《中考复习新导引英语》课件专题11 构词法

专题11中考新导引复习讲义构词法构词法英语的主要构词法有三种：(1)转化：由一个词类转变为另一个词类。例如：color颜色（名）—color涂色（动）(2)派生：通过加前缀和后缀构成另一个词。例如：kind—unkind(加前缀)kindness(加后缀)(3)合成：将两个或更多的词组合成一个词。例如：dining+room—dining-room1转化英语里词性转化的现象很常见，例如：(1)动词转化为名词Letmehaveatry.Heistallandofmediumbuild.(2)名词转化为动词IbookedthreemovieticketsontheInternetlastnight.HehandedtheglassofbeertoGrandpa.(3)形容词转化为动词Heslowed

downatthecrossroads.Pleasewarmupthecoldmeat.1转化(4)形容词转化为名词Ienjoyedthe

quietofthecountry.Thetemperaturereachedanewhigh.(5)形容词转化为副词Thebirdcanflyhigh.I’llstayherelong.还有一些其它的转化情况，这里不再列举。2派生：后缀前后缀的构词法在英语里出现得很多，现罗列初中教材中出现的一些构词法。后缀(1)构成名词的后缀-er

performerreportertravelerownerwriter(write)stranger(strange)manager(manage)winner(win)-oractordirectorvisitorinventor-ist

artistviolinisttouristpianist(piano)scientist(science)-ian

magicianmusicianhistorian(history)Italian(Italy)Canadian(Canada)-anEuropean(Europe)AmericanRussianAsianAfricanIndianAustralian-eseJapaneseChinese(China)2派生：后缀-manpolicemanchairmanEnglishmanfireman-mateschoolmateroommateclassmateteammate-ionactionpollutionsuggestionprotectioninventionexpressiondiscussiondecision(deicide)-ationexamination(examine)communication(communicate)celebration(celebrate)education(educate)graduation(graduate)invitation(invite)preparation(prepare)inspiration(inspire)pronunciation(pronounce)-ingfeelingreadingbuildingshoppingopeningcrossing-mentgovernmentagreementdevelopmentachievementexcitement-nesskindnessillnesssadnesspolitenessshynesshappiness(happy)-ence

difference(different)independence(independent)silence(silent)-ydifficultydiscovery2派生：后缀其它构成名词的后缀：free—freedomwarm—warmthsafe—safetytrue—truthweigh—weightserve

—serviceimportant—importance

popular—popularitycreate—creativity

child—childhoodneighbor—neighborhood

fiend—friendshippress—pressureplease—pleasurefail—failurehouse—houseworkschool—schoolwork2派生：后缀(2)构成形容词的后缀-edexcitedboredsurprisedinterested

tired

relaxedworrieddisappointedtalentedpollutedclosed-ingexcitingboringsurprisinginterestingtiringrelaxingworryingdisappointing-fulhopefulhelpfulusefulmeaningfulharmfultruthfulsuccessfulwonderfulpainfulcolorfulthankfulbeautiful(beauty)-lesshopelesshelplessuselessmeaninglessharmlesshomeless-yrainywindycloudysunny(sun)dirtysaltysleepyhealthynoisy(noise)2派生：后缀-ablecomfortablevaluable(value）usable(use)reusable(reuse)believable(believe)unbelievable-alnationalprofessionalmusicaltraditionalpersonaleducationalenvironmentalaccidentalnatural(nature)central(centre/center)-ern

easternsouthernwesternnorthern-anEuropean(Europe)AmericanRussianAsianAfricanIndianAustralian-ianItalian(Italy)Canadian(Canada)-eseJapaneseChinese(China)2派生：后缀其它构成形容词的后缀：gold—goldenwood—woodenmedicine—medicalscience—scientifichistory—historical

fame—famousact—activecreate—creativefriend—friendlydanger—dangerousFrance—FrenchEngland—EnglishBritain—British2派生：后缀(3)构成辅词的后缀构成副词的后缀最常见的形式是加-ly。例如:-lyslowlydifferentlywiselypolitelystrangelycompletelybeautifullycarefullynormallywonderfully但有些单词要把le变为ly,或去e再加-ly。例如:simple—simplycomfortable—comfortablypossible—possiblytrue—truly有些单词要把y变i,再加-ly。例如:lucky—luckilyhappy—happilyangry—angrilyheavy—heavilyeasy—easily

(4)构成数词的后缀-teenthirteenfourteen-tythirtyforty-thfifthtwelfthsixtieth2派生：前缀(1)构成反义词的前缀dis-dislikedisagreedisappeardisbeliefdisorderdisadvantagedishonestdisabledim-impoliteimpossiblein-inexpensiveindirectinconvenientindependentir-irregularun-unlikeunableunsafeunluckyuncertainuncomfortableunusualunbelievableunhappyunfairunhealthyuncrowdedunimportantunluckily

unhappinessunfairness2派生：前缀(2)由re构成的前缀由re构成的前缀表示“重新,再次”的意思。例如：re-rewriteretellremarryrebuildreconsiderrecyclerecall(3)其它前缀sleep—asleepwake—awakecourage—encouragestairs—downstairs

stairs—upstairstime—full-timenational—internationalmeter—kilometer

summer—midsummerpaper—newspapercard—postcardground—undergroundknown—well-knownphone—telephonemarket—supermarketunderstanding—misunderstanding3合成在合成词中，有的需要加连字号，如home-made；有的不加连字号，如dancehall;

有的甚至连写，如haircut。常见的合成词有：(1)合成名词合成名词数量最多，其中大多数由“名词+名词”构成,如：alarmclockbookcasebusstopday-dreamer。有些合成名词由“形容词+名词”构成,如：centralparkfastfoodhighschoolnaturalhistory。有些合成名词由动词的ing形式和另一词构成,如：swimmingpoolwashingmachinehousewarmingdry-cleaning。还有些合成名词由其它方式构成,如：get-togetherdo-it-yourselfpasser-by3合成(2)合成形容词合成形容词很多由过去分词或带-ed词尾的词构成,如：man-madenew-bornkind-heartedleft-handedgrey-haired。有些合成形容词词由动词的-ing形式和另一词构成,如：hard-working,good-looking还有些合成形容词由其它方式构成,如：part-timesecond-handworld-famousdrive-inout-doorface-to-faceten-minutetwo-year-old此外，还有合成动词(如air-dry)和合成副词(如empty-handed)等。4截短语截短语可以截去前面的一部分,如：telephone—phonebicycle—cycle也可以截去后面的一部分,如：advertisement—admathematics—mathkilogram—kiloexamination—exam,laboratory—lab有个别的词前后各截去一部分,如：refrigerator—fridgeinfluenza—flu有时几个词合成一个词,如：situationcomedy—sitcompopularsongsinger—pop-singer5混合混合是从两个词中各取一部分，混在一起构成一个新词,如：breakfastandlunch—brunch(早午餐，早饭午饭一起吃)smokeandfog—smog(烟雾)6缩写缩写词多数按字母读音,如：USAWTOVIPNBACCTV也有少数像单词一样读,如：NATO(北约)OPEC(石油输出国组织)根据括号内要求写出各单词的前后缀形式。精练351.pollute_________（名词）2.true____________（副词）3.rain_________（形容词）4.usual___________（反义词）5.discover___________（名词）6.angry___________（副词）7.surprise____________________________（形容词）8.polite__________（反义词）9.piano_________（表示人的名词）10.wonder____________（形容词）11.strange__________（副词）12.agree____________（反义词）13.travel___________（表示人的名词）14.Africa__________（形容词）15.careful________________（副词）pollutiontrulyrainyunusualdiscoveryangrilysurprising/surprisedimpolitepianistwonderfulstrangelydisagreetravelerAfricancarefully根据括号内要求写出各单词的前后缀形式。精练3516.expensive____________（反义词）17.discuss_____________（名词）18.help______________________（形容词）19.pronounce___________________（名词）20.education____________（形容词）21.happy____________（名词）22.north____________（形容词）23.important_______________（名词）24.simple______________（副词）25.achieve_______________（名词）inexpensivediscussionhelpful/helplesspronunciationeducationalhappinessnorthernimportancesimplyachievement用所给单词的适当形式填空。精练361.Iwanttobea___________(music)whenIgrowup.2.Whichteamdoyouthinkwillbethe___________(win)ofthecomingWorldCup?3.Thetwo___________(visit)putuptentsandmadeafiretokeepthemwarm.4.What’sthe___________(different)betweenthetwowords?5.IwillnevergiveupthoughImaymeetalotof___________(difficult).6.Your___________(kind)willmakeadifferencetothem.7.Atthe___________(begin)ofthisterm,hehadfewfriends.musicianwinnervisitorsdifferencedifficultieskindnessbeginning用所给单词的适当形式填空。精练368.Themanmadea___________(decide)towriteabookabouthisownlife.9.Thecomputerisaveryuseful___________(invent).10.Weinterviewedan___________(Asia)starabouthowshedealtwithher___________(shy).11.Eating___________(health)foodisreallyimportant.12.It’s___________(danger)totouchthetiger.13.Theradiosaysitwillbe___________(snow)tonight.14.I’mafraidit’s___________(possible)tofinishtheworkintime.deci