电动车充电系统与动力电池安全规范现况

电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况Benjamin.Chen@tw.ul1电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况EV系统概述EV101EV充电系统EV动力电池系统FunctionalSafety在EV系统扮演的角色结论议程大纲2电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车系统=电动车+根底设施EV系统概述3电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车系统市场化驱动力4电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况:///wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicleTheinventionoftheelectricvehicleisattributedtovariouspeople.In1828,AnyosJedlik,aHungarianwhoinventedanearlytypeofelectricmotor,createdatinymodelcarpoweredbyhisnewmotor.[1]In1834,VermontblacksmithThomasDavenport,theinventorofthefirstAmericanDCelectricalmotor,installedhismotorinasmallmodelcar,whichheoperatedonashortcircularelectrifiedtrack.[2]In1835,ProfessorSibrabdusStratinghofGroningen,theNetherlandsandhisassistantChristoperBeckercreatedasmall-scaleelectricalcar,poweredbynon-rechargeableprimarycells.[3]电动车开展史–最早的电动车5电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动火车(1838)充电式电动车(1865)100km/h的记录(1899)其他里程碑://green.autoblog/2007/11/09/la-2007-preview-are-their-really-any-new-ideas-1900-porsche-e/6电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况静音低速扭力减少碳以及其他污染物排放动力机构简化低化石燃料依赖性电动车的其他优势7电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况由动力来源区分由动力规模区分

电动车依据动力来源种类分类单一电源、单一充电模式(BEV)单一动力源、混合充电模式(HEV)多动力来源(PHEV)轻型电动车电动车8电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况USJapanEUChinaTaiwan全球试运行工程9电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况TheEVProjectProjectGetReadySolarCityUS://theevproject/partners.php://projectgetready/category/partners://solarcity/default.aspx10电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况SmallNetworkProjectChaDeMoJapan://nttdocomo/pr/2021/001490.html://chademo/11电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况FrenchItalyGermanySpian?Uk?EUEVChargingPlan://jcwinnie.bix/wordpress/?p=5832E-Moving://automoticeworld/nwes/powertrain/81281-italy-renault-nissan-and-a2a-finalise-ev-agreementE-MobilityBerlin://daimler/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1125767-1-0-0-0-0-0-9293-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html://thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index/php/2021/04/07/spain-invests-590-million-into-electric-cars/12电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况ChinaTaiwanHKGreaterChina十城千辆花卉博览会政府军队坪林、澎湖···环保署电动机车交换电池方案中电13电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况MitsubishiINissanLEAFFordTRANSITconnectelectricTeslaRoadsterSport2.5TH!NKCity2021年电动车款://cardealermagazine.co.uk/publish/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/citroen_c-zer_2.jpg14电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况CodaAutomotiveSedanTeslaMotorsmodelSFordFocuselectricBMWActiveE2021年的电动车款AAAACik/WnPvWhKNLc/s400Renault+EV+2021_Renualt_Zoe.jpg15电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况Fial500minicaraudi

e-tronHondaFitEVAudiR8EV2021年的电动车款16电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况MercedesSLSE-CellAMGVWGolfBlue-e-motionBMWi32021年的电动车款17电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况国际间已经逐渐开始投入电动车系统目前投入电动车系统的阵营主要为汽车制造商、大型锂电池制造商电动车目前系统尚未统一，动力来源不同、补充动力方式也尚未统一Summary18电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车101-电动车系统一重要数据19电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况一般道路车辆跑车石油车的一般表现要求加速性加速续航力100literfueltank车重1000kg0~100km/h,8second1500kg300kmperrefuel续航力车重0~100km/h,3second20电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况依据目前较为成熟的电动车技术，可以先从一般的房车要求下手，为了计算上的方便，我们利用下面的假设与简化、进行各项电动车特性与要求的概略推算，并且不考虑转换效率、摩擦力、热损等因素功能要求设计条件石油车与电动车的模拟关系与条件设定加速：0~108km/h,10second(跑车大多为6秒，赛车那么是3秒)续航力：100kmperrecharge(住家离公司10公里，每周充电一次)车重：1,500kg(电池是具备重量的)功率输出(影响加速)电池容量(影响续航力)充电条件(影响使用便利性)动转本钱(影响市场驱动力)21电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况由加速要求推测加速度要求V=V0+a*t

□a=108km/hx1,000m/km÷10second=3m/s2由加速度与车重，推算推力要求假设以全力输出10秒钟，推算大约行走距离在行走距离间所做的功由总功与总时间，推算平均功率功率要求推算F=m*a=1,500kg*3m/s2=4,500ntD=V0*t+1/2*a*t2=0.5*3*102=105mW=F*D=4,500*150=675KJP=W÷T=675÷10s=67.5KW(~90Hp)22电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况假设续航力是100km，在到达108km/h后等速前进的时间如果只需要用马达全功率的1/2就可维持108km/h的定速，全程需要的总能量为以市售高性能锂电池为例前例电动车需要的电池总量为电池容量要求推算t=(100,000m–150m)÷30m/s=3,328secondsW=67.5KW*10second+67.5kw*½*3,328second=112,995KJ~113MJ(://fuji.tw/dscacc.asp?AID=3910)输出电压为6.8V

容量为3900mAh重量为195g

113*1,000,000J÷(6.8V*3900mA*0.001*3600sec)*195g=230Kg!!(续航力或是马力要提高，电池会更重!)23电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况如果电能容量为113MJ，针对理想电池(线性充电)的充电的条件将会是充电条件推算如果采用的是家中一般插座的电源〔110V@15A〕时如果采用一般工厂的三相电源〔380V@30A〕

I=113MJ÷600V÷600second=314A!!

功率W=I*V=188.4KW

W=I*V*tt=113MJ÷10V÷15A=68,485sec~19hours!!(太慢了)

t=113MJ÷380V÷30A=68,485sec~2.75housrs!!(仍然很长!)假设利用住宅区的根底线路(600V)，而且充电时间要在10分钟内〔一杯咖啡〕完成时，需要多少电流？一般的标准工业厂房〔100m2〕配电功率仅为11.25KW，所以在充电的时候相当于17间标准厂房要停电10分钟！！24电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况以行走100KM进行计算锂电池式电动车运转电力本钱粗估一般汽油车市区行驶电价：1度〔1KWh〕:USD10cnet$=113MJ÷1KW÷3600sec*10cent–USD3!!效率：10km/liter油价：USD1/liter$=100/10*1=USD10前例电动车行驶模式

实际情况必须视电力转换效率而变化25电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况一般的所谓平安电流、电压、功率范围〔Nou-hazardous,ClassII)的定义是所以上述的任何一种充电条件都不可能是平安无虞的！！充电系统的绝缘平安性问题30VDCmaximum，8Amaximumand100Wmaximum!!26电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况仅就传导线在进行10分钟快速充电时会产生的热进行考量充电系统发热问题的产生文献记载铜导体的体积电阻率为16.78nΩm铜线电阻为通电300A后10分钟将会产生热量为

如果采用PVC作为绝缘外被，假设导热的厚度仅有0.2cm，比重大约为1如果将上例中的导体长度维持不变，但是导体直径变为一半时〔节省本钱〕，PVC导热厚度不变依据奥姆定律，产生热量为4倍，导热材料质量变为1/3，温度上升量将可以到达12倍〔~80℃〕，PVC将会产生熔化的情况!!

16.78nΩm*10-9*2m÷(0.01m*0.01m*3.14÷4)~0.004275Ω

W=I2*R=300A*300A*0.004275Ω~400joule绝缘外被导热区热质量为(1.2cm*1.2cm–1cm*1cm)*3.14÷4*200cm~70gPVC的比热约为0.9J/g*K，所以400J的热可以让PVC导热区上升400joule÷0.9J/Gk~6.5℃〔还算可以接受!!〕27电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车辆的重要电气零组件〔例〕马达控制器与车用变频器高电压空调控制器马达水泵变频器齿轮箱模式调变器真空泵高电压冷热媒控制器车辆控制器电池组AC充电器28电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况充电器车外充电器电力输出插座充电连接线组充电系统漏电断路器充电连接线材电表电动车根底设施-充电系统://greencarsite.co.uk/econews/electric-vehicle-charging-sations.htm29电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况接地系统电阻与允许电流危险区域内产生的接触或是非接触性的电弧突波、雷击室外、污染环境电磁兼容震动温差变化大控制系统稳定性其他可见的电动车平安性问题30电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL与IEC在电动车系统现行标准对照表31电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况2021新标准制定活动32电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车的电池重量与续航力的设定有关电动车的充电速率会影响到充电系统的设计电动车在能源价格上确实有优势电动车也存在本质上的平安问题结论33电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车根底设施34电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况充电式

更换式〔Swapping〕添加式电动车根底设施依据动力补充模式分类传导式〔Conductive〕感应式〔Inductive〕BetterPlace燃料电池油电混合动力35电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电力源电动车充电电力来源分类铅蓄电池镍氢电池锂电池燃料电池超级电容化石燃料太阳能风力://greenoptimistic/2021/11/06/earthsures-wind-solar-powered-electric-car-would-it-work36电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况充电模式传导式充电模式分级传导式

Level1Level2DCLevel3充电等级标准输出电压（Volts）最大连续输出电流（Amps）断路器额定电流（Amps）AClevel1120vac,单相12A15A(minimum)AClevel2208to240vac,单相32A40ADCCharging600vdcmax400AmaxAsrequired37电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况:///wiki/Magne_Charge_ChargeInductivechargingsystemusedtochargebatteryelectricvehicles(BEV)formerlymadebyGeneralMotors,forvehiclessuchastheEV1,ChevyS10EV,andotherelectricvehicles.Themostcommonwasthe6.6kWversionalthoughahigherpowerfastchargeversionswasdemonstrated.MagneChargesupportwaswithdrawnbyGeneralMotorsin2002,aftertheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardsettledonaconductivecharginginterfaceforelectricvehiclesinCalifornia.感应式充电MagneCharge[DelcoElectronics]38电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况://allcarselectric/blog/1036051_german-firm-says-inductive-road-charging-of-vehicles-only-2-3-years-awayIngenieurgesellschaftAutoundVerkehr(IAV)KAIST,OnlineElectricVehicle(OLEV)行进感应充电39电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况://greenmotor.co.uk/2007/12/mercedes-battery-swapping-is-so-last.htmlIn1972,MercedesbuiltanelectricallypoweredpeoplecarriercalledtheLE306.Its31kW(42hp)motorcouldzipitalongat70km/h(44mph),witharangeof65km(40miles).电池交换概念的滥觞-Mercedes40电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况://betterplace/the-solution-batteries现在的电池交换概念–BetterPlace41电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况加凡尼(Galvanic)电池VS燃料电池锂电池VS镍电池高功率VS高能量密度交换式VS充电式？传导充电式VS感应充电式？不同充电模式的优缺点比较？42电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL在EV根底设施的安规标准与测试方法摘录43电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况再生能源并网AC充电模式标准分布图EnergyGeneratorUL1703FlatPVUL8703cpvUL6141LargeWTUL6142S&mWTInverter/ConverterUL1741forPVUL6171forWTGridConnectionNECControlsUL508ICEUL991PLCUL1998SoftwareUL60730ModulePersonnelProtectionSystemsUL2231I.T.AccessoriesUL60950MeterUL61010-1MeasurementUL2735MeterACChargingStationUL2594Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL2251EV44电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况再生能源直接充电模式标准分布图EnergyGeneratorUL1703FlatPVUL6141largeWTUL6142S&MWTConverterUL1741forPVUL6171forWTEnergyStorageFuelCellStackLargeBatteriesPackControlPanelUL508ICEUL991PLCUL1998SoftwareUL60730ModulePersonnelProtectionSystemsUL2231I.T.AccessoriesUL60950MeterUL61010-1MeasurementUL2735MeterDCChargingStationUL2594/UL2202Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL2251EVConverterUL174145电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况标准开展时间表46电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL2202标准-电动车DC充电设备Thiscategorycoversconductiveandinductivechargingsystemequipment,intendedforusewithelectricvehicle.Off-boardequipmentisintendedforindoororindooruse,raded600Vorlessandisintendedtobeconnectedtothevehiclebymeansofaflexiblecordandanelectricvehicleconnector.47电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况□48LeakageCurrentTest□49LeakageCurrentTest□50PowerInputTst□51TemperatureTest□52DielectricVoltage-WithstandTest

□53Volt-AmpereCapacityMeasurement□54AbnormalTests□55FlangedBobbinTransformerAbnormalTest□56StrainReliefandFlexingTests□57GroundingImpedanceTest□58OvercurrentProtectioncalibrationTest□59StrengthofTerminalInsulatingBaseandsupportTest□60BondingConductorTest□61ImpactonGlassCoveredOpenings□62EvaluationofReducedSpacingsonPrinted-WiringBoards□63HeatSinkTemperatureCyclingTest□34TestsforPermanenceofCordTag□65TestsonTransformerInsulatingMaterials□66BusBarTests□67HarmonicDistortionTestUL2202测试工程

52.2Maximum-Voltage-WithstandTest52.3ACandDCpowercircuits52.4Secondarycircuits52.5Inducedpotential

54.2Transformerburnouttest54.3Transformeroverloadtest54.4Shortcircuittest54.5Overchargetest54.6Capacitorfaulttest54.7Forcedventilationtest54.8Componentshort-andopen-circuittest54.9Electrilyticcapacitorfualttest54.10Vibrationtest

56.1Strainrelief56.2flexing

64.2Shortedtracetest

64.2Testconditions64.3Testmethod48电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL2594标准-电动车AC充电设备1.1Thisoutlinecoverselectricvehicle(EV)supplyequipment.Ratedamaximumof250Vac,withafrequencyof60Hz,andintendedtoprovidepowertoanelectricvehiclewithanon-boardchargingunit.Thisoutlinecoverselectricvehiclesupplyequipmentintendedforusewhereventilationisnotrequired.1.2Withreferenceto1.1,theproductscoveredbythisoutlineincludeEVcordsetsandEVchargingstations.EVcordsetsmaybedesignatedasportablecordsetsorstationarycordsetsandbydesignatedforindoororotdooruse.EVchargingstationsmaybedesignatedaseithermovableorpermanentchargingstationsandmaybydesignatedforindoororoudooruse.1.3TheproductscoveredbythisoutlineareintendedforuseinaccordancewiththeNationalElectricalCode(NEC),ANSI/NFPA70.1.5Withreferenceto1.2,thisoutlinedoesnotcoverelectricvehiclechargingunits.49电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况□44LeakageCurrentTest□45LeakageCurrentTestFollowingHumidityConditioning□46InputTest□47TemperatureTest□48CapacitorDischargeTest□49DielectricVoltageWithstandTest

□50AbnormalTests□51FlangedBobbinTransformerAbnormalTest□52StrainReliefTestsUL2594安规测试工程49.2Maximumvoltagemeasurements49.3ACandDCpowercircuits(primary)49.4Secondarycircuits49.5Inducedpotential

50.2Transformerburnouttest50.3Transformeroverloadtest50.4Shortcircuittest50.5Capacitorfaulttest50.6ForcedVentilationtest50.7Componentfaulttests50.8Electrolyticcapacitorfaulttest50.9Vibrationtest52.2Pullstrainrelieftest52.3Pushbackstrainrelieftest50电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况□53EVCableSecurenessTest□54.1GroundingTests□55impactTest□56VehicleDriveOverTest□57DropTest□58StrengthofterminalInsulatingBaseandSupport□59ImpactonGlassCovers□60BondingConductorTests□61EvaluationofReducedSpacingsonPrintedWiringBoards

□62MountingMeansTest□63StrengthofHandles□64MoldStressTest□65EnvironmentalTestsCont’d

60.2Currenttest60.3Limitedshortcircuittest65.2Driptest65.3Dusttest65.4Indoorsettingdusttest65.5Indoorcirculatingdusttest65.6Extemalicingtest65.7Hosedowntest65.8Indoorcorrosionprotection54.1Groundimpedancetests54.2Groundcontinuitytest51电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况□66TestsforPermanenceofCordTags□67testsonTransformerInsulatingMaterials□68HarmonicDistortion□69MetallicCoatingThicknessTest□70ComparativeTrackingIndexTest□71GlowWiretest□72HighCurrentAtcresistancetoIgnitionTest□73OvercurrentProtectionCalibrationTestCont’d

65.9Outdoorcorrosionprotection65.10Additionalcorrosionprotection65.11Submersiontest65.12Pressuretest65.13Gaskettest65.14Waterexposuretest65.15UVexposure65.46Chemicalexposure52电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL2231-1,2.标准-电动车充电系统个人防护设备Thiscategorycoversground-faultprotectivedevices,suchaschargingcircuitinterruptingdevicesandisolationmonitor/interrupters,intendedforusewithelectricvehiclechargingsystems.Achargingcircuitinterruptingdeviceisonewhosefunctionistodetectgroundfaultcurrentorotherconditionsthatmaybehazardousandcauseinterruptionoftheelectriccircuittothechargingsystemorthevehiclewhenafaultoccurs.Itmayalsofunctionunderotherhazardousconditions,suchaswhenanopen-groundisdetected.53电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL62标准-电动车用电线电缆

ThiscategorycoverselectricvehiclecableListedforuseinaccordancewithArticle400oftheNEC.TheinsulationandjacketareofthermosetmaterialforTypesEVJandEV,thermoplasticelastomer

(TPE)forTypesEVJTandEVT.Thecableisusedtosupplypower,signal,andcontroltoelectricvehiclesduringthechargingprocess.Electricvehiclecableemploysstrandedcopperconductorsinasizerangeof18AWGto500kcmil.54电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL2251UL2580UL2271UL2231-1and-2标准内对聚合物认证的安规要求InsulatingMaterials(Sec8)NonmetallicEnclosures(Par10.3)

PerfomanceTests(secs24-29)ElectricalFlammabilityThermalPropertiesOutdoorUseGasketsandSealsThermalPropertiesOutdoorUseGasketsandSeals

目前尚未有特殊相关要求55电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况AEROVIRONMENTINCEBUSINCELECTRICTRANSPORTATIONNEGINEERINGTOYOTAINDUSTRIESCORP目前全球取得UL认可制造商(~2021/Feb.)-UL2202(电池充电器)FFTG.E189046FFTG.E249593FFTG.E175032FFTG.E17604156电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况PANASONICCORPORATIONDIPL-INGWBENDERGMBH&COKGTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHCORP目前全球取得UL认可制造商(~2021/Feb.)FFUQ2/FFQU2.E333831FFUQ2.E193871FFUQ2.E174400-UL2231(人员电击保护设备)57电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况AVCONCORPBMWOFNORTHAMERICALLCDELPHICORPITTCORPBIWCONNECTORSYSTEMSITTVEAMLLCREMAUSALLCYAZAKIPARTSCOLTD目前全球取得UL认可制造商(~2021/Feb.)FFV12.E176673

-UL2251(充电接口连接)FFV12.E324315FFV12.E337206FFV12.E231479FFV12.E330790FFV12.E338388FFV12.E17648858电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况AEROVIRONMENTINCAVCONCORPCLIPPERCREEKINCCLIPPERCREEKINCCOULOMBTECHNOLOGIESINCELECTRICTRANSPORTATIONENGINEERINGCORPGENERALELECTRICCOLEVITONMFGCOINCPANASONICCORPORATIONPANASONICELECTRICWORKSCOLTDSCHNEIDERELECTRICUSAINCSIEMENSENERGYINC目前全球取得UL认可制造商(~2021/Apr.)

-UL2594(AC充电设备)

FFWA.E336193

FFWA.E194089

FFWA.E325742

FFWA.E162210

FFWA.E341977

FFWA.E328478

FFWA.E338793

FFWA.E336847

FFWA.E336867

FFWA.E319488

FFWA.E338176

FFWA.E34145659电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况BELDENWIRE&CABLECOCOLEMANCABLEINCDONGGUANNISTARTRANSMITTINGDRAKACABLETEQUSAINCDYDENCORPSAGAPLANTFUJIELECTRICWIRECOLTDGENERALCABLEINDUSRIESLLCLAKECABLELLCNICHGOHCOMMUNICATIONELECTRICWIRENORTHWIREINCPHILATRONINTERNATIONALPRESTRLITEWIRECORPSOUTHWIRECOTYCOELECTRONICS/MADISONCABLEWELLSHINTECHNOLOGYCOLTDYAZAKIELECTRICWIRECOLTD目前全球取得UL认可制造商(~2021/Feb.)

-UL62内EVCables

FFSO.E324273

FFSO.E312819

FFSO.E341742

FFSO.E338008

FFSO.E338734

FFSO.E333751

FFSO.E333326

FFSO.E344857

FFSO.E324180

FFSO.E334551

FFSO.E325807

FFSO.E313310

FFSO.E339497

FFSO.E345037

FFSO.E337756

FFSO.E31261460电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况其他EV根底设施的全球标准化现况61电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况ISO8713ElectricroadvehicleVocabulary-2ndEditionISO8714ElectricroadvehicleReferenceenergyconsumptionandrangeTestproceduresforpassengercarsandlightcommercialvehiclesISO8715ElectricRoadOperatingCharacteristics-1stEditionISO6469.1Electricallypropelledroadvehicles–Safetyspecifications–Part1:On-boardrechargeableenergystoragesystem(RESS)–2ndEditionISO6469.2Electricallypropelledroadvehicles–Safetyspecifications–Part2:Vehicleoperationalsafetymeansandprotectionagainstfailures–2ndEditionISO6469.3ElectricroadvehicleSafetyspecificationsPart3:Protectionofpersonsagainstelectrichazards–1stEditionISO的电动车相关标准62电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况美国电工法规NFPA70(NEC)2021–ARTICLE625ARTICLE625ElectricvehicleChargingSystem1.General625.1Scope.Theprovisionsofthisarticlecovertheelectricalconductorsandequipmentexternaltoanelectricvehiclethatconnectanelectricvehicletoasupplyofelectricitybyconductiveorinductivemeans,andtheinstallationofequipmentanddevicesrelatedtoelectricvehiclecharging.63电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况NFPA70充电站设置地点(车库)WhereClassIliquidsorgaseousfuelsarestored,handled.Ortransferred,electricalwiringandelectricalutilizationequipmentshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththerequirementsforClassI,Division1or2hazardous(classified)locationsasclassifiedinaccordancewith500.5and500.6,andthisarticle.AClassIlocationshallnotextendbeyondanunpiercedwall.Orothersolidpartitionthathasnoopenings.(A)ParkingGarages.(B)RepairGarages,WithDispensing.

ARTICLE511CommercialGarages,RepairandStorage511.3AreaClassification,General.

Parkinggaragesusedforparkingorstorageshallbepermittedtobeunclassified.

Majorandminorrepairgaragesthatdispensemotorfuelsintothefueltanksofvehicles,includingflammableliquidshavingaflashpointbelow38℃(100℉)suchasgasoline,orgaseousfuelssuchasnaturalgas,hydrogen,orLPG,shallhavethedispensingfunctionsclassificationrequiredbythissection.WhereClassIliquids,otherthanfuels,aredispensed,theareawithin900mm(3ft)ofanyfillordispensingpoint,extendinginalldirections,shallbeaClassI,Divisionlocation.

Whereflammableliquidshavingaflashpointbelow38℃(100℉)suchasgasoline,orgaseousfuelssuchasnaturalgas,hydrogen,orLPG,willnotbedispensed,butrepairactivitiesthatinvolvethetransferofsuchlluidsorgasesareperformed,theclassificationrulesin(1),(2),(3)shallapply.(C)MajorRepairGarages.64电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况511.10SpecialEquipment

(A)BatteryChargingEquipment.Batterychargersandtheircontrolequipment,andbatteriesbeingcharged,shallnotbelocatedwithinlocationsclassifiedin511.3.

(B)ElectricVehicleChargingEquipment.(1)General.

□AllelectricalequipmentandwiringshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithArticle625,exceptasnotedin511.10(B)(2)and(B)(3).Flexiblecordsshallbeofatypeidentifiedforextra-hardusage.(2)ConnectorLocation.

□NoconnectorshallbelocatedwithinaClassIlocationasdefinedin511.3(3)PlugConnectionstoVehicles.

□Wherethecordissuspendedfromoverhead,itshallbearrangedsotatthelowestpointofsagisatleast150mm(6in.)abovethefloor.Whereanautomaticarrangementisprovidedtopullbothcordandplugbeyondtherangeofphysicaldamage,noadditionalconnectorshallberequiredinthecableorattheoutlet.65电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况漏电断路器

511.12Ground-FaultCircuit-InterrupterProtectionforPersonnel.All125-volt,single-phase,15-and20-amperereceptaclesinstalledinareaswhereelectricaldiagnosticequipment,electricalhandtools,orportablelightingequipmentaretobeusedshallhaveground-faultcircuitinterrupterprotectionpersonnel.66电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况NFPA70充电站设置地点(油库)

ARTICLE514MotorFuelDispensingFacilities(A)UnclassifiedLocations.

□Wheretheauthorityhavingjurisdictioncansatisfactorilydeterminethatflammableliquidshavingaflashpointbelow38℃(100℉),suchasgasoline,willnotbehandled,suchlocationshallnotberequiredtobeclassified.(B)ClassifiedLocations.

□(1)ClassILocations.

□CompressedNaturalGas,LiquefiedNaturalGas,andLiquefiedPetroleumGasAreas.

Table514.3(B)(1)shallbeappliedwhereClassIliquidsarestored,handled,ordispensedandshallbeusedtodelineateandclassifymotorfueldispensingusedforthepurposeofdelineatingandclassifyingabovegroundtanks.AClassIlocationshallnotextendbeyondanunpiercedwall,roof,orothersolidpartition.[30A:8.1,8.3]67电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况Cont’d514.4wiringandEquipmentInstalledinClassILocations.

□AllelectricalequipmentandwiringinstalledinClassIlocationsasclassifiedin514.3shallcomplywiththeapplicableprovisionsofArticle501.

-Exception:Aspermittedin514.8.514.7WiringandEquipmentAbovetheClassILocations.

□WiringandequipmentabovetheClasslocationsasclassifiedin514.3shallcomplywith511.7.514.16GroundingandBonding.

□Allmetalraceways,themetalarmorormetallicsheathoncables,andallnon-current-carryingmetalpartsoffixedportableelectricalequipment,regardlessofvoltage,shallbegroundedandbonded.GroundingandbondinginClassIlocationsshallcomplywith501.30.68电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车根底设施牵涉标准繁多电动车根底设施投入厂商日渐增多快速充电不仅对电池是挑战，对充电设施更是挑战电动车根底设施的设立也受到电工法规的要求结论69电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电动车动力电池70电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL1642LithiumBatteriesUL1989StandbyBatteriesUL2054HouseholdandCommercialBatteriesUL2591OutlineforBatterySeparatorsUL2575Subject2575Lithium1onBatterySystemsforPowerToolsandOtherAppliancesUL电池标准开展史71电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况锂电池锂离子电池锂离子聚合物电池锂离子电池种类72电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况典型的充放电特性曲线://libattery.tripod/newpage2.htm73电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况因为电池本身有内电阻，所以电池充电时会发热，放电时也会发热电池的充放电就像人吃饭一样电池本身的充放电平安性剩余电量少的时候，充得快，快满的时候充的速度就慢了。充电过度时会有爆炸的危险，放电过度，电池会有报废的危险。工作电流大时，放电速度快，工作电流小时，放电速度慢。工作环境温度也会影响充放电的特性。充放电剩余次数也与过去的充放电历史有关。良好的充放电，有赖于对电池充放电模式的掌握，以及对剩余电量的精确评估〔精准的量测电压与电流与工作环境温度〕。74电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况一般锂离子电池芯结构75电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况锂是化学周期表上直径最小也最活泼的金属。体积小所以容量密度高，广受消费者与工程师欢送。锂化学特性太活泼，那么带来了极高的危险性。锂金属暴露在空气中时，会与氧气产生剧烈的氧化反响而爆炸。为了提升平安性及电压，科学家们创造了用石墨及钴酸锂等材料一储存锂原子。这些材料的分子结构，形成了奈米等级的细小单元格子，可用来储存锂帮子。这样一来，即使是电池外壳破裂，氧气地入，也会因氧分子太大，进不了这些细小的单元格，使得锂原子不会与氧气接触而防止爆炸。锂离子电池的这种原理，使得人们在获得它高容量密度的同时，也到达平安的目的。锂金属电池VS锂离子电池76电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况锂镍钴电池锂锰电池(CR123A伏特锂锰电池)锂镍电池磷酸锂铁电池锂金属电池正极材料分类与平安关联性锂镍钴电池是锂镍电池和锂钴电池的固溶体〔综合体〕，兼具锂镍和锂钴的优点，一度被产业界认为是最有取代锂钴电池的新正极材料，但钴正极电池在放电的过程中往往会形成金属锂。因为金属具有易烯的特性，如果平安措施失效时，金属锂往往引发燃烧，所以平安性还是无法有更大突破。锂锰电池「Li-MnO2(Li-Mn,“CR〞)」的本钱低而且平安性比锂钴好很多，但循环寿命欠佳，且高温环境的循环寿命更差，高温时甚至会出现锰离子溶出的现象，高温造成自放电严重，以致储能特性差。锂镍电池的本钱较低且电容量较高，不过，制作过程困难且材料性能的一致生和再现性差，最严重的是依然有平安性问题。那么同时拥有锂钴、锂镍和锂锰的主要优点，但不含钴等贵重元素，原料价格低且磷、锂、铁存在于地球的资源含量丰富，不会有供料问题，而且，工作电压适中(3.2V)、电容量大(170mAh/g)、高放电功率、可快速充电且循环寿命长，在高温与高热环境下的稳定性高，是目前产业界认为较符合环保、平安和高性能要求的锂离子电池。77电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况FAA的锂离子电池与锂聚合物电池的易燃性试验DOT/FAA/AR-09/55January2021FinalReportBatteryCell1BatteryCell2BatteryCell3BatterytypeCylindricalLi-ionCylindricalLi-ionLi-ionPolymerBatterysize186502665031/2〞x4〞x1/4〞ChemistryLithiumIronPhosphateLithiumIronPhosphateLithiumCobaltDioxideCapacity(mAh)11502300800Nominalvoltage3.33.33.7Chargevoltage3.853.64.2Figure1.BatteryCellsUsedintheTests(a)18650,(b)26650,and(c)Li-PoCell78电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况四电池芯测试结果Table3.FireExposureTestResult-FourCellsBatteryCellTypeApproximateTimetoFirstEvent(min)PeakTemperature(℉)ApproximateTimetoReachPeakTemperature(min)FireDuration(min)10.755601.54.522.007002.004.530.759001.001.7579电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况八电池芯测试结果Table4.FireExposureTestResult-EightCellsBatteryCellTypeApproximateTimetoFirstEvent(min)PeakTemperature(℉)ApproximateTimetoReachPeakTemperature(min)FireDuration(min)11.005452.005.2522.505802.503.2530.757501.002.2580电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况内短路的失效分析DendriteUnsafeDesignSevereEnvironmentProcessIssuesMechanicalAbuseInternalShort-CircuitOverchargeDropCrushImpactShock/VibrationContaminationBurrsTab/electrodemisalignmentOther(e.g,badwelding,loosemetalpart)AbnormalTemperatureAbnormalPressureOver-designImproperSeparatorMaterialPropertiesImbalance81电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况电池芯的爆炸82电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL1642电池芯测试10Short-CircuitTest11AbnormalChargingTest12Forced-DischargeTest13CrushTest14ImpactTest15ShockTest16VibrationTest17HeatingTest18TemperatureCyclingTest19LowPressure(AltitudeSimulation)20ProjectileTests

ELECTRICALTESTS

MECHANICALTESTS

ENVIRONMENTALTESTS

FIREEXPOSURETEST83电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况小型串联电池组的爆炸84电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况UL2054小型电池模型块测试9Short-CircuitTest10AbnormalChargingTest11AbusiveOverchargeTest12Forced-DischargeTest13LimitedPowerSourceTest13ABatteryPackComponentTemperatureTest13BBatteryPackSurfaceTemperatureTest14CrushTest15ImpactTest16ShockTest17VibrationTest19250NSteadyForceTest20MoldStressReliefTest21DropImpactTest22ProjectileTest23HeatingTest24TemperatureCyclingTest

ELECTRICALTESTS

MECHANICALTESTS

BATTERYENCLOSURETESTS

FIREEXPOSURETEST

ENVIRONMENTALTESTS85电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况车用电池组的爆炸86电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况车用电池组在完全没通电与碰撞下可能的自燃性原因？特性不匹配电池串并联，造成内部回路的形成对内部某电池串的过充？87电动车充电系统与动力电池平安标准现况超越六个标准偏差？或者···同样为百万分之一的失效率的电池一千颗串并联在一起时有比提高电池良率更经济有效的方法吗？失效机率会变成···

百万分之一的一千次方？一千分之一？备用(Redundancy)系统的存在性备用系统间的要求福岛核电厂失效给我们的启示···88电动车充电系统与动力电池平安