美国概况之十大标志性建筑 中英文介绍

美国十大标志性建筑

1.TheEmpireStateBuildingTheEmpireStateBuildingisa102-storyArtDecoskyscraperinNewYorkCityattheintersectionofFifthAvenueandWest34thStreet.ItsnameisderivedfromthenicknameforthestateofNewYork.Itstoodastheworld'stallestbuildingformorethanfortyyears,fromitscompletionin1931untilconstructionoftheWorldTradeCenter'sNorthTowerwascompletedin1972.FollowingthedestructionoftheWorldTradeCenterin2001,theEmpireStateBuildingagainbecamethetallestbuildinginNewYorkCityandNewYorkState.TheEmpireStateBuildinghasbeennamedbytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersasoneoftheSevenWondersoftheModernWorld.ThebuildinganditsstreetfloorinterioraredesignatedlandmarksoftheNewYorkCityLandmarksPreservationCommission,andconfirmedbytheNewYorkCityBoardofEstimate.[3]ItwasdesignatedasaNationalHistoricLandmarkin1986.In2007,itwasrankednumberoneontheListofAmerica'sFavoriteArchitectureaccordingtotheAIA.ThebuildingisownedandmanagedbyW&HProperties.3.MountRushmore拉什莫尔山MountRushmoreisamemorialtothebirth，growth，preservationanddevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.GutzonBorglumsculptedbustsofPresidentsGeorgeWashington，ThomasJefferson，TheodoreRoosevelt，andAbrahamLincolnhighintheBlackHillstorepresentthefirst150yearsofAmericanhistory.

TheprimaryresourceatMountRushmoreisthegranitesculptureitself，butalsoofinterestistheSculptor'sStudiobuiltunderthedirectionofSculptorGutzonBorglumin1939.Uniqueplastermodelsandtoolsrelatedtothesculptingprocessaredisplayedinthestudio.4.TheWhiteHouseForalmosttwohundredyears,theWhiteHousehasstoodasasymbolofthePresidency,theUnitedStatesgovernment,andtheAmericanpeople.Itshistory,andthehistoryofthenation'scapital,beganwhenPresidentGeorgeWashingtonsignedanActofCongressinDecemberof1790declaringthatthefederalgovernmentwouldresideinadistrict"notexceedingtenmilessquare...ontheriverPotomac."PresidentWashington,togetherwithcityplannerPierreL'Enfant,chosethesiteforthenewresidence,whichisnow1600PennsylvaniaAvenue.Aspreparationsbeganforthenewfederalcity,acompetitionwasheldtofindabuilderofthe"President'sHouse."Nineproposalsweresubmitted,andIrish-bornarchitectJamesHobanwonagoldmedalforhispracticalandhandsomedesign.

5.TheLibertyStatueItwastobeanothertwoyearsbeforeitcouldbeproperlyunveiled:moneyhadtobecollectedtofundtheconstructionofthebase,andforsomereasonAmericanswereunwilling-orunable-todipintotheirpockets.OnlythroughthecampaigningeffortsofnewspapermagnateJosephPulitzer,akeensupporterofthestatue,diditallcometogetherintheend.RichardMorrisHuntbuiltapedestalaroundtheexistingstar-shapedFortWood,andLibertywasformallydedicatedbyPresidentClevelandonOctober28,1886,inaflag-wavingshindigthathasneverreallystopped.Thestatuewasclosedforafewyearsinthemid-1980sforextensiverenovationand,in1986,fifteenmillionpeopledescendedonManhattanforthestatue'scentennialcelebrations.Thestatue,whichdepictsLibertythrowingoffhershacklesandholdingabeacontolighttheworld,wasthecreationoftheFrenchsculptorFrédéricAugusteBartholdi,whocrafteditahundredyearsaftertheAmericanRevolutioninrecognitionofsolidaritybetweentheFrenchandAmericanpeople(thoughit'sfairtoaddthatBartholdioriginallyintendedthestatueforAlexandriainEgypt).BartholdibuiltLibertyinParisbetween1874and1884,startingwithaterracottamodelandenlargingitthroughfoursuccessiveversionstoitspresentsize,aconstructionofthincoppersheetsboltedtogetherandsupportedbyanironframeworkdesignedbyGustaveEiffel.ThearmcarryingthetorchwasexhibitedinMadisonSquareParkforsevenyears,butthewholestatuewasn'tofficiallyacceptedonbehalfoftheAmericanpeopleuntil1884,afterwhichitwastakenapart,cratedupandshippedtoNewYork.

Todayyoucanclimbstepsuptothecrown,butthecrampedstairwaythoughthetorchsadlyremainsclosedtothepublic.Don'tbesurprisedifthere'sanhour-longwaittoascend.Evenifthereis,LibertyPark'sviewsofthelowerManhattanskyline,thetwintowersoftheWorldTradeCenterlordingitoverthejuttingteethofNewYork'sfinancialquarter,arespectacularenough.6.WashingtonMonumentWashingtonMonumentTheMallsmostprominentfeature,theWashingtonMonumentisanunadornedmarbleobeliskbuiltinmemoryofGeorgeWashington.At555ftitsthetallestall-masonrystructureintheworld.Volunteersstartedworkonitin1848,butvariousinternalarguments,andlatertheCivilWar,sodisruptedconstructionthatitwasntcompleteduntil1884.WhentheUSGovernmenttookovertheprojectin1876,theyusedmarblefromaslightlydifferentsource;thetransitionlinewhereworkresumedatthe150ftlevelisreadilyapparent.

Tovisitthemonumentpickupafreeticketfromthe15thStkiosk(ontheMall,southofConstitutionAve),whichallowsyoutoturnupatafixedtimelaterintheday.Theelevatoruptakesseventysecondsanddepositsyouatthe500ftlevelinordertoenjoythemonumentspanoramic360°viewsofthecity7.战争墙/越南阵亡将士纪念碑(theVietnamVeteransMemorial)，坐落在华盛顿特区。整个建筑由两面有黑色石头组成的V字造型组成，上面按照死亡日期和失踪年月刻满了在越战中失去的58000名美国士兵。曾有人批评建筑过于简单了，可它每年仍吸引着超过150万游客来参观。

战争墙于1982年开放，是十大建筑中，最晚设计和建造的，建筑师是年仅21岁的耶鲁在校学生MayaLin。还有一个理由让我们记住这个华裔女孩，近代史上的大才女林徽因是她的姑姑，可算是出身建筑世家。

越战纪念碑，简单利落的线条，敞开的大角度V，一端指着林肯纪念碑，另一端指着华盛顿纪念碑。在两端与地平线合而为一，还有黑色的大理石镶嵌在高度的落差之中。就是这么简单，所以震撼如此深刻。读到的说明中有形容它是一本敞开着的大书。当沿着他顺着走下时，就好似是在阅读着表达越南战争历史的书，黑色的大理石上封存着一去不复返的士兵的名字。没有说明，什么都没有。很严肃，很静，却静水流深的感觉。8.GoldenGateBridgeTheorangetowersoftheGoldenGateBridge-probablythemostbeautiful,certainlythemostphotographedbridgeintheworld-arevisiblefromalmosteverypointofelevationinSanFrancisco.TheonlycleftinNorthernCalifornia's600-milecontinentalwall,foryearsthismile-widestraitwasconsideredunbridgeable.Asmuchanarchitecturalasanengineeringfeat,theGoldenGatetookonly52monthstodesignandbuild,andwasopenedin1937.DesignedbyJosephStrauss,itwasthefirstreallymassivesuspensionbridge,withaspanof4200ft,anduntil1959rankedastheworld'slongest.ItconnectsthecityatitsnorthwesterlypointonthepeninsulatoMarinCountyandNorthernCalifornia,renderingthehithertoessentialferrycrossingredundant,andwasdesignedtowithstandwindsofuptoahundredmilesanhourandtoswingasmuchas27ft.9.ThePentagonThePentagonistheheadquartersoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofDefense,locatedat48N.RotaryRoad,Arlington,Virginia22211(Map).Itsmailingaddressis"Washington,DC20301."AsasymboloftheUSmilitary,"thePentagon"isoftenusedmetonymicallytorefertotheDepartmentofDefenseratherthanthebuildingitself.ThosewhoworkwithinitswallsoftensimplycallittheBuilding.ThebuildingwasdedicatedonJanuary15,1943.Itisthehighest-capacityofficebuildingintheworldandoneoftheworld'slargestbuildingsintermsoffloorarea.Ithousesapproximately23,000militaryandcivilianemployeesandabout3,000non-defensesupportpersonnel.Ithasfive