英语选修6-U3语法

EnglishElectiveCourse6-u3Grammar目录IntroductionOverviewofEnglishElectiveCourse6-u3GrammarProvidedbyQianNonfineverbs目录AttributiveclausesandnonclausesSubjunctivemoodandmodalverbsSummaryandOutlook01IntroductionToprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveunderstandingofthegraphicalstructuresandrulesinEnglish,focusingonthekeyareasthatareessentialforeffectivecommunicationTopreparestudentsforacademicandprofessionalsuccessbyequippingthemwiththenecessarygraphicaltoolstoExcelinEnglishlanguageexamsandworkplacecommunicationsToenablestudentstoaccuratelyandappropriatelyusegrammarintheirwrittenandoralcommunications,enhancingtheirlanguageproficiencyandconfidencePurposeandbackgroundTheimportanceandroleofgrammarGrammaristhefoundationoflanguagelearning,providingtherulesandstructuresthatenableustoconstructmeaningfulsensesandcommunicateeffectivelyAsolidunderstandingofgrammarimproveslanguageaccuracyandclarity,enhancingthereader'sorlistener'scomprehensionMasteringgrammarempowersstudentstoexpressthemselvesmoreconfidentlyandfluently,bothorallyandinwriting,acrossarangeofcontextsandobjectivesGrammarknowledgeisessentialforacademicsuccess,asitisakeycomponentofmoststandardizedtestsandassessments,includingcollegeentranceexamsandprofessionalcertificates02OverviewofEnglishElectiveCourse6-u3GrammarComplexSentencesandSubordinateClaimsThemeUnderstandingandconstructingcomplexsensesusingsuborderclausesFocusThegrammarthemeofthisunitTypesofSubordinateClaimsSuperiorclauses(e.g.,"Aftershefinishedherhome,shewenttobed.")Grammarstructureandusage0102GrammarstructureandusageObjectiveclauses(e.g.,"Thebookthatshereadwasinteresting.")Nounclaims(e.g.,"Whatshesaidmadesense.")StructureofComplexSentencesIndependentclaim+suborderclaimSubordinateclause+independentclauseGrammarstructureandusageUsageofComplexSentencesToadddetailandclaimtowritingToexpressmorecomplexthoughtsandideasGrammarstructureandusageMisconceptionsBelievingthatallsenseswithtwoclausesarecomplexsensesAssumingthatsublimateclausesalwayscomebeforeindependentclausesCommonmisconceptionsanddifferencesDifficienciesIdentifyingthedifferenttypesofsuborderclausesCorrectlyplacingsubcategorieswithinsensesAvoidingcommaslicesandrunonsenseswhencombiningclauses01020304Commonmisconceptionsanddifferences03ProvidedbyQianSimplePresentTenseItisusedtoexpresshats,generaltruths,andactionsthatarehappeningrightnowForexample,"Ieatanappleeveryday."SimplePastTenseItisusedtodescribeactionsthatwerecompletedataspecifictimeinthepastForexample,"Shewalkedtothestoreyesterday."RegularVerbsMostVerbsinEnglishfollowapredictablepatternwhenchangingfrompresenttopasttenseForexample,"play"benefits"played."IrregularVerbsSomeVerbsinEnglishdonotfollowapredictablepatternTheseverbsmustbelearnedindividuallyForexample,"go"benefits"went."SimplePresentTenseandSimplePastTenseProgressiveTime:ItisusedtodescribeactionsthatarehappeningatthemomentofspeakingorthatareongingForexample,"Theyareplayingsoccerrightnow."ContinuousForms:Verbsintheprogressivetimearecombinedusingthepresentparticle(-ing)formoftheverbForexample,"Iamwalkingtothestore."CompletionTime:ItisusedtodescribeactionsthatwerecompletedataspecifictimeinthepastorfutureForexample,"Iwillhavefinishedmyhomebytomorrow."PerfectForms:Verbsinthecompletiontimearecombinedusingthepastparticleformoftheverb,whichtypicallyendsin-edor-enForexample,"Shehaswalkedtothestore."ProgressiveandCompletionTimesPassivevoiceisagraphicalconstructioninwhichthesubjectofthepresenceisactedonbytheverbItisformedbyusingaformoftheverb"tobe"followedbythepastparticleofthemainverbPassivevoiceisoftenusedtoemphasizetheactionitselfcomparedtothedoeroftheaction,todeemphasizethedoer,orwhenthedoerisunknownorunimportant"TheballwasthrownbyJohn."(activevoice)vs."Theballwasthrown."(passivevoice)Inpassivevoice,thedoer(John)isnotmentioned,andthefocusisontheaction(theballbeingthrown)DefinitionUsageExampleTheCompositionandUsageofPassiveVoice04Nonfineverbs010204ThecompositionandusageofinfinitiesInfinitiesareverbformsthatfunctionasnouns,objections,oradvertisementsTheyarecomposedofthebaseformoftheverb(theimplicitstem)plustheimplicitmarker"to"Infinitiescanbeusedassubjects,objects,completion,oradvertisementsinasenseSomecommoninfinitiesinclude"tobe","tohave","todo","togo",etc03GerundareverbformsthatfunctionasnounsGerundcanbeidentifiedbytheirendingin"-ing"andtheirfunctionasanouninthepresenceTheyarecomposedofthepresentationparticleformoftheverb(the-ingform)andactasthesubject,object,orcompletionofasentenceSomecommongerundsinclude"walking","talking","reading","writing",etcTheCompositionandUsageofGerundsThecompositionandusageofparticles01Articlesareverbformsthatfunctionasadvisorsoradvisors02Therearetwotypesofparticles:presentparticlesandpastparticles03Presentparticlesareformedbyadding"-ing"tothebaseformoftheverbanddescribeanactionthatiscurrentlyhappeningorthatisonging04Pastparticlesarestylishlyformedbyadding"-ed"toregularverbsandcanvaryforirregularverbsTheydescribeanactionthathasbeencompletedorthatoccurredinthepast05AttributiveclausesandnonclausesRelativefollowerswhen,where,whyExample"ThebookthatIreadwasinteresting."/"Doyouknowthemanwholivesnextdoor?"Usagetomodifynounsorpronouns,providingadditionalinformationaboutthenounorpronounRelativepronounswho,who,who,who,that,whichThecompositionandusageofrelevantclausesThecompositionandusageofnounclausesPredictenounclausesactasthecompletionofasubjectorobjectObjectnounclausesactastheobjectofaverborpositionSubjectnounclausesactasthesubjectofthepresenceUsagetointroduceacompletethoughtorideaasthesubject,object,orcompletionofapresenceExamples"Whathesaidwastrue."/"Idon'tknowwherehelives."/"Thequestioniswhereweshouldgoornot."FunctionAttributiveclausesmodifynounsorpronouns,whilenounclausesfunctionassubjects,objects,orcompletionStructureAttributiveclausesbeginwithrelevantpronunciationsoradvertisementsandaredependentonthemainclauseNounclauses,ontheotherhand,areindependentclausesthatcanstandaloneascompletethoughtsPositionAttributiveclausesstylishlyfollowthenounorpronountheymodify,whilenounclausescanappearanywhereinasensedependingontheirfunctionThedifferencebetweenattributiveclausesandnonclauses06SubjunctivemoodandmodalverbsDefinition01Subjunctivemoodisaverbformthatexpresseswishes,hypotheses,orconditionscontemporarytofactComposition02Itistypicallycomposedofthesubjunctionformoftheverb,whichisoftencombineddifferentlyfromtheindicativemoodUsage03Subjunctivemoodisusedinsensesthatexpresswishes,hypotheses,orconditionscontemporarytofactForexample,"IfIwereyou,Iwouldgototheparty."TheCompositionandUsageofSubjunctiveMoodDefinitionModalverbsareauxiliaryverbsthatexpressmodularity,suchaslikelihood,probability,necessity,oroppositionCompositionModalverbsincludewordslike"can,""could,""may,""right,""must,""rightto,""shall,""should,""will,"and"would."UsageModalverbsareusedtoexpressdifferentdegreesofpossessionornecessityaboutanactionorstateForexample,"Youmaygonow"expressionspermission,while"Youmustfinishyourhome"expressionsoppositionTheCompositionandUsageofModalVerbsSubjunctivemoodexpressionswishes,hypotheses,orconditionscontrasttofact,whilemodalverbsexpressmodularitysuchaslikelihood,probability,necessity,oroppositionSubjunctivemoodtypologicallyrequiresaspecialverbform,whilemodalverbsareaseparatecategoryofauxiliaryverbsSubjunctivemoodisoftenusedincomplexsenseswithacontemporarytofactcondition,whilemodalverbsareusedmoregenerallytoexpressdifferentdegreesofpossessionornecessityaboutanactionorstateFunctionFormUsageThedifferencebetweensubjunctionmoodandmodalverbs07SummaryandOutlook010203PastperfecttenseWelearnedhowtousethepastperfecttensetoshowactionsthatwerecompletedbeforeanotheractioninthepastForexample,"Ihavefinishedmyhomebeforemyfriendcalledme."ModalverbsforproductionWeareexploringhowmodalve