国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch

InternationalEconomicsEnglishCourseware(ElSalintroductionInternationalTradeTheoryInternationaltradepolicyinternationalfinanceInternationalinvestmentandmultinationalcorporationsInternationalEconomicIntegrationandRegionalEconomicCooperationcontents目录01introduction国际经济学是一门研究国家之间经济活动的学科，其研究对象包括国际贸易、国际金融、国际投资等。国际经济学主要关注国家之间的经济关系，研究不同国家之间如何进行贸易、投资、金融等方面的活动，以及这些活动对各国经济的影响。TheDefinitionandResearchObjectofInternationalEconomics详细描述总结词总结词国际经济学作为一门学科，经历了从古典国际贸易理论到现代国际经济学的发展历程。详细描述国际经济学最初起源于古典国际贸易理论，如比较优势理论等。随着全球化的发展和世界经济格局的变化，国际经济学的研究范围不断扩大，涉及到国际金融、国际投资、跨国公司等领域。TheDevelopmentHistoryofInternationalEconomics总结词国际经济学的研究方法主要包括实证分析和规范分析，同时也涉及到计量经济学和博弈论等方法。详细描述实证分析是国际经济学中常用的一种研究方法，主要通过对历史数据和现实情况进行统计分析，探究经济现象之间的因果关系。规范分析则涉及到价值判断和政策建议，旨在为政策制定提供理论依据。此外，计量经济学和博弈论等方法也在国际经济学研究中得到广泛应用。ResearchMethodsofInternationalEconomics02InternationalTradeTheoryClassicaltradetheoryassumesthatallcountrieshaveabsoluteadvantagesinproductionandengageininternationaltradetomaximizetheirwelfare.Classicaltradetheorypositsthatspecializationinproductionbasedoncomparativeadvantageresultsinincreasedproductionandconsumptioninallcountries.ClassicalTradeTheory0102ClassicalTradeTheoryClassicaltradetheoryassumesthattradeisbeneficialtoallcountries,regardlessoftheirlevelofdevelopment.Classicaltradetheoryemphasizestheroleoffreetradeinpromotingeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.Neoclassicaltradetheoryextendstheclassicaltheorybyconsideringtheroleofimperfectcompetitionandmonopolisticcompetitionintrade.Neoclassicaltradetheoryemphasizestheroleoffactorendowments,suchaslaborandcapital,indeterminingcomparativeadvantages.Neoclassicaltradetheoryalsoconsiderstheroleoftechnologyandinnovationintradepatterns.单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的为了最终呈现发布的。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字是您思。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字是您思。4行*21字NeoclassicalTradeTheoryNewtradetheorydepartsfromtheassumptionofperfectcompetitionandfocusesontheroleofincreasingreturnstoscaleandmonopolisticcompetition.Newtradetheorypositsthattradecanariseduetodifferencesinfactorendowments,industrialorganization,andproductdifferentiationacrosscountries.Newtradetheoryemphasizestheroleofincreasingreturnstoscaleinpromotinginternationalspecializationandtrade.Newtradetheoryalsoconsiderstheroleofinstitutions,policies,andcultureinshapingtradepatterns.NewTradeTheoryTradeProtectionTheoryTradeprotectiontheoryopposesfreetradeandadvocatesfortheuseoftariffs,quotas,andothertradebarrierstoprotectdomesticindustries.Tradeprotectiontheorypositsthatprotectioncanencouragedomesticindustriestoincreaseproduction,reducecosts,andbecomemorecompetitive.Tradeprotectiontheoryalsoarguesthatprotectioncanhelpdomesticindustriesadapttonewtechnologiesandincreaseinnovation.Tradeprotectiontheoryhasbeencriticizedforitspotentialnegativeeffectsoneconomicwelfareanddevelopment,suchashigherpricesandreducedconsumerchoice.03Internationaltradepolicy关税是一种税收，由政府对进口商品征收，以增加进口成本并保护国内产业。关税定义关税种类关税作用包括基本关税、附加关税、反倾销关税和报复性关税等。通过提高进口商品价格，降低国内市场的竞争压力，保护国内产业和就业。030201Tariffmeasures

Nontariffmeasures非关税壁垒定义非关税壁垒是指除关税以外的各种限制进口的措施，如技术壁垒、卫生与植物卫生措施、知识产权壁垒等。非关税壁垒特点形式多样、隐蔽性强、灵活多变，不易监测和管理，对国际贸易影响较大。非关税壁垒的应对加强国际合作，推动贸易自由化，加强国内技术法规、标准和认证体系的建设和管理。出口补贴是指政府给予出口企业的财政补贴，以降低出口成本，增加出口量。出口补贴定义包括直接补贴和间接补贴，如出口退税、贷款担保、出口信贷等。出口补贴种类可能导致国际贸易争端和报复措施，增加财政负担，对国内经济产生负面影响。出口补贴的影响Exportincentivemeasures04internationalfinanceForeignexchangemarketTheforeignexchangemarketistheglobalmarketwheredifferentcurrenciesareexchangedforeachotherbasedonsupplyanddemand.Itplaysacrucialroleininternationaltradeandfinance,asitallowsbusinessesandindividualstoconverttheirlocalcurrencyintoanothercurrencyforvariouspurposes,suchastraveling,importing/exportinggoods,andinvesting.ExchangeratedeterminationTheexchangeratebetweentwocurrenciesisdeterminedbythesupplyanddemandforthosecurrenciesintheforeignexchangemarket.Itisinfluencedbyvariousfactors,includingeconomicpolicies,inflationrates,interestrates,andpoliticalstability.Centralbanksofteninterveneintheforeignexchangemarkettocontroltheexchangerateandmaintainstability.ForeignexchangemarketandexchangeratedeterminationInternationalbalanceofpaymentsTheinternationalbalanceofpaymentsrecordstheflowofgoods,services,andfinancialassetsbetweencountries.Itisanimportantindicatorofacountry'seconomichealth,asitshowshowmuchacountryisimportingandexporting,aswellastheflowofcapitalintoandoutofthecountry.BalanceoftradeThebalanceoftradeisacrucialcomponentoftheinternationalbalanceofpayments.Itmeasuresthevalueofacountry'sexportsminusthevalueofitsimports.Apositivebalanceoftradeindicatesthatacountryisexportingmoregoodsandservicesthanitisimporting,whileanegativebalanceoftradeindicatestheopposite.InternationalbalanceofpaymentsinternationalmonetarysystemInternationalmonetarysystem:Theinternationalmonetarysystemisthesetofrules,practices,andinstitutionsthatgoverninternationaltradeandfinance.Itincludestheexchangeratesystem,thesystemofpaymentforinternationaltradetransactions,andtheregulationofinternationalcapitalmovements.BrettonWoodsAgreement:TheBrettonWoodsAgreementwasestablishedafterWorldWarIItocreateastableinternationalmonetarysystem.ItfixedtheexchangeratesofmajorcurrenciestotheUSdollarandestablishedtheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)andtheWorldBanktoprovidefinancialassistancetocountriesinneed.TheAgreementcollapsedintheearly1970swhentheUSdollarwasdecoupledfromgold,markingtheendofthefixedexchangeratesystem.Sincethen,mostcurrencieshavefloatedagainsteachother,meaningtheirexchangeratesaredeterminedbysupplyanddemandintheforeignexchangemarket.05InternationalinvestmentandmultinationalcorporationsInternationalinvestmentenvironmentPoliticalenvironment:stability,policies,andregulationsthataffectforeigninvestment.Economicenvironment:GDP,inflation,exchangerates,andothereconomicindicators.InternationalinvestmentenvironmentandriskassessmentSocialenvironmentculture,education,health,andothersocialfactors.Technologicalenvironmentinnovation,R&D,andtechnologytransfer.InternationalinvestmentenvironmentandriskassessmentRiskassessmentPoliticalrisk:changesingovernmentpolicies,expropriation,andpoliticalinstability.Financialrisk:currencyexchangerates,interestrates,andcapitalmarketvolatility.InternationalinvestmentenvironmentandriskassessmentInternationalinvestmentenvironmentandriskassessmentOperationalriskmanagementissues,supplychaindisruptions,andlogisticschallenges.Environmentalrisksustainabilityissues,pollutioncontrol,andgreenhousegasemissions.InternationaldirectinvestmentEstablishingaforeignsubsidiaryorbranchoffice.Acquiringormergingwithanexistingforeigncompany.InternationaldirectinvestmentandindirectinvestmentInternationaldirectinvestmentandindirectinvestmentInvestinginrealestateorinfrastructureprojectsabroad.Investinginresearchanddevelopmentcentersortechnologyparks.InternationalindirectinvestmentBuyingsharesorbondsissuedbyforeigncompaniesorgovernments.Investingininternationalmutualfundsorexchange-tradedfunds(ETFs).InternationaldirectinvestmentandindirectinvestmentParticipatingininternationalsyndicatedloansorprojectfinance.Investingininternationalcommoditymarketssuchasoil,gold,oragriculturalproducts.InternationaldirectinvestmentandindirectinvestmentOrganizationCentralizeddecision-making:decisionsaremadeattheheadquarterslevel.Decentralizeddecision-making:decisionsaremadeatthelocallevelwithsomeautonomy.TheorganizationandstrategyofmultinationalcorporationsHybridorganization:acombinationofcentralizedanddecentralizeddecision-making.TheorganizationandstrategyofmultinationalcorporationsTheorganizationandstrategyofmultinationalcorporations01Strategy02Marketexpansionstrategy:enteringnewmarketstoincreasesalesandprofits.03Costleadershipstrategy:reducingcoststocompetewithlower-pricedcompetitors.04Differentiationstrategy:offeringuniqueproductsorservicestodifferentiatefromcompetitors.06InternationalEconomicIntegrationandRegionalEconomicCooperationEconomicIntegration:Theprocessofintegratingtheeconomiesoftwoormorecountriesthroughthereductionoreliminationofbarrierstotradeandinvestment.DevelopmentofFreeTradeZones:TheevolutionofFreeTradeZonesfromsimpleduty-freezonestomorecomprehensiveeconomicintegrationagreements.FormationofFreeTradeZones:Thecreationofaspecialeconomiczonewheregoodscanbeimported,processed,andexportedwithouttariffsorquotas.CaseStudies:AnalysisofsuccessfulexamplesofFreeTradeZones,includingtheEuropeanUnion,NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA),andtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN).EconomicIntegrationandtheFormationandDevelopmentofFreeTradeZones01Reductionoftradebarriersleadstoanincreaseintradebetweenparticipatingcountries.IncreaseinTrade02Improvedtraderelationscanleadtoanincreaseingrossdomesticproduct(GDP)forparticipatingcountr