说的,但我肯定他讲话的大意是那样的。QuestionsWasChurchillsurprisedatthenewsofHitler’sinvasionoftheU.S.S.R.?

No.hewasn’t.Why?BecausehehadalreadylearntthatHitlerwastoattackonRussiawiththehelpofaGermancodingmachineandpassedonawarningtotheSovietUnion.3.Comprehensionquestionsfor8-9HowbadwastheNaziRegimeaccordingtoChurchill?WhatpicturesdidChurchillpresentaboutthewarinU.S.S.R.?PartTwo:ThecontentofthespeechBedevoidof:becompletelywithout;beemptyof;e.g.Apersonwhoisdevoidofsenseisafool.Awelldevoidofwaterisuseless.Excel:v.tosurpass;outdo;e.g.toexcelothersincourage\virtue\strength;toexcelothersindoingsth.Intheefficiencyof:TheNazisranthewarlikeasuccessfulbigbusiness;e.g.theykeptfullrecordsanddocumentationofalltheiratrocities.（暴行、凶恶）Gaschambersareexcellentexamplesofefficientandinexpensivemasskilling.TheNazistatedoesnothaveanyidealorguidingprincipleatall.Allithasisastrongdesireforconquestandrulebythe“Aryan”(印欧白族的)race,theallegedly(宣称、声称)mostsuperiorraceintheworld.TheNaziregimeisveryeffectiveincruelsuppressionofandsavageattackonothercountries;inthisrespect,itisworsethananyotherknownformofevil.Paraphrase:

Compare:excel,surpass,outdo

Excel:

强调在精美,价值或做某事方面高于别人。

Surpass:强调在同别人比较或同一个确定标准比较时较好。

Outdo:指比别人，尤指比以前所做者，做得多或做得好。

E.g.1.Heexcelsinmath's.2.Marysurpasseshersisterinhistory.3.Therunneroutdidhispreviousrecordfortherace.

Note:Theuseorthefunctionoftherepetitionandparallelismusedhere.

Toaddforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentence;tomakehisspeechvividandforceful

注意此大段中的重复修辞手段和排比修辞手法的并用。作者重复使用了七个并行的Isee…

的句子来描写纳粹进攻苏联时的情景，从而可看出邱吉尔此时的观点、立场所在，表明了他支持、同情苏联的军队和人民，愤怒地抨击了纳粹德国那种疯狂、野蛮的侵略行径。作者重复使用Isee…增强了话语的气势，给人一气呵成字之感，而且有助于感情的宣泄。

SomeNewWords

Immemorial:adj.Ancient;extendingbackbeyondmemoryorrecord;e.g.fromtimeimmemorial:fromtheancienttimeTill:v.work(land)inraisingcrops,asbyplowing,harrowing,hoeing,sowing,fertilizing,etc.;cultivateWring:v.(wrung,wringing)getbyforce,threats,persistence,etc.;extort;e.g.towringawettowel;

towringoutwaterfromyourwetclothes;Thatmancouldwringmoneyfromanyonebyhissadstory.Therearetimes(criticaltimes)wheneveryone,withoutexception,willpray.EventheRussianswillpray.Sometimes,atcriticalmoments,everyone–evencommunists–turntoprayer.Soprayerisseenas“natural”.Thisisethnocentrism(种族中心主义),acommoncharacteristicofvirtuallyandculturalentity.“thebread-winner”,“theirchampion”,“theirprotector”allrefertothesamepersonbecausetheyareallinthesingular.wherepeoplehavetodoback-breakingworktowringalittlefoodoutofthepoorsoilAlthoughlifeishard,peoplestillenjoybasichumanpleasures;lifeishardbutitisstillnotwithoutthekindofhumanpleasuresthataresharedbyall.Primordial:existingatorfromthebeginning;notderivative;fundamental;original;e.g.primordialcustoms;Life’sprimordialrealityisspirit.Primo-

字首表“最初，最先”

primogenitor;primogenital;primogeniture(祖先,始祖;原始型的;长子之身份)Onslaught:n.aseriousattack;e.g.TheIndiansmadeanonslaughtonthesettler’sfort.Clanking:referringtothemetallicsoundmadebytheswordsandsaberswornbytheofficers.Heel-clicking:referringtothenoisemadebythebootsoftheofficerscomingtoattentionandshouting“HeilHitler”Dandified:theuniformswithshoulder-boards,insignia,decorations;todandify:v.makealooklikeadandy;dressupPrussianofficers:ThecoreoftheofficersoftheWehrmacht(thearmedforcesofNaziGermany)wasPrussian.

Cow:v.tomaketimidandsubmissivebyfillingwithfearoraweintimidate;e.g.Hecowedthemwithhishardeyeslikeatameramongbeasts.

Tiedown:v.(obsolete)toreducetobondage;enslave;

Docile:adj.Easytomanageordiscipline;e.g.Adocilechild\horse;c.f.abrutish=brutal;savage;cruelSmart:v.tofeelmentaldistressorirritation,asinresentment,remorse,etc.e.g.Hiseyessmarted.Thecutsmarts.Hewasstillsmartingfromtheinsult.

Note:HitlerassignedaunitofS.S(Schatzstaffel)men希特勒之卫队及秘密警察toeveryarmyunit,withexpressorderstoannihilatealargeportionofthepopulationTheS.Sagentswhospecializeingenocideandwhohavejustaccomplishedthetaskofcrushingandenslavingadozencountries.TheGermansoldiersarestupid,obedient,easytomanage,savage.Theymoveoninmassiveformationfromoneplacetoanother,sowingdestructionanddeath,justlikealargecrowdofmovinglocusts,eatingupeverythinginthefields.(asimile)WhydidChurchillcomparetheGermansoldierstolocusts?Becausetheyhaveonethingincommon---thespreadingofdestruction.Note:Manya(oran,another)followedbyasingularnounorpronounisequivalentto

manyfollowedbythecorrespondingplural.E.g.manyastudentfailstopassintheexamination.Manyaboylearnstoswimbeforehecanread.

IcanseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,who,aftersufferingseverelossesintheaerialbattleofEngland,nowfeelhappybecausetheythinktheycaneasilybeattheRussianairforcewithoutheavyloss.

ToparaphrasethelastsentenceofParagraph8:Paragraph9:Theone-sentenceparagraphisfollowingthepreviousparagraph,whichcontinuesusing“Isee”tosumupthewickedqualityofHitler’sinvasion.

“Glare”and“storm”areusedhereasmetaphors,referringto“hostilefiercelookorhatred”and“fighting,war,orattack”.Paraphrase:Behindallthishostilityandfighting,Iseethatsmallgroupofwickedmenwhomaketheworldsufferuntoldmiseriesandunparalleleddisasters.(TheyarethecrimesandtragediesChurchillreferredto)4.Comprehensionquestionsforpara.10WhatdecisionandpolicydidChurchillannounceonbehalfoftheBritishgovernment?HowdeterminedwereChurchillandhisgovernment?WhatwouldBritaindowiththosepeopleorstateswhichsupportHitler?Andwiththosewhofighthim?Paragraph10:ChurchilldeclaredhisfirmdecisionorhisstandtowardHitler'sinvasionoftheU.S.S.R.IamsurethatourDominionswillagreewithusinpropertime.WhydoesChurchilldeclarethedecisioninthenameofBritishgovernment,notinthenameoftheDominions?

Answer:

BecauseDominionsareindependentgovernmentsandChurchilldoesn'thavethepowertodeclarewarintheirnames.IfChurchillwantstodeclarewarintheirnames,hehastoconsultthembeforehand.Sincehemustmakeknownthedecisionatonceandthereisnotimeforconsultation,hehastodeclarethedecisioninthenameoftheBritishgovernment.WhatistheDominion?(Note19--21)Self-governingmembersoftheBritishCommonwealthofNations.指1939年以前的英联邦国家：加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非联邦、爱尔兰和纽芬兰。国际上，自治领（纽芬兰除外）被认为是单独的国家，在国际联盟和其他国际组织中有自己的代表，有权自行任命大使和自行缔结条约。同时，自治领国家与联合王国或自治领国家之间的关系不是对外关系。1947年后，不再使用“自治领”这一词，原与联合王国有关联的国家被称为“英联邦成员国”（theBritishCommonwealthofNations）(theDominionofCanada/Australia/NewZealand/theCommonwealthofSouthAfrica/Ireland/Newfoundland）（UnitedKingdom）BritishEmpire:(大英帝国)TheUnitedKingdomplushercoloniesandprotectorates.

theBritishIsles不列颠群岛

(England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland)GreatBritain大不列颠WhatwasChurchill’spolicyorwhatwashisdeclaration?WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime.Fromthisnothingwillturnus---nothing.Note:Thisisaninversionandarepetitionforemphasis,showinghisstrongdetermination.Thereisnothingwhichcanheadusofffromthispurposeordivertourattention.Pointouttheparallelismandbalancedsentenceusedinthisparagraph.Theuseof“but”

But:adv.Only,just;

e.g.Heisbutachild.ThereisbutoneGod.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:

在那个国家只剩下百分之九的人是文盲。

Allbut9%ofthepopulationremainsilliterate.他们别无选择，只好依靠他的努力了。

Thisleavesthemnochoicebuttorelyonhisefforts.

Allbut:几乎；Heisallbutdrowned.Nothingbut:unless;only;e.g.NothingwoulddobutthatIshouldcomein.Anythingbut:notatall;e.g.Theresultisanythingbutsuccess.Icangiveyouanythingbutthispen.Never…but:never…without;

必定

e.g.Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justiceisneverdonebutsomepeoplewillbefoundtocomplain.Butfor:iftherehadnotbeen;ifitwerenotfor;e.g.But

foryourhelp,Ishouldhavefailed.Butthat:要不是;除非;e.g.Ishouldcomeinbutthatitisimpossible.Itfollowsthereforethat……:It

happensasanecessaryresultof由…而起;作为必然结果e.g.1)Diseaseoftenfollowswar.2)Justbecauseheisatthebottomoftheclass,itdoesn't

followthathehasnobrains;hemayjustbelazy.3)Becauseheisgood,itdoesn't

followthatheiswise.4)Ifonewritespoetry,itnaturallyfollowsthathemustunderstandpoetry.5.Comprehensionquestionsforpara.11-13WhatwasthenatureofthiswaraccordingtoChurchill?Whatlessonsshouldbelearned?WhatwasHitler’sdeepermotive?WhatwouldbetheconsequencesifHitlershouldwinthewar?WhatstrategydidHitleremployinthewarinEurope?Werethosestrategiessuccessful?Paragraph11:Thisisnoclasswar,butitisawarinwhichthewholeBritishEmpireandtheCommonwealthofNationsisengaged.Nomatterwhatyournationalityis,whatreligiousbeliefyouhaveorwhatpoliticalpartyyoubelongto;IamnotinapositiontosaywhatactiontheUnitedStatesshouldtake.IfHitlerimagines…woefullymistakenHitlermaythinkthatsinceheisfightingtheSovietUnionwhichtheWestopposedinthepast,theWestwillnotbesodeterminedinfightinganddestroyingNaziGermany.IfhehadthatassumptioninmindwhenheattackedtheSovietUnion,hewillfindthatheisdeplorablywrongandwillhavetopayforit.No,wewillnotdothat(divergeinouraimsorslackenourefforts).Instead,wewillfightwithgreatercourageandredoubleoureffortsinthestruggletoendfascism.Resources:availablemoneyorproperty;wealth;sth.thatacountry,state,etc.hasandcanusetoitsadvantageWeshallbemoredeterminedandshallmakebetterandfulleruseofourresources.Weshallnotrelaxourefforts;weshallbringourresourcesintofullerplay.

Paragraph12:ChurchillanalyzedthatbehindHitler’sinvasionofU.S.S.R.,therewasonedeepermotivewhichisnomorethanapreludetoanattemptedinvasionofBritishIsles.Moralize:(usu.Derog.)e