初中英语语法

MiddleSchoolEnglishGrammar2023-11-25目录CONTENTSNounVerbSubjectsandadvertisementsPositionsandconnectionsPronounSensestructure01NounCHAPTERAcountablenounisanounthatcanbecountedormeasuredForexample,"book","dog","cat"AnuncountablenounisanounthatcannotbecountedormeasuredForexample,"milk","bread","rice"CountableanduncountablenounUncountablenounCountablenounPluralform:AnouncanbeexpressedinitsliteralformtoshowmorethanoneofthatparticularthingForexample,"books","dogs","cats"ThePluralFormNounsPropertynounApropertynounisanounthatisthenameofaspecificperson,place,orthingForexample,"John","China","Car"CommonnounAcommonnounisanounthatreferstoaclassorcategoryofthingsForexample,"dog","cat","book"DoperNounandCommonNoun02VerbCHAPTERThebasicformofverbsThebasicformsofverbs:InEnglish,verbshavedifferentformssuchastheoriginalform,presenttense,pasttense,andpastparticiple.Thebasicformreferstotheoriginalformofaverb,alsoknownastheinfinitiveorbasicinfinitive.Verbclassification:Accordingtodifferentstandards,verbscanbeclassifiedintodifferenttypes.Forexample,itcanbedividedintotransitiveverbsandintransitiveverbsbasedontheirmeaning;Accordingtoform,itcanbedividedintoregularverbsandirregularverbs.Verbusage:Verbsplayanimportantroleinasentenceandcanindicateactions,states,orrelationships.Whenusingverbs,itisimportanttopayattentiontothecombinationofthesubjectandobjectwiththeverb,aswellasthetenseandvoiceoftheverb.Theconceptsofpresenttenseandpasttense:presenttenserepresentsanactionorstatethatoccurredinthepresent,whilepasttenserepresentsanactionorstatethatoccurredinthepast.InEnglish,theformsofpresentandpasttensesareregularandcanbeexpressedbyaddingdifferentsuffixesorchangingtheformofverbs.PresenttenseandpasttenseThecompositionofthepresenttenseisrelativelysimple,usuallybyadding-sor-esaftertheoriginalformoftheverb.Forexample,walk→walks,talk→talks.ThecompositionofthepresenttenseThecompositionofthepasttenseisrelativelycomplex,andcommonlyusedonesincludethesimplepasttense,thepastcontinuoustense,andthepastperfecttense.Thegeneralpasttenseisformedbyadding-edtotheoriginalformoftheverb,forexample,talk→spoken.ThecompositionofthepasttensePresenttenseandpasttenseVerbvoice:InEnglish,verbshavetwoforms:activevoiceandpassivevoice.Theactivevoiceindicatesthatthesubjectistheexecutoroftheaction,whilethepassivevoiceindicatesthatthesubjectisthereceiveroftheaction.Forexample,Thebookwaswrittenbyhim(Passivevoice)Thevoiceofverbs03SubjectsandadvertisementsCHAPTERAdaptiveFormsRegularForms:Mostobjectivesformtheircomparativeandsuperiorformsbyadding"-er"forcomparativeand"-est"forsuperiorIrregularForms:Someobjectiveshaveirregularformsforcomparativeandsuperlative,suchas"better"and"best"TheUsageandFormofAdjectivesPlacementofAdjectivesGeneralOrder:InEnglish,themostimportantpartofthepresencecommonlycomesfirstThesubjectiscommonlymentionedfirst,followedbytheverbandthentheobjectiveException:Whentheobjectivecomesbeforeanounthatismodifiedby"a/an","this","that","then"or"that",theobjectivecomesafterthenounTheUsageandFormofAdjectivesFunctionofAdjectivesTomodifyanounorapronoun,providingadditionalinformationaboutthesubjectToanswerthequestions:Whatkind?Whichone?Howmany?Howmuch?TheUsageandFormofAdjectivesAdvancedFormsManyadvertisementsareformedbyadding"-ly"totheendofanobjectiveSomeadvertisementshaveirregularforms,suchas"quickly"and"slowly"TheUsageandFormofAdvantageousPlacementofAdvancementsGeneralOrder:InEnglish,advertisementsusuallycomeafterthesubjectandbeforetheverbHowever,someadvertisementscanalsocomeaftertheverbException:Whenanadvisorycomesbeforeanounthatismodifiedby"a/an","this","that","then"or"that",theadvisorycomesafterthenounTheUsageandFormofAdvantageousFunctionofAdvisorsTomodifyaverb,anobjective,anotherverboraclause,providingadditionalinformationabouttheaction,stateormanagerToanswerthequestions:How?When?Where?Howoften?Howmuch?Howlong?TheUsageandFormofAdvantageousComparativeFormsRegularForms:Formostobjectives,adding"-er"totheendofthewordformsthecomparativeform.Forexample,"tell"benefits"tellerIrregularForms:Someobjectiveshaveirregularformsforcomparativepurposes,suchas"better"forcomparingtwothingsorindividualsComparativeandSuperlative01SuperlativeForms02RegularForms:Formostobjectives,adding"-est"totheendofthewordformsthesuperiorform.Forexample,"all"benefits"less03IrregularForms:Someobjectiveshaveirregularformsforsuperlative,suchas"best"fordescribingthehighestdegreeinagroupComparativeandSuperlative04PositionsandconnectionsCHAPTERTheusageofpositionsBefore,afterBy,withexpressingtimesequenceexpressingmeansorinstrumentAt,in,onFrom,toOf,forexpressinglocationorpresenceexpressingarangeorcontextexpressingsessionorattribute03Relatedconnectionsusedinpairstolinksimilarstructures01Coordinatingconnectionslinkingindependentclausesequally02SubordinatingconnectionslinkingsuborderclausestoindependentclausesTheuseofconnectionsServingasthecompletionofverbs:completingthemeaningoftheverbExpressingrelationships:connectingwordsandphraseswithinasenseModifyingnounsorpronouns:providingadditionalinformationaboutthesubjectorobjectTheroleofpositionalphrases05PronounCHAPTERPersonalproofs:he,she,it,we,theyPositivepronouns:his,hers,its,ours,theirUsepersonalandpassivepronounstoavoidrepeatingnounsinsensesDifferentiatebetweensubjectsandobjectproposals01020304PersonalandPositivePronounsIndefinitepronouns:one,another,some,any,each,everyUsedefinepronounstorefertopeopleorthingswithoutspecifyinganexactidentityDemonstratives:this,that,these,thoseUsedemonstrationstopointoutspecificpeopleorthingsIndefinitepronounsandDemonsUsethecorrectformofproofsforsingularandpluralsubjectsHandlethegenderandnumberagreementbetweenpronounsandtheiropponentsHandletheagreementbetweenpronounsandtheiropponentsUseappropriateformsofpassivepronounswithantsofdifferentgendersornumbersTheusageandformofproofs06SensestructureCHAPTERThepartofthepresencethatexpressesthetopicoft