综合英语教学课件

Contents123456ActiveReading11.ListentotheconversationaboutWesterntraditionsofcourtesytowardswomenandanswerthequestions.2.Check(√)thestatementsaboutgossipwhichyouthinkaretrue.WarmingUpListentotheconversationaboutWesterntraditionsofcourtesytowardswomenandanswerthequestions.1.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthetwospeakers?

Theyaremostlikelyacouple.2.Wheredoyouthinktheincidenttheladydescribestookplace?

Attheentrancetoabuilding.3.Whatcourtesydidsheexpect?

Sheexpectedthemantoopenthedoorforher.3.What,intheman'sview,isthebasisofalotofcommoncourtesy?

Thenotionthatwomenarenotstrongenoughtocopewitheverydayreality.WarmingUpscriptsWarmingUpW:SothereIwas,strugglingtogetthedooropenwithoutdroppingmybags,andthisguyjuststoodtherestaringatmewithalookoftotalconfusiononhisface.Idon'tunderstand.Ithink:Ifit'dbeenawoman,shewould'veopenedthedoorforme.OrifI'dbeenaman,hewould'veopenedthedoorforme.Itwasasimplecaseofonehumanbeingneedingahandfromanotherhumanbeing,andallthisguycoulddowasstarestupidlyatme.WarmingUpM:Idon'tblamehim.Howwashesupposedtoknowyouwouldn'tbitehisheadoffforofferinghelp?Alotofwomengetmadnowadayswhenaguyofferstohelpthemwithsomething.Menjustdon'tknowhowtoactanymore.W:That'sexactlymypoint!Something'sgonewrong.Surelytheideaofequalrightsforwomenwasn'tmeanttopreventcommoncourtesy.M:Well,butalotofwhatyoucallcommoncourtesyisbasedonthenotionthatwomenaretooweaktocopewitheverydayreality.W:[gettingangrierandangrier]Ohyeah?!Well,maybetoomuchofwhatyoucalleverydayrealitywasdesignedwithoutthinkingofwomen.Whyisthedoorsoheavy?Whyaretheshelvesinshopsandlibrariessohigh??Whyaren'tbabysittersprovidedforfree???[wildly]WhywasItheonecarryingallthoseheavyshoppingbags?!?!M:Ow,don'thitme!WarmingUpCheck(√)thestatementsaboutgossipwhichyouthinkaretrue.

☐1Mengossipjustasmuchaswomen.

☐2Mentalkmoreaboutpoliticsthanwomen.

☐3Mentalkmoreaboutfootballthanwomen.

WarmingUpCheck(√)thestatementsaboutgossipwhichyouthinkaretrue.

☐1Mengossipjustasmuchaswomen.

No,menseemtogossiplessthanwomen.

√2Mentalkmoreaboutpoliticsthanwomen.

Yes,thisseemstobetrue.

√3Mentalkmoreaboutfootballthanwomen.

Yes,surelythisisthecase.WarmingUp☐4Womentalkmoreaboutthemselvesthanmen.No,Iamnotsure.Maybementalkaboutthemselvesasmuch.☐5Mendon’tadmittheygossip.Yes,Ithinkthisistrue.☐6Womendon’tadmittheygossip.No,Idon’tagree,Ithinktheylikegossipinganddoadmitit.√TextBackgroundinformationTextBackgroundinformation

Thisisfromthebest-selling2008book,WatchingtheEnglishbyKateFox,whoisasocialanthropologist

anddirectoroftheSocialIssuesResearchCentreattheUniversityofOxford.Thebookisacultural

descriptionofEnglishwaysofcommunicating(ontopicsliketheweatherorwhenusingmobilephones)

andbehaving(athomeorintheworkplace,wheneating,andinpubs).Sheobservespeople’sbehavior,

butalso,asasocialscientist,interviewspeopleandconductssocialexperimentstorevealthesocialrules

orunderlyingcodesandcustoms.Text

Othertopicsinthebookincludedresscodes,waysofshopping,queuing,

and–theextracthere–socialgossip.

Theextracthereisaboutgossip.Togossipisasocialwaytotalkaboutotherpeopleandtheirprivatelives

oraboutthingsthatarenotimportant.Thewriterandotherresearchershavefoundthatwhenpeoplegossip

therearesocialpatternsinthechoiceoftopicandthewayoftalkingaboutit.Thephraseinthetitle,gossip

rules,referstotherulesorpatternsthatarefoundinhowpeoplegossip,butitisambiguousandmightmean

thatgossiprulesorgovernsourlives.TextSexDifferencesinEnglishGossipRules1

Contrarytopopularbelief,researchershavefoundthatmengossipjustasmuchaswomen.InoneEnglishstudy,bothsexesdevotedthesameamountofconversationtime(about65percent)tosocialtopicssuchaspersonalrelationships;inanother,thedifferencewasfoundtobequitesmall,withgossipaccountingfor55percentofmaleconversationtimeand67percentoffemaletime.Assportandleisurehavebeenshowntooccupyabout10percentofconversationtime,discussionoffootballcouldwellaccountforthedifference.Text2

Menwerecertainlyfoundtobenomorelikelythanwomentodiscuss"important"or"highbrow"subjectssuchaspolitics,work,artandculturalmatters–except(andthiswasastrikingdifference)whenwomenwerepresent.Ontheirown,mengossip,withnomorethanfivepercentofconversationtimedevotedtonon-socialsubjectssuchasworkorpolitics.Itisonlyinmixed-sexgroups,wheretherearewomentoimpress,thattheproportionofmaleconversationtimedevotedtothesemore"highbrow"subjectsincreasesdramatically,tobetween15and20percent.Text3

Infact,recentresearchhasrevealedonlyonesignificantdifference,intermsofcontent,betweenmaleandfemalegossip:Menspendmuchmoretimetalkingaboutthemselves.Ofthetotaltimedevotedtoconversationaboutsocialrelationships,menspendtwothirdstalkingabouttheirownrelationships,whilewomenonlytalkaboutthemselvesonethirdofthetime.Text4

Despitethesefindings,themythisstillwidelybelieved,particularlyamongmales,thatmenspendtheirconversations"solvingtheworld'sproblems",whilethewomenfolkgossipinthekitchen.Inmyfocusgroupsandinterviews,mostEnglishmalesinitiallyclaimedthattheydidnotgossip,whilemostofthefemalereadilyadmittedthattheydid.Onfurtherquestioning,however,thedifferenceturnedouttobemoreamatterofsemanticsthanpractice:Whatthewomenwerehappytocall"gossip",themendefinedas"exchanginginformation".Text5

Clearly,thereisastigmaattachedtogossipamongEnglishmales,anunwrittenruletotheeffectthat,evenifwhatoneisdoingisgossiping,itshouldbecalledsomethingelse.Perhapsevenmoreimportant:Itshouldsoundlikesomethingelse.Inmygossipresearch,Ifoundthatthemaindifferencebetweenmaleandfemalegossipisthatfemalegossipactuallysoundslikegossip.Thereseemtobethreeprincipalfactorsinvolved:thetonerule,thedetailruleandthefeedbackrule.TextThetonerule

6 TheEnglishwomenIinterviewedallagreedthataparticulartoneofvoicewasconsideredappropriateforgossip.Thegossip-toneshouldbehighandquick,orsometimesastagewhisper,butalwayshighlyanimated.Text"Gossip'sgottostartwithsomethinglike[quick,high-pitched,excitedtone]'Oooh–Guesswhat?Guesswhat?'"explainedonewoman,"or'Hey,listen,listen[quick,urgentstagewhisper]–youknowwhatIheard?'"Anothertoldme:"Youhavetomakeitsoundsurprisingorscandalous,evenwhenitisn'treally.You'llgo,'Well,don'ttellanyone,but…'evenwhenit'snotreallythatbigofasecret."Text7

Manyofthewomencomplainedthatmenfailedtoadoptthecorrecttoneofvoice,recountingitemsofgossipinthesameflat,unemotionalmannerasanyotherpieceofinformation,suchthat,asonewomansniffed,"Youcan'teventellit'sgossip."Which,ofcourse,isexactlytheimpressionthemaleswishtogive.TextThedetailrule8 Femalesalsostressedtheimportanceofdetailinthetellingofgossip,andagainbemoanedtheingsofmalesinthismatter,claimingthatmen"neverknowthedetails"."Menjustdon'tdothehe-said-she-saidthing,"oneinformanttoldme,"andit'snogoodunlessyouactuallyknowwhatpeoplesaid."Text

Anothersaid:"Womentendtospeculatemore…They'lltalkaboutwhysomeonedidsomething,giveahistorytothesituation."Forwomen,thisdetailedspeculationaboutpossiblemotivesandcauses,requiringanexhaustiverakingover"history",isacrucialelementofgossip,asisdetailedspeculationaboutpossiblees.Englishmalesfindallthisdetailboring,irrelevantand,ofcourse,unmanly.TextThefeedbackrule9

AmongEnglishwomen,itisunderstoodthattobea"goodgossip"requiresmorethanalivelytoneandattentiontodetail:Youalsoneedagoodaudience,bywhichtheymeanappreciativelistenerswhogiveplentyofappropriatefeedback.Thefeedbackruleoffemalegossiprequiresthatlistenersbeatleastasanimatedandenthusiasticasspeakers.Text

Thereasoningseemstobethatthisisonlypolite;thespeakerhas

gonetothetroubleofmakingtheinformationsoundsurprisingandscandalous,sotheleastonecandoistoreciprocatebysoundingsuitablyshocked.Englishmen,accordingtomyfemaleinformant,justdon'tseemtohavegraspedthisrule.Theydo

notunderstandthat"Youaresupposedtosay'NO!Really?'and'OhmyGOD!'"Text10 Myfemaleinformantsagreed,however,thatamanwhodidrespondintheapprovedfemalemannerwouldsoundinappropriately

girly,orevendisturbingly

effeminate.EventhegaymalesIinterviewedfeltthatthe"NO!Really?"kindofresponsewouldberegardedasdecidedly"camp".TheunwrittenrulesofEnglishgossipetiquettedoallowmentoexpressshockorsurprisewhentheyhearaparticularlyjuicybitofgossip,butitisunderstoodthatasuitableexpletiveconveyssuchsurpriseinamoreacceptably

masculinefashion.Text英国人闲聊的性别差异1

与普遍的看法相反，研究人员发现：男人和女人一样爱闲聊。英国的一项研究发现：男性和女性谈论诸如人际关系这类社会话题的时间一样多，大约是65%；另一项研究则表明：男人谈话时有55%的时间在闲聊，女人闲聊的时间是67%，两性之间的差异不大。由于体育和休闲大约占10%的说话时间，所以很可能是谈论足球的时间导致了这种性别上的差异。Text2

男人并没有比女人花更多的时间去谈论政治、工作、艺术及文化等“重要”或“高雅”话题，除非女人在场（这就形成了强烈的对比）。女人不在场的时候，男人也闲聊，他们谈论工作或政治等非交际性话题的时间不会超过5%。而男女都在场时，为了引起女人的注意，男人谈论“高雅”话题的时间会大大增加，达到15%至20%。Text3

事实上，最近的研究表明，男人和女人的闲聊内容只存在一个重要的差别：男人会花更多的时间谈论自己。在谈论社会关系的时间中，男人用三分之二的时间谈论自己的关系，而女人谈论自己的时间则只占三分之一。Text4

即便如此，那个关于男人的讨论“解决问题”，而女人只是躲在厨房里闲言碎语的错误观点仍然大行其道，尤其是在男人堆里。在我进行的焦点人群调查及访谈中，大多数英国男性刚开始时都声称他们不说闲话，而大多数女性都坦承自己说闲话。在接下来的提问中，我发现两者的差别只存在于语义层面上而非实践层面上：男性把女性通常所说的“闲聊”定义为“信息交流”。Text

5

显然，在英国男性眼里闲聊是一件可耻的事情，这条不成文的规则已经深入人心，因此就算一个人确实是在闲聊，他也会把它说成是另外一回事。或许更重要的是，他也会让它听起来像是一件正经事。在研究中我发现：男女闲聊的主要区别在于女人的闲聊听起来更像闲言碎语。这涉及到三个主要因素——语调规则、细节规则和反馈规则。Text6

语调规则

我采访过的英国女性都认为只有某种特别的语调适合于闲聊。闲聊的语调很高，并且语速很快，有时像故意让大家都能听见的悄悄话，但总是活灵活现的。Text

一位女士这样解释：“闲聊一般是这样开始的：‘哎，你猜猜怎么着？你知道吗？’（快速的、高声调的、兴奋的语气）或者，‘嗨，听我说，听我说（快速、急切的语气，故意让大家都听得到），你猜我听到了什么？’”另一位女士告诉我：“即使实际上并不是那么回事儿，你也必须让它听起来像令人吃惊的事或者像丑闻。虽然那根本算不上什么秘密，你也可以说：‘哎，你可别告诉别人，我听说……’”Text7

很多女性抱怨男人闲聊时没有使用正确的语调，而是像交流任何其他信息一样，语气平淡、一成不变。一位妇女对此嗤之以鼻：“你简直搞不清他们是不是在闲聊。”但这正是男人想要的效果。Text8

细节规则

女人也强调闲聊时细节很重要，并且再一次抱怨男人在这方面的不足。她们声称男人“从不了解细节。”一位被调查者告诉我：“男人从不引述别人的话。如果我们不能确切地知道别人说了什么，那有什么意思呢？”Text

另一位被调查者说：“女人比男人更倾向于推测……她们谈及某人为什么会做某事，并追溯整件事情的历史。”对女人而言，周密地推测动机和原因与周密地推测可能的后果一样是闲聊的关键因素，这要求对“过去”进行仔细的梳理。英国男人认为：所有这些细节都很乏味、无关紧要，当然，讲出来也就有损男子气概。Text9

反馈规则

在英国女性中存在一种共识：“地道的闲聊”除了语调生动、关注细节之外，还需要有好的听众。所谓好的听众是指对闲聊的内容表示认同，并给予大量恰当反馈的听众。女性的闲聊反馈规则要求听众至少应该和说话者一样活跃、充满热情。Text

她们认为这样才足够礼貌，因为说话人要把事情讲得出人意料，讲得像丑闻，还是颇费心力的。因此听众至少要表现出适度的吃惊才能回报说话人的努力。据我的女性被调查者说，英国男人好像完全没有掌握这条规则。他们不知道“你应该说‘不会吧！真的吗？’或者‘噢，我的上帝！’”Text

10

不过，我的女性被调查者也同意，那些以女性方式做出反应的男人听起来像小女孩，或者女里女气，让人感觉不舒服。我采访过的一位男同性恋者也觉得“不会吧！真的吗？”之类的反应会被认为是十足的“娘娘腔”。英国人闲聊礼仪的不成文的规则的确允许男人在听到特别有趣的闲话时表达震惊与惊讶，只不过，人们认为一句恰当的脏话能以一种更具男子气概的方式传递这种惊讶。TextWords&Phraseshighbrowwomenfolkfocus

groupinitiallysemanticsstigmaunwrittenmotiveinformantbemoansniffunemotionalscandaloushigh-pitcheddecidedlyeffeminatedisturbinglygirlyinappropriatelysuitablyreciprocateprincipalstage

whisperanimatedappreciativerakeexhaustivejuicyetiquettecampWords&Phrasesexpletiveacceptablymasculineto

the

effect

thathighbrow

a.likelytointerestpeoplewhoareinterestedinlearning,culture,andart;scholarlyorrarefiedintaste

文化修养高的；博学的；趣味高雅的e.g.1.

Theyonlyattendhighbroweventssuchastheballetortheopera.

他们只参加高雅活动，例如观看芭蕾舞或歌剧。2.

Operahasdevelopedareputationasacultivated,highbrowsortofentertainment.

歌剧作为一种体现文明与修养的娱乐形式声名远扬。

Words&Phraseswomenfolk

n.(pl)(old-fashioned)

thewomeninaparticularfamily,community,etc.（某家庭、社区等的）女人们，妇女们e.g.1.

Hehadnotthefaintestknowledgewhatitreallywas,buthewouldneverhavesunksolowastoconfessthattohiswomenfolk.

其实他对这件事是一无所知，不过他在这伙妇道人家面前，从来不肯屈尊承认自己无知。

2.Theyemigratedtothecountrysidewiththeirwomenfolk.

他们携家眷移居到乡下。

Words&Phrasesfocusgroup

n.

[C]asmallgroupofpeoplewhoareinterviewedtogetherandgivetheiropinionsaboutparticularsubjects,usuallytohelpacompanyorpoliticalpartytomakedecisions焦点小组（访谈）（定性研究常用的方法之一）；目标群体e.g.1.

Askyourfocusgroupiftheybelieveinyourbrandandwhy.

询问你的目标群体是否信任你的品牌形象并问明缘由。2.Focusgroupisanefficienttechniquetogainadiverserangeofinsightsaboutusers'needs,whichmaybeparticularlysuitablefordesigners.

焦点小组访谈是一种高效的方法，对要户需求能够获得广泛的了解，可能会对设计者特别适合。

Words&Phrasesinitially

ad.atthebeginning开始；最初；首先e.g.1.Thoughinitiallyhehadseemedanordinarykid,hiszealhadsethimapart.

虽然他最初看起来好像只是个普普通通的小孩，但他的热情使他与众不同。2.Initially,hethoughtthenewconceptwasnonsense.最初他认为这一新概念是一派胡言。Words&PhrasesTranslatethefollowingsentences:1.Somestudiessuggestthatstraight,horizontalbarspaintedacrossroadscaninitiallycuttheaveragespeedofdriversinhalf.(CET4-2000-01)

有些研究表明，道路上画的分道线最初能将驾驶员的平均速度降低一半。2.她的科学界同行最初对这一理论持有强烈的怀疑态度。

Thistheorywasinitiallyreceivedwithgreatscepticismbyherfellowscientists.

Words&Phrasessemantics

n.[U]

1)thestudyofwordsandtheirmeaning

语义学e.g.

Myideasonsemanticsneededmorecarefulexploration.我关于语义学的一些想法需要更仔细的研究。2)themeaningofwordsandphrases语义e.g.1.

Theissueinvolvesmuchmorethanmannersandpoliticalsemantics.

这个问题所涉及的远远不止态度和政治语义。2.Suchquibblingoversemanticsmayseempettystuff.像这类对语义问题的争论可能显得无足轻重。

Words&Phrasesstigma

n.[sing,U]

afeelingthatsth.iswrongorembarrassinginsomeway

羞耻；耻辱e.g.1.

Beinganunmarriedmotherusedtocarryasocialstigma.做未婚母亲在社会上曾是不光彩的事。2.Widerknowledgeofthediseaseremovedsomeofthestigmafromit.

对这种疾病更多的了解减少了一些耻辱感。3.Thereisstillalotofstigmaattachedtosuicide.

自杀仍然被看作是一种很不光彩的举动。Words&Phrasesunwritten

a.knownorunderstoodbyeveryonebutnotwrittendownorofficial不成文的；未写下的e.g.1.Sometimestheunwrittenrulesgovernourlivesandbehaviormorestronglythanthewrittenones.有时不成文的规定比成文的规定更有力地规范着我们的生活和行为。2.

There'snocaretakerintheblockandaccordingtosomeunwrittenlawthegroundfloortenantisresponsibleforkeepingthecommonentranceclean.

这个街区无专人看管，但根据不成文的规矩，一楼的住户负责清扫大门。

Words&Phrasesprincipal

a.main,ormostimportant主要的；最重要的；首要的e.g.1.

Theprincipalaimoftheprojectistoprovideananswertothisquestion.该计划的首要目标是为这个问题找出答案。

2.Theprincipalthinginthisworldistokeepone'ssoulaloft.

人生在世的首要大事是保持灵魂的高尚。Words&Phrasesstagewhisper

n.[C]

awayofspeakinginwhichyoupretendtotalkveryquietlybutcanbeheardclearlybyotherpeople听得见的假装低语e.g.1.

Atthetable,themanaddressedhisfriendinastagewhisper.

在餐桌上，那个人用有意让别人听得见的低语对他的朋友讲话。2.

Mywifesaidshewascoldinastagewhisperthatwasintendedtomakethemturntheheatingup.我妻子用有意让别人能听见的耳语说她很冷，意思是要他们把暖气开大点。Words&Phrasesanimated

a.livelyoractive活跃的；有活力的e.g.1.

Thisquestionsetoffananimateddiscussion.

这个问题引起了热烈讨论。2.

ItwasstrangetoseethesePraguestreets,usuallysoanimated,nowcompletelyemptyanddeserted.

看到通常很有生气的布拉格的街道现在变得空无一人，真是很怪。Words&Phraseshigh-pitched

a.usedofsoundsandvoices;highinpitchorfrequency

声调高的；尖声的e.g.1.Dogsusuallyusehigh-pitchedbarkswhentheyareseparatedfromtheirownersandalower,harsherbarkwhenstrangersapproachorthedoorbellrings,accordingtoananimalbehavioristattheuniversity.

该大学一位动物行为主义学者认为，当狗和主人分离时，通常它们的叫声会尖锐；反之，一旦发现有陌生人接近或者门铃响起时，它们则会发出一种更低沉、更刺耳的狂吠声。

2.

Thewordsslicedthroughtheroominahigh-pitchedvoiceandeveryonestoppedwhattheyweredoing.

高亢锐利的说话声划过房间的上空，每个人都停下手头的工作。Words&Phrasesscandalous

a.1)

sth.thatisscandalousshocksyouandmakesyoufeelveryangrybecauseitseemsunfairorwrong让人震惊的；令人愤慨的e.g.1.

Shedeploredhisscandalousactions.

她谴责他那令人愤慨的行为。

2.Don'ttalkinthatway,itisreallyscandalous.

千万别这么说，这实在太不象话了。

3.

It'sscandalousthatyoustillhaven'tbeenpaid.

你还没有拿到工资这太不像话了。Words&Phrases2)

sth.thatisscandalousisshockingbecauseitinvolvesimmoralordishonestbehavior可耻的，不光彩的e.g.1.

Howintheworlddidheevergetmixedupinthisscandalousaffair?

他到底是怎样卷入到这件丑闻中去的？2.IsadoraDuncan,thedancerfromSanFrancisco,gloriedinanenlightenmentwhichothersthoughtscandalous.

来自旧金山的舞蹈家伊莎多拉·邓肯则醉心于别人认为丢脸的启蒙活动。

Wordfamily:scandal

n.Words&Phrasesunemotional

a.1)

notshowinganyfeelings不动感情的e.g.Susanmarriedamanwhoappearedtobeunemotionalandself-possessedbutwhoturnedouttohaveasoftcentre.

苏珊嫁给了一个看起来冷漠有自制力的男人，可没想到他原来是一个软心肠呢。2)

reasonedand

objective,involvingreasonorintellectratherthanfeelings冷静的，理性的e.g.I'dliketogetyourunemotionalopinion.

我想听听你不带感情色彩的意见。Words&Phrasessniff

1)

vi.(~at)

criticizesth.,orsuggestitisnotgoodenoughforyou对……嗤之以鼻；轻蔑地批评e.g.1.Atfirsthesniffedatherforeignways.起初他对她的外国作风嗤之以鼻。2.Herachievementisnottobesniffedat.不可小看她的成绩。2)

vt.&vi

breatheinnoisilythroughyournose,forexamplebecauseyouhavebeencrying以鼻吸气；嗅；闻e.g.WhenJenneyhadstoppedcryingshesniffedanddriedhereyes.

珍妮停止了哭泣，吸了吸鼻子，擦干了眼泪。Words&Phrasesbemoan

vt.(fml)complainorsaythatyouaredisappointedaboutsth.抱怨e.g.1.

Thefarmersbemoanedtheirloss.

农民们抱怨所受到的损失。2.

Thedecliningstandardoflanguageisacommonphenomenonbemoanedbyculturalelitesinmanycountries.

在许多国家，文化精英都在感叹语文水准下降的普遍现象。3.EventhoughIgrumbleandbemoanmyfatefromdaytodayandwishmycircumstanceswerenotsomodest,Iamgratefulforlife.

尽管我满腹牢骚，日复一日哀叹自己的命运，希望境遇别这么沉闷，但我依然感激生活。

Words&Phrasesinformant

n.[C]1)(fml)someonewhogivesinformationaboutthemselvestopeoplewhoaredoingresearch资料提供人（尤指为研究者提供语言、风俗资料的人）e.g.1.

CouldyoubemylanguageinformantforDutch?

你愿意为我作荷兰语的资料提供人吗?2.

Theygottheinformationfromtheliteratureresourceandkeyinformants.

他们从文献资料和关键知情人处得到了这信息。

Words&Phrases2)someonewhosecretlygivesinformationaboutsomeonetothepoliceorsomeoneinauthority检举人；告密者e.g.1.

Thepolicechiefsaystheinformantisbeingkeptinprotectivecustody.HewillbequestionedbytheFBI.

警官说该告密者已经保护性拘留，他将会受联邦调查局的审问。2.

Oncethereportisverified,therelevantsupervisionandadministrationdepartmentoffoodsafetyshallrewardtheinformant.

举报经查证属实的，有关的食品安全监督管理部门应当对举报人给予奖励。Wordfamily:inform

v.

information

n.Words&Phrasesmotive

n.[C]

thereasonthatyoudosth.;usedinanegativewayforshowingthatsomeone’srealreasonsfordoingsth.arenottheonesthattheytellotherpeople缘由；动机e.g.1.

Greedwashisonlymotiveforstealing.

贪婪是他盗窃的唯一动机。2.

Thepolicecouldnotfindamotiveforthemurder.

警察不能找到谋杀的动机。3.Howdoyouexplainthemotivesbehindhisactions?你怎么解释他的行为是出于什么动机？Words&Phrasesexhaustive

a.thoroughorcomplete;includingeverypossibleelement

彻底的；完全的e.g.1.

Anexhaustiveinvestigationofthefactsprovesthecontrary.

彻底地调查事实后发现情况正好相反。2.

Althoughcriminologistshaveconductedexhaustiveresearchregardingthesubject,littleevidenceexiststosupporttheclaim.虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的研究，几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。Words&Phrasesrake

v.continuetotalkaboutsth.unpleasantthatsomeoneelsenolongerwantstotalkorthinkabout不断提及e.g.1.Ihavenodesiretorakeoverthepast.我不想旧事重提。2.

There’snopointinrakingoverthepast.

老是谈论过去是没有用的。

Words&Phrasesappreciative

a.showingthatyouaregratefulorthatyouenjoyedsth.表示赞赏的；感激的e.g.Theplaydrewasmallbutappreciativecrowd.

这场戏吸引了为数不多但有鉴赏力的观众。

appreciativeofe.g.Darknesswouldmakehimmoreappreciativeofsight;silencewouldteachhimthejoysofsound.

黑暗会使他更珍惜视力，寂静会教导他享受声音。Wordfamily：appreciatev.

appreciationn.Words&Phrasesreciprocate

v.(fml)

dothesamethingforsomeonethattheyhavedoneforyou

回报e.g.YourvisitgivesmethechancetoreciprocatesomeofthekindnessandhospitalitythatwasextendedtomeandmycolleaguesduringourvisittoParisinMarchthisyear.

你们的来访使我有机会一尽地主之谊，答谢你们在我和我的同事今年三月访问巴黎期间的盛情款待。Wordfamily:reciprocation

n.

Words&PhrasesTranslatethefollowingsentenceintoChinese:1.

Althoughshedidnotreciprocatehisfeelings,shedidnotdiscouragehim.尽管她没有回应他的感情，她也没有使他丧失信心。2.AChinesewhohasbeen"givenface"feelsthatheorshehasreceivedafavour.Inturn,heorshehastoreciprocatethefavoursothattheotherpartywillnotloseface.

在华人看来，人家“给了面子”，自己便是得了人情，因此必须投桃报李，以便使对方也不失面子。Words&Phrasessuitablyad.inawaythatisrightforaparticularpurposeorsituation相应地（有某种反应）；相当地e.g.1.Thetaskneedstheskillsofasuitablyexperiencedengineer.

这项任务需要有一定经验的工程师的技能。2.Weeapplicationsfromsuitablyqualifiedindividuals.

我们欢迎符合条件的个人前来申请。Words&Phrasesinappropriately

ad.notsuitably

orproperlyinaparticularsituation

不适当地；不恰当地e.g.1.

Themothercontinuallyteststoystomakesuretheycan'tcauseharmevenwhenusedinappropriately.

妈妈经常检查玩具，以确保即便是玩具使用不当，也不会造成伤害。2.Ifweusetheminappropriately,adverseeffectmayoccur.

如果我们不当使用它们，可能产生相反的效果。

Antonym:appropriatelyWordfamily：appropriatea.Words&Phrasesgirly

a.(infml)lookingorbehavinglikeayounggirl

少女般的e.g.1.

Ihatethesegirlysportslikegymnastics,swimming,bodybuilding,tennisandtable-tennis.

我讨厌像体操、游泳、健美、网球和乒乓球这些女孩子的运动。2.

Youneedtocomeupwithanewconceptinsteadofthegirlypinkandpurplecolorschemeyouhaverightnow.

你需要想出一个新的概念，而不是你现在这样的粉红和紫色的少女风格的方案。Words&Phrasesdisturbingly

ad.inamanner

thatmakesyoufeelextremelyworriedorupset令人烦恼地；令人不安地e.g.1.

Disturbingly,theseforecastsseemtobecomingtrue.

令人不安的是，这些预测正在逐渐变成事实。2.Thedetailsofthekidnaper'sletterhadsoundeddisturbinglyconvincing.令人不安的是，绑匪信中的细节描述听上去让人感到绑架确有其事。Wordfamily:disturbing

a.

disturb

v.

disturbance

n.

Words&Phraseseffeminate

a.aneffeminatemanlooks,behaves,orspeakslikeawoman

（男子）女人气的e.g.1.

Hespokeinaneffeminatevoice.

他讲起话来一副娘娘腔。2.There'snothingeffeminateaboutballet—youhavetobeincrediblyfittodance.

芭蕾并不女里女气——你得要有十分健康的体魄才能跳好。Words&Phrasesdecidedlyad.1)inawaythatisimpossibletodoubtandeasytosee确实无疑地；显然e.g.1.Hemadealltheotherplayersonthefieldlookdecidedlyordinary.

他使场上所有其他运动员都黯然失色。2.Helookeddecidedlyfortable.

他看上去确实很不舒服。2)inawaythatshowsyouareverycertainaboutsth.坚决地；果断地e.g.“Ithinkweshoulddoit,”saidPeter,decidedly.“我想我们应该做，”彼得果断地说。Words&Phrasescamp

a.amanwhoiscampbehavesinawaythatdoesnotfollowtraditionalideasaboutmalebehavior,especiallyinordertoattractattention（尤指男子为引人注意而行为）忸怩作态的，稀奇古怪的；坎普e.g.Whileit'snottruethatcamptasteishomosexualtaste,thereisnodoubtapeculiaraffinityandoverlap.(SusanSontag)

尽管不能说坎普趣味就是同性恋趣味，但无疑这两者之间存在着某种特别的契合和重叠之处。(苏珊·桑塔格)Words&Phrasesetiquette

n.[U]

asetofrulesforbehavingcorrectlyinsocialsituations

社交礼仪e.g.1.Therulesofetiquettearenotsostrictnowadays.

如今的礼仪规则不那么严格了。2.Oneofthemostcommondilemmasofinternationaletiquetteiswhattobringasagiftwhenyou'reinvitedtosomeone'shomefordinner.

国际礼仪中最常见的一个窘境是：当你应邀到某人家中去赴晚宴时，应带何种礼物。Words&Phrasesjuicy

a.ajuicyjoboractivityisinterestingandenjoyable;juicystoriesareslightlyshockingbutinterestingorfuntolistento（工作或活动）有乐趣的；（故事）有趣的，刺激的e.g.1.Hegetsallthejuicyjobs.他把有趣的活儿都揽去了。2.ManyofuswillnodoubtstillrememberthejuicydetailsonPresidentBillClinton'saffairintheAmericanmedia.

我们很多人无疑还记得美国报纸对克林顿总统丑闻做出的很多详尽报道。

Words&Phrasesexpletive

n.[C]

(fml)

arudewordthatyouusewhenyouareangry,annoyed,orupsetthatmightoffendsomepeople

秽语；骂人话e.g.1.Thestationbleepedouttheexpletivesfromthetapedinterview.

电台把采访录音中骂人的话抹掉了。2.Heutteredseveralvigorousexpletiveswhenhedroppedtheirononhisfoot.

他的熨斗掉下砸在脚上，他骂了几句难听的脏话。Words&Phrasesacceptably

ad.inanacceptable(butnotoutstanding)manner

合意地；令人满意地e.g.Idon’tthinkIamapersonabletodoavariety