2024年高考英语二轮复习第二部分阅读能力突破篇专题一阅读理解第8讲体裁破解-议论文

第二部分阅读能力突破篇专题一阅读理解第8讲体裁破解——议论文高频考点·研析透模拟精练·提考能高频考点·研析透议论文,也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。文章主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题,作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等手法,大多以“总一分一总”的结构行文，即提出问题一分析问题一解决问题”。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证，其目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。辨明题类议论文阅读理解难度相对比较大，命题角度多样化，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可能出现。因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，把握作者最后得出的结论。技法点拨研读首段，确定论点：议论文的主旨，即论点往往在首段，尤其是首段中有however，but等转折词时，其后的内容便是论点。细读中间段，把握论证方式：中间段是文章的主体部分，即论证部分，作者会用两个或两个以上的段落通过举例、引用、对比、列数字、引用事实和理论等进行论证，这一部分往往与细节理解题的考查点相对应。关注尾段，理解结论：尾段是结论部分，要弄清楚作者所得出的结论。真题体验(2023·全国乙卷D)Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot．Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings．Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookareabletodojustthat,butinmanycaseswesimplycan't．Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhapsthefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook'svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals．FromtheEnglishside,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain'srecordofthatterribleday．FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonlyawoodenshield(盾)droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot．Ifwewanttoreconstructwhatwasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewrittenreports．Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite．Thosewhoareonthelosingsideoftenhaveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories．TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleofBeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmostpowerfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice．Whenweconsidercontact(联系)betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarilytwisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue．Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthetexts,buttheobjects．32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout？____

A．Howpasteventsshouldbepresented．B．Whathumanityisconcernedabout．C．Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords．D．Whywrittenlanguageisreliable．【解题示范】第一步：浏览全文

把握主旨大意：本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性；第二步：题干定位：根据题干中的关键词：thefirstparagraph定位段落；第三步：分析信息：根据第一段“Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot．Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings．(如果你想讲述整个世界