外文翻译-基于单片机的油浸式变压器温度监测系统的设计

中文3925字毕业设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：基于单片机的油浸式变压器温度监测系统的设计学生姓名：学号：专业：通信工程所在学院：指导教师：职称：2010年12月28日DesignofTemperatureMonitoringSystemforOil-immersedPowerRansformersBasedonMCUSuxiangQianHongshengHuDepartmentofMechanicalandElectrical,UniversityofZhejiangProvinceE-mail:jjqsx@126.comAbstract:¨CWiththeexpansionofelectriccapacityandlarge-scaleextensionofpowergrid,electricequipmentisplayingasignificantroleinmodernlife.Atpresent,thetechnologyofconditionmonitoringandfaultdiagnosingofpowertransformerhasbeenmadesomeimprovement,yetitsreal-timeperformanceandreliabilitystillcan'tmeettherequirementofsafeproduction.Duetodifferentthermaleffectsledbythenaturalorfactitiousfault,itstemperatureofoil-immersedpowertransformersiseasytochangeabnormally.Anon-linemeasuringandcontrollingsystembasedonMCUisdiscussedinthispaper.Inordertosatisfytherequirementofstatemonitoringandfaultdiagnosisofpowertransformeronreal-timeandreliability,akindofintelligenton-linemonitoringinstrumentisdesigned.Eachofitspartisexplainedinthispaper,includingtemperaturesignalcollectinganddataprocessingsystem.Thesimulationresultshowedthedesignedsystemwasgoodinitsreal-time,reliabilityandrunningcost.Therefore,thedesignedstatemonitoringsystemfortemperatureandfaultdiagnosisofpowertransformercanbewidelyusedinengineeringandisexpectedtobringabrightfuture.Keywords¨COil-immersedPowerTransformer,Temperature,Dataprocessing,MCUI.INTRODUCTIONsituation.Thereareseveralmethodstomeasurethehotspottemperature.AsimplemethodisthattheWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofeconomy,thetemperaturesensorcanbeusedtoconverttemperaturepowerindustryinourcountryhasenteredintoanewsignalintotheelectricsignalandthenthesamplingdatastageofdevelopment.Powertransformerhasbeenoneofcanbecollectedbytheinstrument.Inthispaper,athemostimportantequipmentsinelectricpowersystem.real-timetemperaturemonitoringsystemforAnditssafetyrunningplaysagreatimportantroleinoil-immersedpowertransformersisdesigned.Theordertoensuretheelectricpowersystem'sreliability.Atdesignedmonitoringsystemcaneffectivelymonitorpresent,theoilgasvalueandthesignaloflocaldischargesomekeyarea'stemperaturevariation:suchastheboxareoftenselectedasthemonitoringobjectsinthebody,thetransformerwinding,theironcore,andsoon,monitoringsystemofpowertransformer.Theanditplaysasignificantroleinsupervisorycontroltothecharacteristicgasesdissolvedinoilcanbemonitoredinoperationsituationoftransformers.realtime,whichcanhelpmonitoringpowertransformer'srunningstation.But,itcannotsatisfyinspection'srequirementofpowertransformer.Besides,thesignaloflocaldischargecanbeusedtojudgesomeA.Overallplanofthedevelopedsystemfault'slocation,yetitsreal-timeperformanceisweak.Basedonthetemperaturefieldinformationofpowertransformers,thisresearchsupportedbyNSFCexploresanewconditionmonitoringandfaultdiagnosiswayforit.Anon-linetemperaturemonitoringsystemofoil-immersedpowertransformersbasedonMCUisdesignedinthispaper.Itsvariationoftemperatureinpowertransformeroftenkeepsafixedorderlinesswhenitisrunningnormally.Inmostsituations,itsvariationoftemperatureinpowertransformerhasacloserelationshipwithdifferentfaulttypes.Theinteriorfaultpatternsofoil-immersedtransformerarereferringtomechanism,heatingandelectricity,andmainlythelattertwo.Themachinerymalfunctionoftenispresentedintheformofthermalorelectricity.Accordingtotheinvestigationresultpresentedinthetable1,themalfunctionwaysfortherunningoil-immersedtransformersincludemainlytheoverheatingmalfunctionanddischargingmalfunctionofhighenergy.Thetemperaturerisingwilloccurinsomelocationswhenoverheatmalfunctionorhighenergydischargingmalfunctionoccurs.Furthermore,anobviouemperaturerisingwilloccurforsomepowertransformersbeforethemalfunctionareformed.Onconditionthatthereal-timemonitoringtothecorrectareascanberealized,apreventivemaintenancewouldalterthepresentmaintenanceandinspectionmode,andbeabletoreducetheMaintenanceCost.Therefore,itisveryimportanttokeepthepowertransformersinthebestsituation.Thereareseveralmethodstomeasurethehotspottemperature.Asimplemethodisthatthetemperaturesensorcanbeusedtoconverttemperaturesignalintotheelectricsignalandthenthesamplingdatacanbecollectedbytheinstrument.Inthispaper,areal-timetemperaturemonitoringsystemforoil-immersedpowertransformersisdesigned.Thedesignedmonitoringsystemcaneffectivelymonitorsomekeyarea'stemperaturevariation:suchastheboxbody,thetransformerwinding,theironcore,andsoonanditplaysasignificantroleinsupervisorycontroltotheoperationsituationoftransformers.II.HARDWAREDESIGNA.OverallplanofthedevelopedsystemItsfunctionofthedesignedhardwaremainlyincludestwoparts:datacollectingandtransferringBesides,thecontrollingcircuitcanbefurtherexpandedinordertocontrolsomeprotectorsbyusingtherelayswitch.Thedesignedprinciplesareexplainedasfollows:themonitoredphysicalquantitiesmustbefirstlysampledbythetemperaturesensor(PT100,electricthermo-couple,opticalfibersensoretc)andconvertedintothevoltagesignal,thenthesampledvoltagesignalscanbeadjustedbyregulativesignalcircuittothestandardsignal'srange,andareconvertedintodigitalsignal,aftergenerallinetransmissiontoMCUforstorageandprocessing,simulation/digitalconvertingratecanbecontrolledbyMCU.ThetakeoverdataqueenmayexisttemporarilyintheextendedRAM,ortransfertothecomputerbyUSB.Atthesametime,MCUconnectkeyboardandLCDforthepurposeofman-machineexchange[2].ThesystematicblockdiagramofhardwaresystemisshowedinFig.1.1)ChipsSelection:A/Dmoduleselection--MAX125Inordertoavoidadditionalphasedifferenceintheprocessofthedatacollecting,thesynchronismcollectingtechnologymustbeguaranteedfordifferentsignals.AsynchronizedatasamplingchipMAX125theMAXIMcompanyproducesisselectedandusedinthedesignedcircuit.MAX125is2¡Á4channel,high-speedand14digitdatacollectchip[3].USBinterfaceschipchoose--PDIUSBD12PDIUSBD12hereinafterreferredto"D12",supportingmultiplexing,non-multiplexingandDMAtransfer,isonekindofparallelinterfacechipdesignedbyPhilipscompany.ItfullyconformstotheUSBspecificationRev.1.1(basicspeed).Itisalsodesignedtobecompliantwithdifferenttypesoftransmission.ThedatacollectingpartsblockdiagramsofhardwaresystemseeFig.2.Fig.2CireuitblockdiagramofdataacquisitionFig.1BlockDiagramofhardwarecircuitsystemFig.2CireuitblockdiagramofdataacquisitionFig.1BlockDiagramofhardwarecircuitsystemFig.4ResistingalissingfilterFig.3SchematicdiagramofisclationampliicationcireuitFig.4ResistingalissingfilterFig.3SchematicdiagramofisclationampliicationcireuitB.DesignoftheSignalConditioningCircuitTheSignalConditioningCircuitiscomposedofsensor,signalamplificationandattenuationcircuit,isolationcircuit,wavefilteringcircuit,sampleholdingcircuit,etc.DuetoMAX125ADchipwithmultiplexerandSample-HoldCircuititself,SignalConditioningCircuitismadeupwiththermocouple,isolatingamplifiercircuitandanti-aliasingfilter.ThethermocoupleproducedbyAnhuiTiankangincorporatedcompany,ModelfortheWRC,IndexingforT,isaspecialoneforpowerstationapplication.Itsoutputtingvoltagerangeis¡À5Vanditsmeasuringtemprangesfrom50to200.TheAD204isageneral-purposeusedindustrystandardisolationamplifier,withtwo-port,transformer-coupledisolation.Besides,itcanofferacompletelyisolationfunction,includingsignalandpowerisolation,yetitspackageiseasilycompated.Figure3isitsprincipleofthedesignedisolatedenlargecircuit.Intheactualrunningscene,thecircuitmustdrawnearthesignalsourceinordertoavoidthesignalaffectedbyambientnoiseandenhancethesignal-to-noiseratio.Wavefilteringcircuitadoptresistaliasingfilter,thecircuitdesignedisshowsasFigure4.Duetotheconditionalityofchoosingcapacitance,thenumericalvalueofcapacitanceistakenintoaccountfirstly.ThefilterdesigningsoftwareFilterLabofMicrochipcorp[6]isusedinthispaper.Usingthesoftware,thescopefrequencyresponseandphasefrequencyresponsecanbeexpedientlyfound,andthedesignparametercanbeeasilyadjusted.C.DesignofdatacollectingInordertoconstructan8-channel-synchronismA/Dconvert,therearetwopiecesofMAX125inthedesigneddatacollectingcircuit.Thelow8outputdigitalfromMAX125throughAD0~AD7arerespectivelyjoinedwithP0.0~P0.7ofW77E58.AndhighsixfiguresamountA8~A13isrespectivelylinkedwithP2.0~P2.5ofW77E58.ALEpinofW77E58holdsCLKofMAX125,andP3.3pin,P3.6pinandP3.7pinperformacontrolfunctiononMAX125component.Fig.6USBinterfacescireuitFig.5MCUcontrolcireuitFig.6USBinterfacescireuitFig.5MCUcontrolcireuitDesignofMCUcontrolcircuitThecontrolsystembasedonMCUisshownasFig.6.BecausetheUSBagreementframeiscomparativelybig,W77E58chipwith32KBFlashEPROMisselectedasMCU.W77E58isthatoneis8bit,especiallyspeedyandmuchbetterperformanceCPU.What'smore,itisabletopayavisittolowspeedorfleetnessoutsideRAM.Comparedwithotherprocessingchipssuchas8052processor,W77E58canworkwithhigherspeedevenifunderthesameclockfrequencyandworkunderlowclockfrequency.ItspowersourceconsumptionisgreatlyreducedunderthesameinstructionhandlingcapacitysincetheentirestaticstateCMOSdesignisadopted.TherearefourI/Oportswith8bitandanadditional4I/OportinW77E58.ThesecharacteristicsW77E58possesscanmakeitworkbetter,suchasdirectlytransferringdatawithMAX125usingdifferentspeed,deliveringdatabetweenthecomputerandMCUbasedonUSBusinghighspeed,etc.AnditisveryusefultoexpandtheoutsidememoryforsystemusingotherI/Oports.TherearetwoconnectiontypesbetweenW77E58andD12,includingindependentaddressdatabusmodeandmultiplexaddressdatabusmode.TheanaloguesignalcanbeconvertedintodigitalsignalbyA/Dsamplingcircuit,andthentheconverteddigitalsignalbetransferredtoPCbyUSBinterfacetransference.E.USBinterfacecircuitdesigtUSBinterfacecircuitisshownasFig.5.WhentheperipheralequipmentsareconnectedwithconcentratorbyD12,concentratorcanchecktheconnectionstateofperipheralequipmentandreportittothehostcomputer.Oncetheequipmentconnectioninformationisfound,thehostcomputerisaskedtosendaseriesofrequesttoconcentrator,andthenacommunicatingchannelbetweenhostcomputerandequipmentwouldbeestablishedbyconcentrator.Further,thehostcomputerbeginstolistequipments,andsetsuptheperipheralequipmentsaftertheyaresuccessfullylistedandthecorrelativeallocationinformationisacquiredbythehostcomputer.Theperipheralequipmentrecognizedbyhostcomputercanbearrangedtocommunicatewithit.III.SOFTWAREDESIGNA.DatacollectingprogrammingAccordingtothecontrollingtimesequenceofMAX125,theflowofdatacollectingtaskisshownasFig.7.B.USBdrivedesign1)Firmwareprogramming:TherearegenerallythreepartsbetweenUSBandMCUfirmware:(a)InitializeMCUandallperipherycircuit(includePDIUSBD12);(b)Maincyclepart:thispartistobeinterrupted;(c)Interruptserviceroutine,cancarryoutimmediately.ThecommunicationbetweenMCUandPDIUSBD12ismainlyreferencedtosendordersanddatatoPDIUSBD12byMCU.TherearethreekindsofordercharactersforPDIUSBD12,includingtheinitializationordercharacter,thedatastreamordercharacterandtheuniversalordercharacter.PDIUSBD12hasshownthevariousimperativecodeandaddress.TheMCUfirstlysendsordersintotheorderaddressofPDIUSBD12,resendorreaddifferentdataaccordingtodifferentimperativecall.Therefore,itisconveniencetoconvertperkindorderintofunctionandusefunctiontofinisheachorderbydirectlycallingthesefunctions.2)Driveprogramming:Although,therearemanystandardinterfacefunctionsprovidedinthesystem,driverprogrammingisstilloneofthemostdifficulttasksforUSBexploitation.WindowsDDKisoftenadoptedtorealizedriveprogramming.Atpresent,thirdpartysoftwarefirmshaveprovidedalotofgeneratingtoolsfordriveprogramming,suchasdriverworksofCompuware,DriverWizardwaitsofBlueWaters.ThesetoolsareabletoproduceahighqualityUSBdrivingprogramwithinseveralminutes.WhencheckingUSBequipment,UsbViewprogramcanbeusedtodetectequipmentwhetherornottobeenumeratedandallocatedbyWindows.Ifsuccessful,thedevicedescription,allocationdescriptionandendpointdescriptionmaybecheckwhetherornotcorrectly.Andagenerally-purposeprogramcanbemadebyDriverWizard.OnceWindowsarealsoexploitedanddebuggedwiththedebuggingUSBdevicesendscluestoinstallthedrivingprogram,thedrivingprogramproducedbyDriverWizardwouldbeselected.Infact,itisonlyanapplicationprogramproducedbyDriverWizardforWindowscontrollingtable.ItisabletocalltheuniversalUSBdriveprograminstalledinsystemwhenassemblingDriverWizardforaspecifictask.Itsworkingconditionofdevices,includingtransferringdatawhetherornotcorrectlyandcontrollingthetransmissionspeed,canbemeasuredbythedriveprogram.Ifitcannotmeettheapplicationdemands,anewdriveprogramcanbewritedown.Besides,thesoftwareforhostcomputer.IV.APPLICATIONRESEARCHOFTEMPERATUREMONITORINGSYSTEMFORPOWERTRANSFORMERSBecauseofthelimitoftestingcondition,thedesignedtemperaturemonitoringsystemfortransformershasnowaytobecheckedundernormalworkingconditionsfortransformer.Yet,asuitoftemperaturerisingsimulationexperimentplatformfortransformerisdesignedanddevelopedforthisresearchpurpose.Intheexperiment,transformeroilisstoriedintheinneroftheactualtransformerboxbody,aheaterwasusedtosimulatewinding'stemperaturerisingvariation,andelectricthermo-coupleisusedtomeasurewinding'stemperaturerisingvalue.Besides,PT100measuresdifferentlocation'stemperaturerisingvalue,theinfraredthermometermeasuresthetemperaturerisingofboxbody,andthemercurialthermometermeasuresthetopoiltemperature.Theoutputwiresofsensorareconnectedwiththemonitoringsystem,andthedatacanbeshownonPCscreenintherealtime.ThelineconnectionandtheexperimentresultarerespectivelyshowedasFig.8andFig.9.Intheexperiment,thethermometer,infraredthermometer,electricthermo-coupleandthermalresistancearealladopted,comparedandverified.Forexample,athermometerwasmadeuseoftotestthetopoiltemperature,andelectricthermo-coupleforthewindingtemperaturerising,andthermalresistanceandinfraredradiationthermometerfortheoiltemperatureatdifferentlocations.ItcanbeseenfromFig.8andFig.9thatthehighesttemperatureisalwaysonthe"winding",thetemperatureofmildtransformeroilandboxbodyreflectsgradchangeandhasastep-by-steprise,andthetemperaturechangeoftransformerbottomoiliscomparativelyslow.TheexperimentresultisbasicallyagreedwiththesimulationcalculationvalueinANSYS.Accordingtotheexperimentalresults,therearesomecharactersforthedesignedtemperaturemonitoringsystemofpowertransformers:(a)Real-timeacquisition,realtimetransferringbyUSBbus.ItcanalsotransferthedatatoPCbyUSBafterdatacollecting;(b)ThereareakeyboardtocontrolitsworkingandLCDtodisplaydata.Besides,itcanworkundertheconditionofisolatedfromthePC;(c)Theparallelcollectingmodecanbesetandadoptedrandomlyfor1~8channel;(d)Increasingthedifferentcircuitstoprovidethevariousinterfaceslinkingforthevariousdifferenttypeofsensor.(e.g.PT100,electricthermo-couple,theopticalfibertemperaturesensorandsoon);(e)Measuringrange:-50~+200;(f)Workinginoilforalongperiodoftime.V.CONCLUSIONSInthispaper,itsmechanismofthetemperaturemonitoringtechnologyfortransformersisintroducedfirstly.Classificationandanalysisofdifferenttypesofmalfunctionfortransformersisprocessed.Thehardwarecircuitofmonitoringsystemhasbeenexplored,includingregulativesignalcircuit,wavefilteringcircuit,datacollectingcircuit,MCUcontrollingcircuit,USBinterfacecircuit,etc.Besides,thesoftwareflowofdatacollectingandtheUSBdriverprogramarealsoexploited.Thedesignedmonitoringsystemhasbeenappliedintothetemperaturerisingsimulationexperimentforpowertransformers.AndtheexperimentresultisbasicallyagreedwiththenumericalsimulationresultsusingANSYSsoftware.ACKNOWLEDGMENTTheresearchworkissupportedbythenationalnaturalsciencefoundationofChina(50575095).REFERENCES:[1]SunCaixin.On-lineGasinoilmonitoringandfaultdiagnosistechnologyofelectricequipment[M].Beijing:SciencePress,2003,5866[2]MAXIMcorp.MAXIMproductdatacorpora[CD].2004[3]ZhouLigong.PDIUSBD12USBfirmwareprogramminganddriverdesign[M].Beiing:Beijinguniversityofaviationandspaceflightpress,2003,11112[4]AD2O2204,Databook,AnalogDevices[CD].2001[5]Afilterprimer,MaximApplicationNotes[CD].2001[6]Wright.Nick,Judd.Bob.UsingUSBasadataacquisitioninterface[J].EvaluationEngineering,v43,n6,2004.6,2026[7]WangZhiqiang,SunShuying,SunShiyu.ResearchofdevelopmenttechnologyofUSBapparatusdrivers[J].Control&Automation,2005.9,2327

基于单片机的油浸式变压器温度监测系统的设计钱苏香，胡宏升（中国，大学浙江省嘉兴市，机电系）电子邮箱：jjqsx@126.com摘要-针对变压器检测系统在实时性，可靠性方面的要求以及油浸式变压器发生故障时会产生不同的热效应，从而产生相应位置的异常温升的问题，讨论了基于嵌入式技术的大型变压器温度检测和故障诊断系统，详细的介绍了基于单片机控制的油浸式变压器温度采集电路的硬件电路设计。实践结果证明，该系统具有实时性强，可靠性高，运行成本低等优点。对大型油浸式变压器运行状态的实时温度检测和故障诊断而言，具有较广阔的应用前景。关键词-油浸式电力变压器，温度，数据处理，单片机一导言随着经济的不断发展，电力行业在我们国家已经进入了一个新的发展阶段。大型变压器在输变电系统中的作用极其重要。其长期，安全，可靠，高效运行的重要性不言而喻。在目前，石油天然气价值和局部放电信号通常选择作为电力变压器监测系统的监测对象。运用油中溶解气体的特性，可监测实时性，它可以帮助监察权变压器的运行站。但是，它不能满足检查电力变压器的要求。此外，局部放电信号，可以用来判断一些断层的位置，但它的实时性较弱。基于温度场信息电力变压器，本研究由国家自然科学基金支持并探索了一种新的状态监测和故障诊断方式。一个在线温度监测系统基于单片机的油浸式电力变压器设计诞生了。电力变压器温度变化经常保持在一个固定的秩序使它运行正常。在大多数情况下，其电力变压器温度变化有不同的故障类型。这些模式的石油内部故障油浸式变压器指的是机热，加热和电力，主要是后两种。机械故障往往呈现为热电力形式。根据调查结果列于图1，该油浸式变压器运行的故障主要包括过热故障和放电高能量的故障。温度升高将发生在一些地点，此时过热故障或高能量放电故障发生。此外，一个明显的温度升高会在一些力量变压器发生故障前形成。理论上实时监控到正确的地区可以实现，将预防性维护并改变目前的维护和检查方式，能够减少维护成本。因此，最重要的是保持在最佳的电力变压器状态。有几种方法来衡量热点温度。一个简单的方法是，温度传感器可用于把温度信号转换成电信号，然后收集采样数据。本文就是油浸式电力变压器实时温度监控系统的设计。该监控系统设计的可以有效地监测一些重点地区的温度变化：如盒体，变压器绕组，铁心等等，它扮演了一个重要的控制作用，监督变压器的运行情况。二硬件设计本系统的硬件部分主要完成数据的采集和传输功能，还能通过控制电路实现一些扩展的控制功能，如采用继电器开关来控制一些装置的启停等。硬件系统的设计原理如下：首先外来信号经温度传感器（PT100的，电热电偶，光纤传感器等）转换为电压信号，经信号调整电路调整为标准信号范围，并转换成数字信号。经总线传输至单片机控制处理。此次收集的数据可暂时存在扩展的RAM中，或移交给计算机的USB接口。与此同时，单片机就可以用键盘和LCD的机用途的人造交换[2]。该系统的硬件系统框图显示在图1。1）芯片的选择

：A/D转换模块的选择-MAX125In为了避免额外的数据处理阶段的差异收集，必须使同步采集技术应保证提供不同的信号。同步数据采样芯片选择美心公司生产的MAX125的并在电路设计中使用。MAX125是2×4通道，高速数据采集，14位的芯片[3]。USB接口芯片选择-DIUSBD12，PDIUSBD12的简称为“D12的”˅，支持复用，非多路复用和DMA转让，是一种实物并行接口芯片，是由设计飞利浦公司生产。它完全符合USB规范修订版1.1（基本速度）。它的另一个目的是要符合不同类型的传输。块数据采集部分的硬件图系统见图2。B.设计的信号调理电路是由传感器，信号放大，衰减电路，隔离电路，滤波电路，保持电路等组成，由于AD芯片MAX125与多工器和采样保持电路本身，信号调节电路与热偶电路，隔离放大器电路和抗混叠滤波器电路。热电偶是由安徽天康注册公司生产的。T标引，是一种特殊的一电厂中的应用。它的输出电压范围为±5V和其测量温度范围从50到200度。图1硬件电路框图系统图2电路框图的数据采集图3隔离放大电路示意图图4抗混叠滤波器示意图该AD204是一般用途的行业标准隔离放大器，与两端口，耦合变压器隔离。此外，它可以提供一种完全隔离功能，包括信号和电源隔离，但其包装很容易兼容。图3是按原理设计的隔离放大电路图。在现时的实际运行，该电路必须干扰附近的信号源，为了避免信号的影响，可以通过环境噪声，提高信号的信噪比。滤波采用抗混叠滤波器电路，电路设计为图4。电容的选择要求，数值电容值应优先考虑。该过滤器的设计软件是由FilterLabMicrochip公司设计。[6]使用该软件，范围频率响应和相位频率响应可方便地找到，设计参数可容易调整。C.为了构建一个8通道同步A/D转换，电路中的MAX125应设计为数据采集电路。数字输出的低8位和MAX125AD0AD7级，分别通过联同P0.0的W77E58的P0.7输出的。高六位A8的输出分别为A13号与P2.0的P2.5相连的W77E58的输出。W77E58中持有的ALE引脚是时钟MAX125，与P3.3引脚，引脚P3.6和P3.7引脚一同运行。D.单片机控制电路设计的控制系统为图6。因为USB协议框架比较大，W77E58中有32KB闪存芯片EPROM的被选择为微控制器。W77E58的一个是8位，特别快速而且有更好的表现性能。更何况，它能够有机会参与或低速传送到机内的RAM。相比其他处理如8052处理器芯片，W77E58可以使用更高的速度，即使在相同的时钟频率和较低的时钟频率下工作。其动力源消耗在同一静态指令处理能力大大减少，因为整个系统都采用CMOS设计。有四个8位得I