托福语法指导：附语法真题及答题要点

托福语法指导：附语法真题及答题要点智课网整理分词及真题要点解析分词是TOEEL必考内容，在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在writtenExpressions和structure两局部。有时，即使分词不是题目焦点，但对分词的正确分析那么可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在〔1〕分词的形容词特性、〔2〕分词短语作后置定语、〔3〕现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。分词常考题型及解题要点：1.分词具有形容词特征，可单独作定语或表语。全真例题分析〔1〕ThehighlyrespectzoologistErnestJustJoinedtherulingboardoftheMarineBiologicalLaboratoryinthe1930*s〔93.1〕B动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist，故应改用分词respected形式，其作用相当于形容词作定语。〔2〕Apatentgivesinventorsexclusiverightstotheirinventionsforafixperiodoftime.〔90.1〕C修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式，即fixed.〔3〕CharacteristicsofOpArtarethecarefullyarrangehuesandgeometricpatternsthatcreateopticalillusions.〔88.5〕A修饰名词hues，应用分词形式arranged.〔4〕ThequestionoftheoriginoftheMoonisinterestnotonlyinitselfbutalsoasapartofthelargergenesisoftheearthandthesolarsystem.〔88.5〕Binterest应用其分词interesting形式作表语，作用相当于一个形空词。2.分词短语作定语，放置于中心名词后面解题要点分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而，考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上，分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。全真例题分析〔1〕Theleavesandstemsoftheaifaifaplantaretheonlypartsoftheplant——〔A〕theusesforlivestockfeed〔B〕forusinglivestockfeed〔C〕usedforlivestockfeed〔D〕theyareusedforlivestockfeed〔93.1〕C过去分词used介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分theonlypartsoftheplant，作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句〔thatare〕usedforlivestockfeed〔2〕Theslideruleusedslidingscaleswithmarks——numbersandtheirlogarithms.〔A〕representing〔B〕represented〔C〕arerepresented〔D〕theyarerepresenting〔92.10〕A分词短语作名词marks的后置定语，作用相当于一个定语从句：whichrepresentnumbersandtheirlogarithms.〔3〕Earlgphilosophersbelievethatthemindwasdividedintothreefaculties——sfeeling，intellectandwill〔A〕toknow〔B〕known〔C〕knowing〔D〕knewthem〔94.1〕B分词短语knownas…说明前面的名词threefaculties.此结构可改写成定语从句。Whichareknownas…〔4〕ThebisonknowforthehumpoveritsshouldersisusuallycalledabuffaloinNorthAmerica.〔91.1〕A此句主语是Thebison，谓语是系词is，划线A局部应当为分词短语，修饰名词Thebison.A应改为knownfor.〔5〕LouisaMayAlcottischieflyrememberedforLittleWomen.Oneofthemostpopulargirlsbookseverwrote〔88.5〕D修饰名词books应用分词生语everwritten.3.分词短语作状语解题要点在句了意义非常清楚明确时，状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语，但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物，此类分词短语通常置于句首。全真例题分析〔1〕——as“thecensustakerofthesky”AnnieJumpCannoncontributedconsiderablytothefieldofastronomy.〔A〕Known〔B〕Knowing〔C〕Toknown〔D〕Knowledge〔92.5〕A分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语AnnieJumpCannon.〔2〕——in1635，theBostonLatinSchoolistheoldestpublicschoolintheUnitedStates.〔A〕Founded〔B〕Founding〔C〕Tofound〔D〕Havingfounded〔92.1〕A分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语即是句子主语TheBostonLatinSchool.〔3〕——theconstitutionoftheCherokeeNationprovidedforachiefexecutive，asenate，andahouseofrepresentatives.〔A〕In1827theydrafted〔B〕Thedraftin1827〔C〕In1872wasdrafted〔D〕Draftedin1827〔90.5〕D分词短语作状语，表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句；wheretheconstitutionoftheCherokeeNationwasdraftedin1827itprovidedforachiefexecutiveasenate，andahouseofrepresentatives.4.现在分词表达主动的概念；过去分词表达被动的概念全真例题分析〔1〕Tudgingtobethebestboxerofhistime，sugarRayRobinsonlostonly3outof137fights〔94.1〕A此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugarRayRobinson是被动的关系〔Sugarwasjudgedtobe…〕故应用过去词Tudpedtobe.〔2〕DuringtheColonialdays，theIroquoishadanagriculturaleconomybasingmainlyoncornwithsupplementarycropsofpumpkins，beans，andtobacco.〔92.1〕B通常我们说tobebasedon，这个短语表示被动概念〔基于，以…为根底〕，所以应改用过去分词based.〔3〕Percapitaincomeisanation*sentireincomedividingbythenumberofpeopleinthenation.〔90.10〕B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by，可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念，因此，应用过去分词dividedby.〔4〕ClementineHunter*sprimitivepaintingshavebeenexhibitedatvariousgalleries.IncludedoneattheSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington.D.C.〔93.1〕D分词included与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系，不应用过去分词，应改为惯用现在分词短语including名词宾语的结构并列连词及真题要点解析有关并列连词的命题在TOEEL考试中占有极重要的地位。并列连接词不仅自身是命题的焦点，它还涉及到一些其它的题型，如平行结构，词类、及一致等TOEEL考试要点。一般说来，有关并列连词的题目并不深涩，因为连接词无论在语意上还是结构功能上都并非孤立使用。而且，细察并列连词的题目，还可寻见其中的命题规律并列连词常考题型及解题要点1.并列连词andbutor混淆解题要点这类题型主要分面布在writtenExpression〔16-40题中〕当A、B、C、D四项选择中出现单独的and或but或or时，它通常就是此题的焦点，应根据句意判断此连词是否用错。全真例题要分析〔1〕Harvestingofgrainsisaffectedbyannualchangesintemperatureorintheamountofmoisture，butboth.〔90.1〕D根据句意，这里并无转折关系。因此but应改为or.〔2〕Porcelainisnotasingleclay，andacompoundofkaolin.Ballclay，feldspar.Andsilica.〔91.1〕C此句表达的是一个取舍关系，and应改为but.“not…but”是表达转折，到舍含义的固定并列连词搭配。3.Thestructureorbehaviorofmanyprotozoansareamazinglycomplesforsingle-celledartimals.A根据句中复数谓语动词are来判断，连词or是错误，它表述的概含是两项之一，应用单数第三人称动词。固而or应改为and.〔4〕Cayennepoppercomesfromtheseedpotofthepepperplantwhichisdriedorthenground.D根据提示词then，我们可以判断dried和ground〔grind的过去分词，碾碎〕是顺序先后的两个动作，并非取舍选择关系。固此or应改为and.2.并列连接词词组both…andas…asnotonly…butalsonotso…aseither…orthesame…asneither…nor比拟级〔more-re〕…thanso…thatto…to常与so…thatwhether…or混淆搭配解题要点；上述并列连词词组和短语必须搭配使用，不能承意更换或省略。考题中如出现上述词组的任何一局部，那么注意另一局部是否正确。全真例题分析〔1〕Inmeteorology.Eitherformationofcloudsandtheoreciporddidonofdewrainandsnowareknownascondensation〔93.1〕Aeither改为both，组成both…and词组〔2〕Thesurvivalofaforestdependsnotonlyonamountofannualrainfallitreceives.Andalsoontheseasonaldistributionoftherain.Cand改为but，组成notonly…butalso词组〔3〕LucretiaMott*sinfluencewastoosignificantthatshehasbeencreditedbysomeauthoritiesastheoriginatoroffeminismintheUnitedState.〔91.1〕Atoo改为so，组成so…that结构。〔4〕Thegorilla，notascuriousthanthechimpanzee，showsmorepersistenceandmemoryretentioninsolvingaproblem.〔90.5〕Bthan改为as，组成notas…as结构。〔5〕Somelinguiousbelievethattheearliestlanguageswerenolesscomplexasmodernlanguages〔94.5〕Das改为than，组成“比拟级…than”的句型。〔6〕Whetherasstatesman，scientist，andphilosopher，BenjaminFranklinwasdestinedtogainlastinghonorthroughoutmuchoftheworld.〔92.5〕Aand改为or，组成whether…or的结构。〔7〕Meadowlarksareaboutthesamesizethanrobins，theyhaveheavierbodies，shortertails，andlongerbills.〔89.5〕Bthan改为as，组成thesame…as的结构。〔8〕NaturenotonlygavetheMiddleAtlanticfineharbors，howeverendoweditwithafirst-classsystemofinlandwaterways.〔91.1〕Chowever改为butalso，组成notonly…butalso结构。附属连词及真题要点解析复合句是TOEEL考题的根本句子结构，因而连接主句和从句的连接词就成为重要的命题焦点。TOEEL常考的附属连词分三类：〔1〕关系代词〔that，which，whatwho.Whose〕〔2〕关系副词〔wherewhenwhyhow〕〔3〕状语从句连接词〔where，when，if，though，because…〕有关附属连词的试题大局部集中在Structure〔1-15题中〕掌握命题规律，这类题目并不复杂。附属连词常考题型及解题要点1.主句与从句之间必须有附属连词全真例题分析〔1〕Thespiralthreadsofaspider*swebhaveastickysubstanceonthem——insects.〔A〕traps〔B〕trapits〔C〕whichtraps〔D〕whichittraps〔92.1〕C定语从句关系代词which引导从句，且在从句中作主语。〔2〕Angiospermsinhabitrelativelydiverseenvironmentsandmaybefound——higherplantscansurvive.〔A〕there〔B〕wherever〔C〕somewhere〔D〕then〔92.5〕B空格前后为两个完整的句子，这里应填入连接词联系主从两句。四个选择只有wherever是连词，引导地点状语从句。〔3〕DukeWellingtonwasacomposer.Conductor，andpianist——rankedasoneofthegreatestofalljazzfigures.〔A〕him〔B〕although〔C〕or〔D〕who〔92.10〕D关系代词who引导定语从句，并作从句的主语。〔4〕——。SomeoftheEarth*sinteriorheatescapestothesurface.〔A〕Avolcanoerupts〔B〕Avolcanowhethererupts〔C〕Avolcanoeruptsit〔D〕Ifavolcanoerupts〔93.5〕D附属连词引导条件状语从句。2.关系代词who与which混淆错用解题要点：在writtenExpression〔16-40题〕中的四个选择答案中出现who或者which，应确认它所指代的是人还是物。全直例题分析〔1〕FossilremainsindicatethatsquidlikecreaturescalledbelemnitesswamintheseawhocoveredtheNorthAmericancontinent70millionyearsago.〔94.5〕C关系代词who指代的是sea，因此应用指物的which或that.〔2〕Vaccinesforsomerarediseasesaregivenonlytopersonswhichriskexposuretothedisease.〔93.1〕B关系代词which指代前面的persons，应改为人称关系代词who.〔3〕AnneElizabethMcDowellisbestrememberedforaweeklyjournal，theWoman*sAdvocate，whoshelaunchedinJanuary1855.〔91.8〕D关系代词who指代杂志thewoman*sAdvocate，故应改为which.〔4〕TheattorneygeneraloftheUnitedStatesadvisesthePresidentonanyquestionsoflawwhomayariseintheconductofadministrativeaffairs.〔90.10〕B关系代词who指代前文的questionsoflaw，故应改为which或that.3.介词＋关系代词which结构解题要点介词＋which作用相当于一个关系副词，在从句作状语。可表示时间〔＝when〕，地点〔=where〕，原因〔＝why〕等等。全真例题分析〔1〕InreorganizingthecurriculumofMt.HolyokeCollegeinthelate1800*sElizabethMeadlaidthefoundation——themoderncollegerests.〔A〕iswhich〔B〕onwhich〔C〕whichison〔D〕onit〔91.1〕Bonwhich指代onthefoundation，作用相当于一个表示地点的关系副词。〔2〕Acircuitmaybedefinedasaclosedpath——electricitycanHow.〔A〕throughit〔B〕throughwhich〔C〕thatisthrough〔D〕theregoesthrough〔93.3〕Bthroughwhich指代throughthecircuit，作用相当于一个关系副词，而介词through才能准确地表达句子的含义。〔3〕Theextentoftheharmfuleffectoflocoweedsonanimalsdependsonthesoil——theplantsgrow.〔A〕which〔B〕whichin〔C〕inwhich〔D〕in〔90.5〕Cinwhich=where〔4〕Adhesives，suchasglue，tapeandgum，varywiththepurpose——intended.〔A〕theywerefor〔B〕fortheywere〔C〕whichwerethey〔D〕forwhichtheywere〔93.10〕Dforwhich指代forthepurpose.4.What引导的名词性从句解题要点：what兼先行词和关系代词双重身份，即what=thething〔things〕that…。因此考生应特别注意，what既已包含先行词在内，它的前面就不应该再出现先行中心名词。What与that的区分是TOEEL常考题目全真例题分析〔1〕Duringtheeighteenthcentury，LittleTurtlewaschiefoftheMiamitribewhoseterritorybecame——isnowIndianaandOhio.〔A〕there〔B〕where〔C〕that〔D〕what〔93.5〕Dwhat=theareathat.What所指代的是地点、位置。然而，此句却不可选择〔B〕where.因为关系副词where不能作从句的主语。只有what即是先行词又是关系代词。〔2〕Thechieffoodseateninanycountrydependlargelyon——bestinitsclimateandsoil.〔A〕itgrows〔B〕whatgrows〔C〕doesitgrow〔D〕whatdoesgrow〔90.1〕Bwhatgrows=thethingthatgrows…另请注意：介词后面通常不能接that引导的从句，但可接what引导的名词性从句。〔3〕Ahingejointis——permitstheforwardandbackwardmovementofadoor.〔A〕the〔B〕what〔C〕those〔D〕whose〔88.10〕Bwhat=thethingthat…〔4〕Essentially，atheoryisanabstract.Symbolicrepresentationof——reality.〔A〕whatitisconceived〔B〕thatisconceived〔C〕whatisconceivedtobe〔D〕thatisbeingconceivedof〔89.5〕Cwhat=thethingthat〔isconceivedtobe…〕.答案〔A〕中的代词it是多余的，因为what本身即已包含了先行词〔thething〕和关系代词〔that〕.答案〔B〕中的关系代词that引导的从句不可以置于介词的后面。〔5〕Mostofthefoodwhatelephantseatisbroughttotheirmouthsbytheirtrunks.〔93.10Bwhat应改为that.此句已含有先行词food，不能再用关系代词what.5.主句和从句解题要点主语从句是TOEEL常考而中国考生又较陌生英文文法结构。有关主语从句的命题几乎全部集中在structure〔1-15题〕中。主语从句的特点是读起来有种头重脚轻的感觉，而且有两个谓语动词。连词That引导的主语从句应特别留意。因为That在句中没有任何意义，它只具有引导出主语从句的功能，因而很容易被忽略。全真例题分析〔1〕——xenoncouldnotfromchemicalcompoundswasoncebelievedbyscientists.〔A〕For〔B〕Itwas〔C〕That〔D〕While〔91.1〕CThat引导的主语从句。其中第一个谓语动词couldfrom是从句的谓语，第二个系动was是主句的谓语。〔2〕——tospacetravelersishighaccelerationofdecelerationforces.〔A〕Dangercanbe〔B〕Theycanbedangerous〔C〕Whatcanbedangerous〔D〕Whiledanger〔93.1〕Cwhat引导的主语从句。What既是从句的连词，又是从句的主语。〔3〕——hasbeenatopicofcontinualgeologicalresearch.〔A〕Didthecontinentsoriginate〔B〕Howdidthecontinentsoriginate〔C〕Havethecontinentsoriginated〔D〕Howthecontinentsoriginated〔91.1〕DHow引导的主语从句。〔4〕——progresshelpstorelievescarcitiesisafactacceptedbyeconomists.〔A〕Technological〔B〕Thattechnological〔C〕Althoughtechnological〔D〕ThereistechnologicalB.That引导的主语从句，当连续读到两个谓语动词〔e.g.Helps…is〕，而空格在句首，应首先考虑主语从句。这是主语从句典型的句子结构。动词不定式及动名词要点解析动词不定式和动名词在TOEEL测试中不算活泼的考题，但出题频率比拟稳定，即不频繁，亦无间断。命题焦占主要集中在动词不定式和动名词的根本功能及正确形式，即〔1〕不定式to后面接原形动词，〔2〕动名词具有动词和名词两重功能，介词后面的动词必须以动名词形式出现。不定式和动名词常考题型1.不定型工to后面接原形动词全真例题分析〔1〕AstronautscirclingtheEarthmaygettoseensixteensunrisesandsixteensunsetseveryday.〔93.8〕C动词不定型式的标志to后面应接动词原形see.〔2〕Usingtheirbillsasneedles，tailorbirdssewlargeleavestogetherwithplantfibertoformingtheirnests.〔90.10〕Dtoforming应改为toform正确的不定式形式。〔3〕Thepoetryofe.ecummingsillustratesthewayinwhichsomepoetsbendgraminasticalrulesastheystrivetoexpressiontheirinsights.〔91.10〕D动词不定式to后面只能接原形动词，不能接名词。〔4〕Thedromedarycamelisraisedespeciallytoracing.〔91.1〕D这是一个非常简单的动词不定式错误形式的考题。Recing应改为race，与to组成不定式。2.动词不定式作目的状语解题要点不定式结构在句中可以作多种成分，目的状语那么是TOEEL常考到的形式。动词不定型式作目的状语的命题主要分布在structure〔1－15题〕中。全真例题分析〔1〕Afuelisasubstanceused——light，heat.orenergy.〔A〕generating〔B〕generates〔C〕togenerate〔D〕itisgeneratingC根据句意及结构，此句固选择动词不定式作目的状语。〔2〕——stereophonicphonographrecords，tworecordingsaremadeofthesamemusicalperformance.〔A〕Creates〔B〕Created〔C〕Thecreatingof〔D〕Tocreate〔92.10〕D这是典型的不定式作目的状语的句子。目的状语放在句首是表示强调。〔3〕——timeandlabor，cartoonistsgenerallydrawthehandsoftheircharacterswithonlythreefingersandathumb.〔A〕Saved〔B〕Saves〔C〕Tosave〔D〕Thesaving〔91.5〕C此句与上面例题结构相同。不定式作目的状语，且放在句首表示强调。3.动名词的正确用法解题要点有关名词的考题并不很多，但有一个常出现的题型；介词后面的动词一定要用动名词形式，作介词的宾语。全真例题分析〔1〕Microwavecookingcanbeaccureatelydescribedasthefirstabsolutelynewmethodofpreparefoodsincethediscoveryoffire〔94.1〕C介词of后面应接动名词形式，即ofpreparing.〔2〕Mostcricketshavetwopairsoffallydevelopedwings，andmascularhindlegsforiump.〔94.1〕D动名原形jamp位于介词for后面，故应改为动句词jamping.〔3〕Becauseitisahealthfulwaytoexercisederobicdancingisconsideredanexcellentmethodforreleasetension.〔93.1〕D动名词原形release位于介词for后面，故应改为动名词releasing.〔4〕TheCubistmovementinartwasreactionagainsttraditionalmethodsofportrayreality.〔90.5〕C动词原形portray应改为动名词portraying即作前面介词of的宾语，自身又带宾语reality.平行结构及真题要点解析1.含并列连词andbutor的平行结构解题要点当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上〔含三项〕的并列成分，多是考试焦点。全真例题分析〔1〕Quartzmaybetransparency，translucent，oropaque，anditmaybecolorlessorcolored〔91.5〕A并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故〔A〕应用形容词transparent与之并列。〔2〕Attheageof94.Composer，conductor.Arranger.AndactingEvaJessyeledherchoralgroupinthefirstproductionoftheoperaporgyandBess，writtenin1935.〔92.1〕A并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故〔A〕动名词应改为actress.〔3〕Atrophyisadecreaseinsizeofacell，organ，tissues，orotherpartofthebodysuchas〔91.10〕C并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell和organ皆为单数形式，故〔C〕亦应改为单数tissue.〔4〕DirectmailadvertisingservestoacquaintcustomerswithProducts，alertthemtonewopportunities，andpavingthewayforothersalesactivities〔93.1〕C并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故〔C〕动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.〔5〕AmajorityofthereportsreceivedfrompeopleclaimingtohaveseenthelengendaiyLochNessmonsterhaveproventobemistakes，misconceptions，ortheywerebeingtricked.〔93.10〕D并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故〔D〕不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。〔6〕Thetongueiscapableofmanymotionsandconfigurationsandplaysvitalrodeinchewing，swallowedandspeaking.D并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故〔D〕亦应改为动名词swallowing.2.比拟级句型要求比照双方结构对等，比拟范围相当。全真列题分析〔1〕ProbablynomanhadmoreeffcetonthedailylivesofmostpeopleintheUnitedStates——HenryFord.Apioneerinautomobileproduction.〔A〕aswas〔B〕thanwas〔C〕thandid〔D〕asdid〔92.8〕C比拟句型more…than要求比拟的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，应选〔C〕thandid与之平行。〔2〕ThestateofMainegenerallyhascoolertemperaturesthan——〔A〕therearemostotherstates〔B〕mostotherstateswhichhave〔C〕mostotherstateshave〔D〕havingmostotherstates〔93.10〕C这是标准的more…than比拟句型。只有〔C〕的句子结构与相比照的前一项完全一致。〔3〕TheannualworthofUtah*smanufacturingisgreaterthan——〔A〕thatofitsminingandfarmingcombined〔B〕miningandfarmingcombination〔C〕thatminingandfarmingcombined〔D〕ofitscombinationminingandfarming〔91.8〕A此句比拟的是utah的年产值〔theannualworth〕〔A〕中that即代替了theannualworth，故前后比拟的范围，内容一致。〔4〕Theactivitiesoftheinternationalmarketingresearcherarefrequentlymuchbroaderthan——〔A〕thedomesticmarketerhas〔B〕thedomesticmarketer