八世贸组织中英单词对照

八世贸组织中英单词对照（补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionablesubsidy(纺织品与服装、农产品)一体化进程Integrationprocess（服务贸易）境外消费Consumptionabroad（服务贸易）跨境交付Crossbordersupply（服务贸易）商业存在Commercialpresence(服务贸易)自然人naturalperson(服务贸易)自然人流淌Presenceofnaturalperson(解决争端)被诉方Defendant（解决争端）调查结果Findings(解决争端)上诉Appeal(解决争端)申诉方Complaint(利益的)丧失和减损Nullificationandimpairment(农产品)国内支持Domesticsupport（农产品）综合支持量AMS(AggregateMeasurementofSupport)（农产品国内支持）黄箱措施AmberBoxmeasures（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施GreenBoxmeasures(农业)多功能性 Multifunctionality（欧盟）共同农业政策CommonAgriculturePolicy(争端解决)专家组Panel（知识产权）地理标识Geographicalindications《巴黎公约》(关于爱护工业知识产权的公约)ParisConvention《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）BaselConvention《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement)《濒危物种国际贸易公约》ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies《伯尔尼公约》（有关爱护文学和艺术作品版权的公约）BerneConvention《多种纤维协定》MFA(MultifibreAgreement)《纺织品与服装协议》ATC(AgreementonTextilesandClothing)《服务贸易总协定》GATS(GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices)《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes)《京都议定书》KyotoProtocol《里斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）LisbonAgreement《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关爱护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)MontrealProtocol《农产品协议》专门保证SSG(SpecialSafeguard)《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款Peaceclause《生物多样性公约》CBD(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity)《信息技术协议》ITA(InformationTechnologyAgreement)WTO最不发达国家高级不会议HLM(WTOHigh-levelMeetingforLDCs)北美自由贸易区NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)采取措施后Expost采取措施前Exante产品生命周期分析LCA(LifeCycleAnalysis)出口补贴Exportsubsidy出口实绩Exportperformance垂直兼并verticalmerger当地含量Localcontent电子商务ElectronicCommerce东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA(CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica)东盟自由贸易区ASEANFreeTradeArea动植物卫生检疫措施SPS(SanitaryandPhytosanitaryStandard)反补贴税Countervailingduty反倾销措施anti-dumpingmeasuresagainst…反向通知Counter-notification非配额产品quota-freeproducts非生产性投资investmentinnon-productiveprojects非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP(African,CaribbeanandPacificGroup)风险治理/评估riskmanagement/assessment关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)规避Circumvention国际标准化组织ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)国际纺织品服装局ITCB(InternationalTextileandClothingBureau)国际货币基金组织IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)国际劳工组织ILO(InternationalLaborOrganization)国际贸易中心ITC(InternationalTradeCenter)国际贸易组织ITO(InternationalTradeOrganization)国际贸易组织临时委员会ICITO(InterimCommissionfortheInternationalTradeOrganization)国际清算internationalsettlement国际收支balanceofinternationalpayments/balanceofpayment国际收支条款BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions国际兽疫组织InternationalOfficeofEpizootics国民待遇Nationaltreatment国内补贴Domesticsubsidy国内生产Domesticproduction海关估价Customsvaluation海关完税价值Customsvalue横向兼并horizontalmerger环保型技术EST(Environmentally-soundtechnology)灰色区域措施Greyareameasures货币留成制度Currencyretentionscheme货币贸易理事会CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)基础税率Basetarifflevel既定日程Built-inagenda交叉报复Crossretaliation进口差价税Importvariableduties进口附加税Importsurcharge进口环节税importlinkagetax进口渗透Importpenetration进口替代Importsubstitution进口许可Importlicensing进口押金Importdeposits经济合作与进展组织OECD(OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment)垃圾融资junkfinancing联合国环境署UNEP(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram)联合国开发打算署UNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram)联合国粮农组织FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedStates)联合国贸易与进展会议UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)粮食安全Foodsecurity慢性萧条chronicdepression贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF(TradeandInvestmentLiberalizationandFacilitation)贸易与进展委员会CommitteeonTradeandDevelopment贸易与环境委员会CommitteeonTradeandEnvironment模式Modalities南方共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）MERCOSUR(SouthernCommonMarket)南亚区域合作联盟SAARC(SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalcooperation)欧洲自由贸易联盟EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)配额调整条款modulationofquotaclause瓶颈制约'bottleneck'restrictions全球配额globalquota上诉机构Appealbody申报制度reportingsystem;incomedeclarationsystem生产补贴Productionsubsidy实行国民待遇grantthenationaltreatmentto实质损害Materialinjury食品法典委员会CAC(CodexAlimentariesCommission)世界海关组织WCO(WorldCustomsOrganization)世界贸易组织WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)市场准人的行政治理措施AAMA(AdministrativeAspectsofMarketAccess)市场准入Marketaccess通知义务Notificationobligation同类产品Likeproduct乌拉圭回合UruguayRound消费膨胀inflatedconsumption和谐制度（商品名称及编码和谐制度）HS(HarmonizedCommodityandCodingSystem)新议题Newissues许可费 Licensefee有秩序的市场安排Orderlymarketarrangements约束水平Boundlevel争端解决机构DisputeSettlementBody政府采购Governmentprocurement直截了当支付Directpayment诸边协议Plurilateralagreement专门的营销机构Marketboards转基因生物GMOs(GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms)祖父条款grandfatherclause最不发达国家LDCs(Least-developedcountries)最初谈判权(初谈权)INRs(InitialNegotiatingRights)最惠国待遇（现通常称'正常贸易关系'）MFN（most-favored-nation)treatment最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MFN(Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)

WTO术语英文讲明GeneralGATT—GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichhasbeensupersededasaninternationalorganizationbytheWTO.AnupdatedGeneralAgreementisnowoneoftheWTO’sagreements.GATT1947—Theold(pre-1994)versionoftheGATT.GATT1994—ThenewversionoftheGeneralAgreement,incorporatedintotheWTO,whichgovernstradeingoods.Members—WTOgovernments(firstlettercapitalized,inWTOstyle).TPRB,TPRM—TheTradePolicyReviewBodyisGeneralCounciloperatingunderspecialproceduresformeetingstoreviewtradepoliciesandpracticesofindividualWTOmembersundertheTrade

PolicyReviewMechanism.transparency—Degreetowhichtradepoliciesandpractices,andtheprocessbywhichtheyareestablished,areopenandpredictable.UruguayRound—MultilateraltradenegotiationslaunchedatPuntadelEste,UruguayinSeptember1986andconcludedinGenevainDecember1993.SignedbyMinistersinMarrakesh,Tariffsbinding,bound—see“tariffbinding”free-rider—Acasualtermusedtoinferthatacountrywhichdoesnotmakeanytradeconcessions,profits,nonetheless,fromtariffcutsandconcessionsmadebyothercountriesinnegotiationsunderthemost-favoured-nationprinciple.HarmonizedSystem—AninternationalnomenclaturedevelopedbytheWorldCustomsOrganization,whichisarrangedinsixdigitcodesallowingallparticipatingcountriestoclassifytradedgoodsonacommonbasis.Beyondthesixdigitlevel,countriesarefreetointroducenationaldistinctionsfortariffsandmanyotherpurposes.ITA—InformationTechnologyAgreement,orformallytheMinisterial-DeclarationonTradeinInformationTechnologyProducts,underwhichparticipantswillremovetariffsonITproductsbytheyear2000.ITAII—NegotiationsaimedatexpandingITA’sproductcoverage.nuisancetariff—Tariffsolowthatitcoststhegovernmentmoretocollectitthantherevenueitgenerates.scheduleofconcessions—Listofboundtariffrates.tariffbinding—Commitmentnottoincreasearateofdutybeyondanagreedlevel.Oncearateofdutyisbound,itmaynotberaisedwithoutcompensatingtheaffectedparties.tariffescalation—Higherimportdutiesonsemi-processedproductsthanonrawmaterials,andhigherstillonfinishedproducts.Thispracticeprotectsdomesticprocessingindustriesanddiscouragesthedevelopmentofprocessingactivityinthecountrieswhererawmaterialsoriginate.tariffpeaks—Relativelyhightariffs,usuallyon“sensitive”products,amidstgenerallylowtarifflevels.Forindustrializedcountries,tariffsof15%andabovearegenerallyrecognizedas“tariffpeaks”.tariffs—Customsdutiesonmerchandiseimports.Leviedeitheronanadvalorembasis(percentageofvalue)oronaspecificbasis(e.g.$7per100kgs.).Tariffsgivepriceadvantagetosimilarlocally-producedgoodsandraiserevenuesforthegovernment.WCO—WorldCustomsOrganization,amultilateralbodylocatedinBrusselsthroughwhichparticipatingcountriesseektosimplifyandrationalizecustomsprocedures.Non-tariffmeasuresanti-dumpingduties—ArticleVIoftheGATT1994permitstheimpositionofanti-dumpingdutiesagainstdumpedgoods,equaltothedifferencebetweentheirexportpriceandtheirnormalvalue,ifdumpingcausesinjurytoproducersofcompetingproductsintheimportingcountry.circumvention—Measurestakenbyexporterstoevadeanti-dumpingorcountervailingduties.countervailingmeasures—Actiontakenbytheimportingcountry,usuallyintheformofincreaseddutiestooffsetsubsidiesgiventoproducersorexportersintheexportingcountry.dumping—Occurswhengoodsareexportedatapricelessthantheirnormalvalue,generallymeaningtheyareexportedforlessthantheyaresoldinthedomesticmarketorthird-countrymarkets,oratlessthanproductioncost.NTMs—Non-tariffmeasuressuchasquotas,importlicensingsystems,sanitaryregulations,prohibitions,etc.priceundertaking—Undertakingbyanexportertoraisetheexportpriceoftheproducttoavoidthepossibilityofananti-dumpingduty.PSI—Preshipmentinspection—thepracticeofemployingspecializedprivatecompaniestocheckshipmentdetailsofgoodsorderedoverseas—i.e.price,quantity,quality,etc.QRs—Quantitativerestrictions—specificlimitsonthequantityorvalueofgoodsthatcanbeimported(orexported)duringaspecifictimeperiod.rulesoforigin—Laws,regulationsandadministrativeprocedureswhichdetermineaproduct’scountryoforigin.Adecisionbyacustomsauthorityonorigincandeterminewhetherashipmentfallswithinaquotalimitation,qualifiesforatariffpreferenceorisaffectedbyananti-dumpingduty.Theserulescanvaryfromcountrytocountry.safeguardmeasures—Actiontakentoprotectaspecificindustryfromanunexpectedbuild-upof

imports—governedbyArticleXIXoftheGATT1994.subsidy—Therearetwogeneraltypesofsubsidies:exportanddomestic.Anexportsubsidyisabenefitconferredonafirmbythegovernmentthatiscontingentonexports.Adomesticsubsidyisabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtoexports.tariffication—Proceduresrelatingtotheagriculturalmarket-accessprovisioninwhichallnon-tariffmeasuresareconvertedintotariffs.tradefacilitation—Removingobstaclestothemovementofgoodsacrossborders(e.g.simplificationofcustomsprocedures).VRA,VER,OMA—Voluntaryrestraintarrangement,voluntaryexportrestraint,orderlymarketingarrangement.Bilateralarrangementswherebyanexportingcountry(governmentorindustry)agreestoreduceorrestrictexportswithouttheimportingcountryhavingtomakeuseofquotas,tariffsorotherimportcontrols.TextilesandclothingATC—TheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichintegratestradeinthissectorbacktoGATTruleswithinaten-yearperiod.carryforward—Whenanexportingcountryusespartofthefollowingyear’squotaduringthecurrentyear.carryover—Whenanexportingcountryutilizesthepreviousyear’sunutilizedquota.circumvention—Avoidingquotasandotherrestrictionsbyalteringthecountryoforiginofaproduct.CTG—CouncilforTradeinGoods—overseesWTOagreementsongoods,includingtheATC.integrationprogramme—ThephasingoutofMFArestrictionsinfourstagesstartingon1January

1995andendingon1January2005.ITCB—InternationalTextilesandClothingBureau—Geneva-basedgroupofsome20developingcountryexportersoftextilesandclothing.MFA—MultifibreArrangement(1974-94)underwhichcountrieswhosemarketsaredisruptedbyincreasedimportsoftextilesandclothingfromanothercountrywereabletonegotiatequotarestrictions.swing—Whenanexportingcountrytransferspartofaquotafromoneproducttoanotherrestrainedproduct.TMB—TheTextilesMonitoringBody,consistingofachairmanplustenmembersactinginapersonalcapacity,overseestheimplementationofATCcommitments.transitionalsafeguardmechanism—Allowsmemberstoimposerestrictionsagainstindividualexportingcountriesiftheimportingcountrycanshowthatbothoverallimportsofaproductandimportsfromtheindividualcountriesareenteringthecountryinsuchincreasedquantitiesasto

cause—orthreaten—seriousdamagetotherelevantdomesticindustry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda2000—EC’sfinancialreformplansfor2000–06aimedatstrengtheningtheunionwithaviewtoreceivingnewmembers.IncludesreformoftheCAP(seebelow).borderprotection—Anymeasurewhichactstorestrainimportsatpointofentry.BSE—Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,or“madcowdisease”.box—Categoryofdomesticsupport.—Greenbox:supportsconsiderednottodistorttradeandthereforepermittedwithnolimits.—Bluebox:permittedsupportslinkedtoproduction,butsubjecttoproductionlimitsandthereforeminimallytrade-distorting.—Amberbox:supportsconsideredtodistorttradeandthereforesubjecttoreductioncommitments.CairnsGroup—Groupofagriculturalexportingnationslobbyingforagriculturaltradeliberalization.Itwasformedin1986inCairns,CAP—CommonAgriculturalPolicy—TheEU’scomprehensivesystemofproductiontargetsandmarketingmechanismsdesignedtomanageagriculturaltradewithintheEUandwiththerestoftheworld.CodexAlimentarius—FAO/WHOcommissionthatdealswithinternationalstandardsonfoodsafety.distortion—Whenpricesandproductionarehigherorlowerthanlevelsthatwouldusuallyexistinacompetitivemarket.deficiencypayment—Paidbygovernmentstoproducersofcertaincommoditiesandbasedonthedifferencebetweenatargetpriceandthedomesticmarketpriceorloanrate,whicheveristheless.EEP—Exportenhancementprogramme—programmeofUSexportsubsidiesgivengenerallytocompetewithsubsidizedagriculturalexportsfromtheEUoncertainexportmarkets.foodsecurity—Conceptwhichdiscouragesopeningthedomesticmarkettoforeignagriculturalproductsontheprinciplethatacountrymustbeasself-sufficientaspossibleforitsbasicdietaryernalsupport—Encompassesanymeasurewhichactstomaintainproducerpricesatlevelsabovethoseprevailingininternationaltrade;directpaymentstoproducers,includingdeficiencypayments,andinputandmarketingcostreductionmeasuresavailableonlyforagriculturalproduction.InternationalOfficeofEpizootics—Dealswithinternationalstandardsconcerninganimalhealth.multifunctionality—Ideathatagriculturehasmanyfunctionsinadditiontoproducingfoodandfibre,e.g.environmentalprotection,landscapepreservation,ruralemployment,etc.Seenon-tradeconcerns.non-tradeconcerns—Similartomultifunctionality.ThepreambleoftheAgricultureAgreementspecifiesfoodsecurityandenvironmentalprotectionasexamples.Alsocitedbymembersareruraldevelopmentandemployment,andpovertyalleviation.peaceclause—ProvisioninArticle13oftheAgricultureAgreementsaysagriculturalsubsidiescommittedundertheagreementcannotbechallengedunderotherWTOagreements,inparticulartheSubsidiesAgreementandGATT.Expiresattheendof2003.reformprocess/program—TheUruguayRoundAgricultureAgreementstartsareformprocess.Itsetsoutafirststep,intheprocess,i.e.aprogramforreducingsubsidiesandprotectionandotherreforms.CurrentnegotiationslaunchedunderArticle20areforcontinuingthereformprocess.SPSregulations—SanitaryandPhytosanitaryregulations—governmentstandardstoprotecthuman,animalandplantlifeandhealth,tohelpensurethatfoodissafeforconsumption.variablelevy—Customsdutyratewhichvariesinresponsetodomesticpricecriterion.BerneConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionoftherightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks.CBD—ConventiononBiologicalDpulsorylicensing—Forpatents:whentheauthoritieslicensecompaniesorindividualsotherthanthepatentownertousetherightsofthepatent—tomake,use,sellorimportaproductunderpatent(i.e.apatentedproductoraproductmadebyapatentedprocess)—withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.AllowedundertheTRIPSAgreementprovidedcertainproceduresandconditionsarefulfilled.Seealsogovernmentuse.counterfeit—Unauthorizedrepresentationofaregisteredtrademarkcarriedongoodsidenticalorsimilartogoodsforwhichthetrademarkisregistered,withaviewtodeceivingthepurchaserintobelievingthathe/sheisbuyingtheoriginalgoods.geographicalindications—Placenames(orwordsassociatedwithaplace)usedtoidentifyproducts(forexample,“Champagne”,“Tequila”or“Roquefort”)whichhaveaparticularquality,reputationorothercharacteristicbecausetheycomefromthatplacegovernmentuse—Forpatents:whenthegovernmentitselfusesorauthorizesotherpersonstousetherightsoverapatentedproductorprocess,forgovernmentpurposes,withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.Seealsocompulsorylicensing.LisbonAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofgeographicalindicationsandtheirinternationalregistration.MadridAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortherepressionoffalseordeceptiveindicationsofsourceongoods.mailbox—ReferstotherequirementoftheTRIPSAgreementapplyingtoWTOmemberswhichdonotyetprovideproductpatentprotectionforpharmaceuticalsandforagriculturalchemicals.Since1January1995,whentheWTOagreementsenteredintoforce,thesecountrieshavetoestablishameansbywhichapplicationsofpatentsfortheseproductscanbefiled.(Anadditionalrequirementsaystheymustalsoputinplaceasystemforgranting“exclusivemarketingrights”fortheproductswhosepatentapplicationshavebeenfiled.)RomeConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,UNESCOandILO,fortheprotectionoftheworksofperformers,broadcastingorganizationsandproducersofphonograms.UPOV—InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlantsInvestmentexport-performancemeasure—Requirementthatacertainquantityofproductionmustbeexported.FDI—Foreigndirectinvestment.local-contentmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestorpurchaseacertainamountoflocalmaterialsforincorporationintheinvestor’sduct-mandating—Requirementthattheinvestorexporttocertaincountriesorregion.trade-balancingmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestoruseearningsfromexportstopayforimports.TRIMS—Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures.DisputesettlementAppellateBody—Anindependentseven-personbodythat,uponrequestbyoneormorepartiestothedispute,reviewsfindingsinpanelreports.automaticity—The“automatic”chronologicalprogressionforsettlingtradedisputesinregardtopanelestablishment,termsofreference,compositionandadoptionprocedures.DSB—DisputeSettlementBody—whentheWTOGeneralCouncilmeetstosettletradedisputes.DSU—TheUruguayRoundUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes.nullificationandimpairment—Damagetoacountry’sbenefitsandexpectationsfromitsWTOmembershipthroughanothercountry’schangeinitstraderegimeorfailuretocarryoutitsWTO

obligations.panel—Consistingofthreeexperts,thisindependentbodyisestablishedbytheDSBtoexamineandissuerecommendationsonaparticulardisputeinthelightofWTOprovisions.Servicescommercialpresence—Havinganoffice,branch,orsubsidiaryinaforeigncountry.GATS—TheWTO’sGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices.generalobligations—Obligationswhichshouldbeappliedtoallservicessectorattheentryintoforceoftheagreement.Initialcommitments—Tradeliberalizingcommitmentsinserviceswhichmembersarepreparedtomakeearlyon.modesofdelivery—Howinternationaltradeinservicesissuppliedandconsumed.Mode1:crossbordersupply;mode2:consumptionabroad;mode3:foreigncommercialpresence;andmode4:movementofnaturalpersons.multi-modal—Transportationusingmorethanonemode.IntheGATSnegotiations,essentiallydoor-to-doorservicesthatincludeinternationalshipping.nationalschedules—TheequivalentoftariffschedulesinGATT,layingdownthecommitments

accepted—voluntarilyorthroughnegotiation—byWTOmembers.naturalpersons—People,asdistinctfromjuridicalpersonssuchascompaniesandorganizations.offer—Acountry’sproposalforfurthertocols—AdditionalagreementsattachedtotheGATS.TheSecondProtocoldealswiththe1995commitmentsonfinancialservices.TheThirdProtocoldealswithmovementofnaturalpersons.prudence,prudential—Infinancialservices,termsusedtodescribeanobjectiveofmarketregulationbyauthoritiestoprotectinvestorsanddepositors,toavoidinstabilityorcrises.schedule—“ScheduleofSpecificCommitments”—AWTOmember’slistofcommitmentsregardingmarketaccessandbindingsregardingnationaltreatment.specificcommitments—See“schedule”.Regionalism/tradeanddevelopmentACP—African,CaribbeanandPacificcountries.Groupof71countrieswithpreferentialtradingrelationwiththeEUundertheformerLom?TreatynowcalledtheCotonouAgreement.AndeanCommunity—Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,PeruandVenezuela.APEC—AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationforum.ASEAN—AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ThesevenASEANmembersoftheWTO—Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand—oftenspeakintheWTOasonegroupongeneralissues.TheotherASEANmembersareLaosandVietnam.Caricom—TheCaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarketcomprises15countries.CTD—TheWTOCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentCustomsunion—Membersapplyacommonexternaltariff(e.g.theEC).EC—EuropeanCommunities(officialnameoftheEuropeanUnionintheWTO).EFTA—EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation.freetradearea—Tradewithinthegroupisdutyfreebutmemberssetowntariffsonimportsfromnon-members(e.g.NAFTA).G15—Groupof15developingcountriesactingasthemainpoliticalorganforthe