NIT-负所得税的概念及例子-NEGATIVEINCOMETAX

NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAX2024/3/27NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXGroup11.JohnKennethGalbraithLifeWorksAchievement2.John.M.KeynesandKeynesianeconomicsin1930s3.Reagan'seconomics4.Gini-CoefficientNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXGroup24.SocialDarwinism5.Supply-sideeconomics6.NIT7.MiltonFriedman8.AdamSmithDavidRicardoJohnD.RecketfellerNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXJohnKennethGalbraith

Born:October15,1908Died:April29,2006(aged97)ACanadian-AmericaneconomistAKeynesian

（凯恩斯主义者）aninstitutionalist（经济思想史上的制度学派）NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXEarlylifeandteaching:1934Ph.DinagriculturaleconomicsfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.BecameatutoratHarvardUniversity1937Ayear-longfellowshipattheUniversityofCambridge(wherehewasinfluencedbyJohnMaynardKeynes)NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAX1939-1940TaughtatPrincetonUniversity1949AppointedprofessorofeconomicsatHarvardServedasdeputyheadoftheOfficeofPriceAdministrationworkedforFortuneMagazinefor5years

whereheexpounded

（详细说明）KeynesianismtotheAmericanbusinessleadershipNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXDuringWorldWarII1961-1963

AsanadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy,GalbraithwasappointedUnitedStatesAmbassadortoIndia1972

ServedaspresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation2006

DiedinCambridgeNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXWorks

AlthoughhewasapresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociation,Galbraithwasconsideredaniconoclast

（打破旧习的人）by

manyeconomists1977TheAgeofUncertaintyforBBCtelevisionHundredsofessaysandanumberofnovels:Amonghisnovels,ATenuredProfessorachievedparticularcriticalacclaim.NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXSomeofKenneth'sfamouseconomicsbooks1952AmericanCapitalism:TheConceptofCountervailingPower1954BestsellerTheGreatCrash,19291958TheAffluentSociety1973EconomicsandthePublicPurpose1994AShortHistoryofFinancialEuphoriaNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXHonors1985TheAmericanHumanistAssociationnamedhimtheHumanistoftheYear1993LomonosovGoldMedal1997OrderofCanada(Officer)2000AwardedtheU.S.PresidentialMedalofFreedom2001PadmaVibhushan(India)NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXJohnM.KeynesJohnMaynardKeynes(5June1883–21April1946)ABritisheconomistwhoseideashaveprofoundlyaffectedthetheoryandpracticeofmodernmacroeconomicsandtheeconomicpoliciesofgovernments.NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXEconomictheoryin1930s(becauseoftheGreatDepression)TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,InterestandMoneyThecentralargument:thelevelofemploymentisdetermined,notbythepriceoflabourasinneoclassical

（新古典主义的）economics,butbythespendingofmoney(aggregatedemand

总需求)NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXunder-employmentandunder-investmentarelikelytobethenaturalstateunlessactivemeasuresaretakenactivisteconomicpolicybygovernmenttostimulatedemandintimesofhighunemployment,forexamplebyspendingonpublicworks.TheGeneralTheoryisoftenviewedasthefoundationofmodernmacroeconomicsNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXGini-coefficient基尼系数 Ameasureofstatisticaldispersion（离差）developedbytheItalianstatisticianandsociologistCorradoGini Aninternationallyrecognisedmeasureusuallyonlyappliedtothewealthofcountries Theinequalityamongvaluesofafrequencydistribution(forexamplelevelsofincomeorwealth)NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXSocialDarwinism社会达尔文主义Atheorythatpersons,groups,and"races"aresubjecttothesamelawsofnaturalselectionasCharlesDarwinhadproposedforplantsandanimalsinnature..NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXSocialDarwinismSocialDarwinists,heldthatthelifeofhumansinsocietywasastruggleforexistenceruledby"survivalofthefittest"（适者生存）Thetheorywasusedfromthelate19thcenturytosupportlaissez-faire（放任政策）capitalismandpoliticalconservatism（保守主义）

SocialDarwinismdeclinedasscientificknowledgeexpandedNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXSupply-sideeconomic供应经济学Supply-sideeconomicsisaschoolofmacroeconomic

(整体经济）thoughtEconomicgrowthcanbemosteffectivelycreatedbyloweringbarriersforpeopletoproduce(supply)goodsandservices,suchasloweringincometaxandcapitalgainstaxrates,andbyallowinggreaterflexibilitybyreducingregulation.NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXSupply-sideeconomicAccordingtosupply-sideeconomics,consumerswillthenbenefitfromagreatersupplyofgoodsandservicesatlowerprices.NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXNegativeincometax（NIT）负所得税Ineconomics,anegativeincometaxisaprogressiveincometaxsystemwherepeopleearningbelowacertainamountreceivesupplementalpayfromthe

governmentinsteadofpayingtaxestothegovernment.NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXNegativeincometaxDevelopedbyBritishpoliticianJulietRhys

Williamsinthe1940sLatertheUnitedStateseconomistMiltonFriedmancombinedNITwithhisflattax(统一税）proposals.NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXNegativeincometaxThemaindrawback（不利条件）

TheNITmightreducetheincentive(动机）towork,sincerecipientsoftheNITwouldreceiveaguaranteedminimumwageequaltothegovernmentpaymentintheabsenceofemploymentItrequiresconsiderablereportingandsupervision

（监督）inordertoavoidfraud（诡计）NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXMiltonFriedman

米尔顿弗里德曼AnAmericaneconomist,statistician（统计学家）

andauthorwhowriteCapitalismandFreedomin1962Hispoliticalphilosophyemphasizestheadvantageoffreemarketeconomyandagainstthegovernment’sintervention

(介入）.TheimportantpointofFriedman’stheory:Adhere（拥护）totheeconomicfreedomNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXMiltonFriedmanHonorsandawards1951

JohnBatesClarkMedal1976

theNobelMemorialPrizeinEconomicSciences1988

PresidentialMedalofScienceNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXMiltonFriedmanMiltonFriedman'sideasconcerningmonetary（货币的）policy,taxation,privatization（私有化）andderegulation（撤销管制规定）influencedgovernmentpolicies,especiallyduringthe1980s.Itinfluenced

theFederalReserve'sresponsetotheglobalfinancialcrisisNIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXAdamSmith（亚当斯密）Bornin

Scotland.Oneofthose18thcenturyScottishmoralphilosopherswhoseimpulsesledtoourmoderndaytheoriesHisworkmarksthebreakthroughofanevolutionaryapproachwhichhasprogressivelydisplaced（取代）the

Aristotelian（亚里士多德）

view.NIT,负所得税的概念及例子,NEGATIVEINCOMETAXDavidRicardo

大卫李嘉图ApoliticaleconomistOftencredite