猫妊娠分娩产后期feline pregnancy parturition and postpartum period

Pregnancy妊average65witharangefromPregnancy妊average65witharangefrom58to72daysfrombredingtoparturition平均：从育种到分娩65天，范围58至72天ovulationtakesplace24to36hoursafterbreeding24-36catshaveainducedovulationbreedinginducestheLHpeakwithoutinfluencepreviouspregnanciesnumberofkittens,ageofthequeen没有影响：之前妊娠情况，小猫数量，母猫年纪PregnancyDiagnosis妊娠诊-21-25(17-35)PregnancyDiagnosis妊娠诊-21-25(17-35)daysaftermating:fetalvesiclesareapproximtely2.5cm交配后21-25(17-35)天：胎囊大约-afterday35(-45)=>pregnancydiagnosisfetaldilationbecome在35(-45)天后分段：胎儿扩张开始融合=>妊娠诊断变困-inlategestation(day55)palpationoffetal在妊娠晚期（55天）daydayPregnancyDiagnosis妊娠诊Ultrasonographymostaccurateafterday21aftermating在交配后21天最准DaysaftermatingPregnancyDiagnosis妊娠诊Ultrasonographymostaccurateafterday21aftermating在交配后21天最准Daysaftermating交Ultrasonographicfeature超声16-Fetalheartbeat20(19-Yolksaccavitiyhasthesamevolumeastheallantoic26(24-Fetushasdefiniteform30(29-Identificationofstomach,bladderlungandliver33(30-fetallimbmovement35(35-fetaleyes37(37-fetalneckandheadmovement39(38-Kidneys42(35-fetalsceletonPregnancyDiagnosisRadiographyXpositivediagnosisofpregnancynotpossibleuntilafterday40在妊娠40PregnancyDiagnosisRadiographyXpositivediagnosisofpregnancynotpossibleuntilafterday40在妊娠40天以前用该检查是不可能检出的riskofdamageisunlikelybecauseorganogenesisislargelycompletebythe4thweek不太可能有损伤风险，因为器官形成大部分在4Pregnancy妊DaysafterRadiographicfeaturesX38-Skull,scapulahumerusfemurvertebraeandribs头Tibia,fibula,iliumandischiumMetatarsalsandmetacarpals52-Digitsandsternum56-Molarteeth臼Pregnancyfailure妊娠失Pregnancyfailure妊娠失beforeimplantation,在定植withoutclinicalsignsexceptaprolongedinterestrouscausesmostoftenunknown病因大多不知Non-infectiouscauses非感染性因素cysticendometrialhyperplasia子宫内膜囊性metritisendometritispyometranutritionaldisorders营养性疾病iatrogeniccauses医源性因素geneticaberrations基因畸变Stress应激ViralInfections病毒感染Bacterialinfections细菌感染Toxoplasmosis弓形PregnancyfailureFelineparvoviruscontactwithsaliva,urine,faecesFelineparvoviruscontactwithsaliva,urine,faecesorvomitfrominfectedviruscanpersistforalongtimeinthedirectcontactbetweencatsnotvaccinationwithlivevaccinesduringpregnancycancausethesameClinicalsigns临床症状reproductiveproblemsdependingonthestageofpregnancy(earlydeathresorptionabortioncongenitaldefects)withoutotherclinicalsignsarepossiblesometimesnotthewholelitterisaffectedinfectionsinlategestationduetocerebellarhypoplasiawithataxiaorDiagnosis诊断virusisolationfromabortedfetusesvaccinationbeforebreedingPregnancyfailureinfec<ouscausesFelineleukemiavirusitusuallyrequiresdirectFelineleukemiavirusitusuallyrequiresdirectcontactwithsaliva,urine,faecesorvomitfrominfectedClinicalsigns临床症状reproductiveproblemsdependingonthestageofpregnancymatings,infertilityabortion)生殖问题根据怀孕阶段而不同（交配不成功、不孕、流产usuallywithoutotherclinicalsignsofthequeenDiagnosis诊断Virusisolationfromabortedfetusesonlyintroducinganimalsthathavetestednegativetoabecausemanybreedersroutinelytesttheiranimalsitisnotacommonreproductivefailureanymore由于许多繁育者常规地测试他们的动物，所以这个病毒不再是常见Pregnancyfailureinfec<ouscauses猫免疫缺陷病the猫免疫缺陷病themajorroutearebitewounds,free-roamingtomcatsareitmaytakemonthstoyearsbeforeclinicalsignsoccur需要数月至数年的时间viaplacentaClinicalsigns临床症状ImmunodeficiencysyndromeDiversereproductivefailuresuchasarrestedfetaldevelopmentmummification,Abortion,stillbirth,lowbirthwight,congenitalinfectedkitten不同的繁殖失败如胎Virusisolationfromabortedfetusesonlyintroducinganimalsthathavetestednegativetoacattery仅允许病毒测试阴becausemanybreedersroutinelytesttheiranimalsitisnotacommonreproductivefailure因为许多繁殖者常规地测试他们的动物，这个病毒不是常见的Pregnancyfailureinfec<ouscausesFelineherpesvirusand猫疱疹病毒和杯Felineherpesvirusand猫疱疹病毒和杯状病Felineherpesviruscan‘tcrosstheplacentaafterintranasalinfection在鼻内感染后infectioninuterohasonlybeendemonstratedexperimentalintravenousinoculationoftheabortionsecondarytoupperrespiratorydiseaseofthequeenaCalicivirus杯状病毒hasbeendemonstratedtocrosstheplacentaandinfectionsseemtoberareProphylaxis预防Pry:ecfetaldeathBacterialinfectionsinfectionsarecausedbyBacterialinfectionsinfectionsarecausedbybacteriasfromthenormalvaginalEscherichiacolimaycauseplacentitsthatleadstoSalmonellatyphimuriumleadstofetaldeathinalclinicalillnotpossiblebycultureofthevaginalflorabecauseitisthesameinhealthycatscultureofaffectedkittensandtheirplacentanofeedingofrawmeettopregnantqueenstoavoidinfectionwithsalmonella不要喂怀孕母猫生肉来预防感染沙门氏菌。Pregnancyfailureinfec<ouscausesToxoplasmosis弓形体Transmission传播ingestionoftisuecystsfromToxoplasmosis弓形体Transmission传播ingestionoftisuecystsfrompreyorrawmeetInfectionbyoocystsinthefaecesofinfectecatsClinicalsigns临床症状fectedcatsusuallyremainclinicallyhealthyReproductivefailureinpregnantcatsaftertransplacentalinfectionareabortien,mummification,prematurebirth,weakkitten怀孕母猫在经胎盘感染后出现繁殖失败，流产、木乃伊化、早产、幼猫虚Diagnosis诊断onlypossibleifarisingtitercanbedemonstratedserologicaltestingisdifficultbecausethetiterremainshighforseveralyearsafterinfection血清测试是困难的因为滴度在感染后几年都维持很高。Prophylaxis预防preventingthecatsfromhuntingandnotfeedingraw防止猫捕猎且不要Pregnancyfailureinfec<ouscausesParturition分1ststageduration6Parturition分1ststageduration6to12持续6-12小longerinnervousprimiparousonsetofcoordinatedmyometrialthequeenmayappearuncomfortable,restless,oftenlicksthegenitalsometimesvaginaldischargeattheParturition妊2ndstage第二fromParturition妊2ndstage第二fromthefirstabdominalcontractiontotheexpulsionofthelastfetus儿oftenquiteshort,normaldurationto16hours,upto42hoursis通常相当短，正常持续4-16小时，有报道最多42小oftenallantoicfluidisseenafewminutesbeforetheappearanceofakitten在幼猫出现前几分钟通常可见尿囊液mostkittensarebornintheamnionParturition妊passageoftheplacenta3rdParturition妊passageoftheplacenta3rdaplacentamaybeexpelled5-10minutesaftereachkittenorseveralplacentasareexpelledtogether在每个幼猫分娩出后5-10•thecatmayconsumetheplacentapredisposedbreeds易感品种Devon德文雷克斯猫Persian波斯猫BritishShorthairpredisposedbreeds易感品种Devon德文雷克斯猫Persian波斯猫BritishShorthair胎母others(secondaryuterineiner/a,overdue,psychogen,胎母others(secondaryuterineiner/a,overdue,psychogen,fetaldeathobstruc/onofthebirthuterine畸6%UterineinertiaPrimaryuterineinertianouterineUterineinertiaPrimaryuterineinertianouterineconstructionsattheonsetofSecondaryuterineinertiaatthebeginningnormallaborwhichstopsexhaustionoftheuterusbecauseof:-obstructivelargelittersizeObstructionofthebirthcanal产道阻•geneticallyinObstructionofthebirthcanal产道阻•geneticallyinbreedslikepersian•smallbirthcanalinveryyoung•••trauma:fractureofthepelvisvaginaltumormalformationofthebirthcanal:hypoplasiaordoublicationofthevaginaUterinedisease子宫疾Uterinetorsion••Uterinedisease子宫疾Uterinetorsion••UterinemalformationUterine•UterineUterineRupture子宫破Causes病因large•excessiveuseofDiagnosisUterineRupture子宫破Causes病因large•excessiveuseofDiagnosis诊断difficult,Treatment治疗ifnot:sutureofeveryareathatappearpronetoriskofperitonitisFetalnotasimportantasinlargeanimalsFetalnotasimportantasinlargeanimals40%ofthekittensareinposteriorpresentation,butifitisthe1stkittenitoftenleadstodystocia40%的小猫后躯先露，但若这是第一只小猫常导致others:breechpresentation,transverseorbicornualpresentation,backwardflexionofthefrontlegs,twofetusespresentingsimultaneously其它：臀先露、横位或对侧子宫角产位、前肢后置、两个胎儿同时FetalsizeandoversizedfetusesFetalsizeandoversizedfetusesareoftenassociatedwithsmalllitterpredisposedbreedsarePersianandHimalayansrelativelylowfertilityandthereforefewandlargeFetalmalformationwithmalformationslikeanasarcathekittensareFetalmalformationwithmalformationslikeanasarcathekittensaretobigforbirthwithsomescelatalmalformationthekittensthroughthebirthFetaldeaththekittenshouldbeFetaldeaththekittenshouldbeinastraightpositiontogetthroughbirthdeadkittensoftenshowalateralordownwarddeviationoftheheadDystocia:Dystocia:诊剖宫产子宫切Conservativetherapy保守治RequirementsConservativetherapy保守治Requirementsmotherisinagoodgeneralhealthnohistoryofstrongunproductiveopencervixnofetaloversizeormaldispositionnoobstructionofthebirthcanalkittensarevitalin50%conservativtherapyDosis剂量0,5-2IU/catIMor••increasesfrequenceofuterine增加子宫收Dosis剂量0,5-2IU/catIMor••increasesfrequenceofuterine增加子宫收缩•highriskofuterinespasmorlysisofplacentasapplicationofhigh高剂量有造成子宫痉挛或胎盘溶解的风•maximaltwoapplications20to40minutes最多两次，当中间隔20到40分•iftreatmentdoesn‘tinducebirthofa=>caesareansection若治疗无法使幼猫生产=》剖SurgicaltherapycaesereansectionwithorwithoutSurgicaltherapycaesereansectionwithorwithoutPostpartumPeriod产后normallythequeenPostpartumPeriod产后normallythequeenstaysforthefirst2weeksinkitteningbodytemperaturemaybemildlyelevatedduringthefirst2daysnormallochiawithabrickredcolour,non-odorousanddiminishesoversevereldaystoweeksLactation哺lactationtypicallypresentsthegreatestnutritionalandLactation哺lactationtypicallypresentsthegreatestnutritionalanddemandofthefemal‘smammaryglandsaresymmetrical,moderatlyfirm,noheat,noerythema,nomassesProlactinfromthepituitaryanteriorlobeisstimmulatedbythecatswithaaveragenumberofkittenhavealactationaloestrusafewdaysafterparturitionispossibleinsmallPostpartumPeriodPostpartumDisorders•••••••Retained出胎儿滞PostpartumDisorders•••••••Retained出胎儿滞UterineUterinerupture子宫子PostpartumPeriodHaemorrhage出Causes病因InjurytotheuterusorHaemorrhage出Causes病因InjurytotheuterusorthevaginaPlacentalnecrosisFailureofuterinecontractionTreatment治疗Vagina:arteryforcepsfollowedbysubsequentUterinecauses子宫原因medicaltreatment药物治疗:0.25-1IUoxytocin缩宫素/cat0.2-0.5mg/kgergometrinsurgicaltreatment:PostpartumDisordersRetainedfetuses胎儿滞Cause病因Uterineinertia宫缩Retainedfetuses胎儿滞Cause病因Uterineinertia宫缩无力Clinicalsigns临床症状depressionofthecat,doesn‘tlookafterthekitten,abnormallochia,septicaemiaDiagnosis诊断abdominalpalpation腹部触诊Treatment治疗:medicalwithoxytocinsurgical:sectiocaesareawithorwithoutRetainedPlacenta胎盘滞uncommoninthecatRetainedPlacenta胎盘滞uncommoninthecatAetiology病因:unknown不知Clinicalsigns临床症状:persistentvulvaldischargerestlessnessdon‘tallowthekittenstosucklater:maldorousdischarge,depression,septicaemia,然后：恶臭分泌物，沉郁，败血症，毒血Diagnosis诊断better:ultrasonographyTreatment治疗inthefirst24hoursOxytocincanbetried,laterbutinmostcasesOvariohysterectomyisPostpartumDisordersMetritis子宫Causes病因•contaminatedobstetricalmanipulationretainedfetuses/placentasMetritis子宫Causes病因•contaminatedobstetricalmanipulationretainedfetuses/placentas胎儿/Clinicalsigns临床症状haemorrhagictopurulentvaginaldischargesepticaemia,endotoxaemiaTreatment治疗antibioticaftersensitivitytestingofacranialvaginal(mostoftenE.coli)阴道前部棉拭子采样培养药敏选择抗生素(常为大肠杆菌IVfluids输药物子宫排空（用前列腺素3-5天inmostcase