汽机培训教材1201

汽机培训教材12012024/3/29汽机培训教材1201f）抗燃油或透平油油质不合格，油温低于正常（油系统充满油后）；g）保温不完整；h）主要仪表（如轴向位移，相对膨胀，转速表及重要金属温度表，主蒸汽压力和温度表等）失灵时；i）汽缸调节级区域上下缸温度超过50℃；k)汽轮机真空不能保持0.067MPa时。 EHoilorturbineoilisnotqualified,andoiltemperatureisabnormal(afteroilsystemisfullofoil);Insulationisnotcomplete;Maininstruments(suchasaxialdisplacement,relativeexpansion,tachometerandimportantmetalthermometer,mainsteampressurecondenservacuummeterandthermometer)hasfailure;Theupperandthelowercasingstemperatureofturbinegoverningstageareaexceeds50℃.Vacuumofturbinecannotkeepat0.067MPa.汽机培训教材12011.2启动前的准备工作1.2Preparationbeforeturbinestartup:

a）检查油系统，油箱、油管道、冷油器不漏油，油箱油位正常，油箱和冷油器放油门关严，冷油器进、出口油门处于开启位置，交流、直流电动润滑油泵入口门开启，出口门开启；b）电动主闸门及其旁路门处于关闭位置；c）自动主汽门、调速汽门处于关闭位置；d）管道和汽缸本体疏水阀处于开启位置；e）各抽汽管道逆止门处于关闭位置；Checkwhetheroilsystem,oiltank,oilpipesandoilcoolerleak,oillevelisnormal,outletvalveofoiltankandoilcoolerclosestightly,inletandoutletoilvalveofoilcoolerisinopenposition,inletvalveandoutletvalveofACandDCelectriclubeoilpumpareopen.Electricmainstopvalveandotherbypassvalvesareinclosedposition;Automainstopvalveandspeedgoverningvalveareinclosedposition;Drainvalvesofpipeandcasingproperareinopenposition;Eachbleedsteampipecheckvalveisinclosedposition;汽机培训教材1201f）轴承进油温度不低于35℃；g）抗燃油源各阀门状态正确，油温升至20℃以上，抗燃油系统压力调至14MPa。Inletoiltemperatureofbearingisnolessthan35℃；Valvesoffire-proofoilsourceareinrightstate,oiltemperaturerisesabove20℃,andthefire-proofoilsystempressureisadjustedto14MPa.汽机培训教材12011.3锅炉点火前的操作a）投入发电机冷却系统；b）启动排烟装置；c）启动交流润滑油泵，使润滑油系统开始循环；d）油循环进行10min后，启动高压油泵；e）按顶轴装置说明书投入顶轴装置。检查各轴承顶轴油压正常，然后投盘车装置，测量大轴晃动度，倾听机组内部声音；f）油系统的结构和参数检查必须严格，否则要造成严重事故；1.3Preparationbeforeboilerignition:Putgeneratorcoolingsystemintooperation;Startupsmokeventingdevice;StartupAClubeoilpumptomakelubeoilsystembegantocirculate;Afteroilcirculationismaintainedfor10minutes,startupHPoilpump;Startupjackingoilpump.Checkwhetherjackingoilpressureofeachbearingisnormal,andthenputturninggearintooperation,measureshakingdegreeofmainshaftandlistentoinnerpartofunit;Strictlycheckstructureandparametersofoilsystem,oritmaycauseseriousaccident;汽机培训教材1201g）检查保护系统正常；h）启动一台凝结水泵，开启再循环门；i）启动水环真空泵抽真空；j）冷凝器压力抽至75KPa(a)时，锅炉点火。Checkwhetherprotectingsystemisnormal;Startuponecondensatepumpandopenrecirculationvalve;Startupwaterringtypevacuumpumptovacuate;Whenthepressureincondenseris75KPa(a),igniteboiler.1.4锅炉点火后的操作a）启动一台给水泵；b）当主蒸汽压力达0.98MPa，温度达250℃时向轴封送汽。送汽压力0.11～0.127Mpa.温度150℃1.4

Preparationafterboilerignition:Startuponefeedwaterpump;Whenmainsteampressurereaches0.98MPa,andtemperaturereaches250℃,sendsteamtoglandseal.Steamconveyingpressureis0.11～0.127Mpaandtemperatureis150℃.汽机培训教材12011.5冷态启动冲转条件a）主蒸汽压力0.98MPa，主蒸汽温度250℃；b）油温40℃，到45℃间，润滑油压在0.098±0.0196MPa间，调节油压在：抗燃油为14.8MPa,透平油为1.96±0.1MPa间；c）冷凝器压力在45-50kPa间；d）盘车运行正常，连续盘车时间不小于2h；e）大轴晃动值不超过原始晃动值0.02mm。1.5RollingconditionsforColdstatestartupoperationofturbine:1)Mainsteampressureis0.98MPa,andmainsteamtemperatureis250℃;2)Oiltemperatureisbetween40and45℃,lubricationoilpressureisbetween0.098±0.0196MPa,governingoilpressure:fire-resistantoilis14.8MPa,turbineoilisbetween1.96±0.1MPa;3)Condenserpressureisbetween45-50kPa;4)Turninggearisnormal,andcontinuousturninggeartimeshouldnotbelessthan2hours;5)vibrationvalueofmainshaftshouldnotexceed0.02mmoftheoriginalvalue.汽机培训教材12011.6冲转、升速、暖机、定速Rolling,speedup,warming-up,constantspeed1.6.1冲转前投入主机保护装置。1.6.2投入排汽缸喷水。1.6.3通过DEH，开启电动主闸门、自动主汽门，逐渐开启调速汽门，以每分钟100r/min的升速率升速到500r/min，其中当200r/min时停顶轴装置，低速暖机5min，进行检查和听音，低速暖机结束后，DEH以每分钟100r/min的升速率提升转速到1500r/min，中速暖机约20min，继续以每分钟100r/min升速率升到3000r/min，定速。通过临界转速时升速率应在每分钟300r/min～600r/min（可调），通过临界转速时轴承盖振动不超过0.10mm（全轴系中各转子在弹性支承下的临界转速：高压1753r/min低压1592r/min发电机转子976r/min）。1.6.1Putmainmachineprotectingdeviceintooperationbeforerolling.1.6.2Putexhaustcasingspraywaterintooperation.1.6.3ByDEH,openelectricmaingate,automaticmainthrottlevalve,slowlyopenspeedgoverningvalve,thespeedwillriseto500r/minattherisingrateof100r/min.Whenthespeedis200r/min,theheadshaftgearshallbestoptowarmupatlowspeedfor5min,thenmakeexaminationandcheckifthereisanysound.Afterwarmingup,therotatingspeedofDEHwillriseto1500r/minattherisingrateof100r/min,thenwarmingupathighspeedforabout20min,finally,therotatingspeedofDEHwillriseto3000r/minattherisingrateof100r/min,thenmaintainingthisrotatingspeed.Whenincriticalrotatingspeed,therisingrateshallbefrom300r/minto600r/min(adjustable),thedegreeofvibrationofbearingcapshallnotbemorethan0.10mm(thecriticalrotatingspeedofeachrotorunderelasticsupportis:1753r/minathighpressure,1592r/minatlowpressure,therotatingspeedofgeneratorrotoris976r/min).汽机培训教材12011.6.4机组定速后，进行全面检查，确信一切正常，可按调节保安系统试验要求进行各有关项目的试验，试验合格后，机组可并列及带负荷。2.6.4Aftertherotatingspeedismaintained,completeinspectionshallbecarriedouttoensuretheturbosetisnormal.Ifnecessary,allratedtestsaccordingtorequirementsfortestingadjustingandgoverningsystem,afterpassingthetest,theturbosetcanbeconnectedwithelectricnetworkandoperatedwithload.1.7并列与带负荷Connectingwithelectricnetworkandoperatingwithload

1.7.1并入电网后，保持锅炉汽压不变，用开大调速汽门增加负荷，直到全开，先接带5MW左右的初始负荷，然后锅炉按滑参数冷态启动曲线（见图1）升压升温负荷随之增加，具体过程如下：1.7.1Afterconnectingwithelectricnetwork,maintaintheboilerpressure,thenincreasetheloadbyslowlyopeningthespeedregulatingvalveuntilitiscompletelyopen.First,operatingwithinitialloadofabout5MW,thenraiseboththepressureandtemperatureaccordingtothecurveofparametersforcoldstart(seeFigure1),theloadwillbeincreased,theprocedureindetailisasfollow:0MW→10MW： 20min10MW暖机warmingup： 40min10MW→40MW： 60min40MW暖机warmingup： 60min40MW→100MW： 80min汽机培训教材12011.7.2并列、带负荷阶段与冲动、升速阶段一样都是在DEH系统控制之下进行。1.7.2Asthephaseofrotatingandspeedingup,thephaseofconnectingwithelectricnetworkandoperatingwithloadiscontrolledbyDEHsystem.1.8升速和加负荷过程中注意事项1.8Notesduringspeedingupandoperatingwithload

a）在升速或加负荷过程中，如出现异常振动，应稍降转速或减负荷，找出原因，消除振动，并在此转速或负荷下稳定运行一段时间，再继续升速或加负荷；a)Duringspeedingupandoperatingwithload,ifthereisanyabnormality,therotatingspeedshallbesloweddownalittleortheoperatingloadshallbedecreasedslightlytodiagnosecausesandeliminateundesiredvibration,makestablyrunningatthisrotatingspeedandloadforacertainperiodoftime,thenspeedinguporincreasingloadcontinuously;b)机组冷态启动时，应记录好各暖机转速和负荷下的高压内缸下半调节级处金属温度以作为机组停机后再次启动时的依据；b)Duringcoldstartofturboset,therotatingspeedforeachtimeofwarmingupandthemetaltemperatureatthelowergoverningregioninsidethehighpressurecasingshallbewrittendown,汽机培训教材1201c)升速和加负荷过程中应控制下列上限值：c)Duringspeedingupandincreasingload,thefollowingupperlimitvaluesshallbecontrolled:主蒸汽温升率2.5℃/minTherisingrateofmainsteamtemperatureshallnotbemorethan2.5℃/min.主蒸汽管管壁温升率7℃/minTherisingrateoftemperatureatwallofmainsteampipeshallnotbemorethan7℃/min.高压主汽门、调速汽门阀壁温升率5℃/minTherisingrateoftemperatureatthewallofhighpressuremainthrottlevalveandspeedregulatingthrottlevalveshallnotbemorethan5℃/min.汽缸及法兰金属温升率2.5℃/minTherisingrateofmetaltemperatureofcasingandflangeshallnotbemorethan2.5℃/min.上下缸温差不大于50℃Thetemperaturedifferencebetweenupperandlowercasingsshallnotbemorethan50℃.汽机培训教材1201法兰左、右温差15℃Thetemperaturedifferencebetweentheleftandrightsideofflangeshallnotbemorethan15℃.法兰上、下温差20℃Thetemperaturedifferencebetweentheupanddownsideofflangeshallnotbemorethan20℃汽缸及法兰内、外壁80℃Thetemperaturedifferencebetweentheinsideandoutsideofcasingandflangeshallnotbemorethan80℃汽缸与法兰80℃Thetemperatureofcasingandflangeshallnotbemorethan80℃.外缸法兰中壁与螺栓50℃Thetemperatureatthemiddleofflangeoutsidethecasingandthatofboltshallnotbemorethan50℃.高压缸相对膨胀不得超过+4.0～-2mmTherelativeexpansionofhighpressurecasingshallnotbemorethan+4.0～-2mm低压缸相对膨胀不得超过+7.0～-4.0mm。Therelativeexpansionoflowpressurecasingshallnotbemorethan+7.0～-4.0mm汽机培训教材12012.运行中的维护及检查2.Maintenanceandcheckinoperating2.1上述1.8、c）中的控制值在运行中都要遵守，以下还有一些运行中控制指标。2.1Theupperlimitvalueslistedinabovesection1.8.c）shallbefollowedduringrunning,besides,therearealsosomeparameterslistedasfollowstobecontrolled.2.2机组的额定参数2.2Nominalparametersofturboset主蒸汽压力：8.83MPaMainsteampressure：8.83MPa主蒸汽温度：535℃ Mainsteamtemperature：535℃2.3参数在下列情况下仍可保持额定功率长期运行2.3Theturbosetcanberunningwithnormalparametersforalongtimeincaseoffollowingsituationsa)排汽压力0.0079Mpa，新汽压力8.34～9.42MPa，温度525～545℃范围内，且两者可同时变化；a)Theexhaustpressureis0.0079Mpa,thefreshsteampressureis8.34～9.42MPa,thetemperatureis525～545℃,furthermore,thefreshsteampressureandtemperaturecanbechangedsimultaneously;b)新蒸汽参数不低于额定值，排汽压力不大于0.035MPa。b)Theparametersoffreshsteamisnotlessthannominalparameters,theexhaustpressureisnotmorethan0.035MPa.汽机培训教材12012.4汽轮机允许短期运行之最高新蒸汽参数为9.42MPa及545℃但此两极限值不能同时出现，且在任何一个极限值下连续运行时间不得超过30min，全年累计运行时间不得超过20h。2.5主蒸汽低于512℃时，应减负荷运行，汽温降到502℃时，将电动主闸门前的疏水门打开，降到492℃开始疏水，温度降到452℃时，负荷减到零，如汽温继续下降到432℃仍不能恢复时，应打闸停机。2.4Themaximumparametersforshortperiodtimeofrunningforturbosetis9.42MPaand545℃,however,thetwoupperlimitvaluescannotbemaintainedatthesametime,furthermore,therunningtimeofturbosetateachupperlimitvalueshallnotbemorethan20h.2.5Ifthemainsteamtemperatureislowerthan512℃,theoperatingloadshallbedecreased.Whenthesteamtemperatureisdownto502℃,openthedrainingvalveinstalledbeforetheelectricmaingate.Onlythesteamtemperatureisdownto492℃canthedischargingbecarriedout.Whenthetemperatureisdownto452℃,theoperatingloadwillbereducedtozero.Iftheparametersstillcannotberecoveredtonormalvaluesevenwhenthesteamtemperatureisreducedto432℃,thegateshallbeclosedandtheturbosetshallbestopped.汽机培训教材12012.6新蒸汽参数变化低于允许变化范围的低限值时，应设法尽快恢复到正常值，如短时间不能恢复时，可根据下列原则减负荷：2.6Whentheparametersoffreshsteamarelowerthanthelowerlimitvalueofallowablerange,measuresshallbetakentotrytorecoverthenormalvalues.Iftheycannotberecoveredinshortperiodoftime,theoperatingloadshallbereducedaccordingtofollowingguides:各监视段压力不超过表1中数值；Thepressureateachmonitoringphaseshallnotbemorethanthatlistedintable1;表1Table1汽机培训教材1201级段号Numberofstages调节级后Aftergoverningstage5级后After5thstage8级后After8thstage11级后After11thstage14级后After14thstage16级后After16thstage19/24级后After19th/24thstage允许最大压力MPaAllowablemaximumpressure/MPa7.03.652.011.120.520.250.08汽机培训教材1201b)轴向位移及止推轴承回油温度不得超过正常运行时最大工况下的相应数值；b)Theaxialdisplacementandscavengeoiltemperatureofthrustbearingshallnotbemorethancorrespondingvaluesincaseofnormalrunningatmostseriousoperatingsituation;c)机组不出现其它异常情况。c)Thereisnoabnormalityinturboset.2.7机组在80%-100%额定负荷(TMCR)下运行时，当冷凝器压力升高到18.6KPa时，汽轮机应先减负荷，恢复真空。压力升高到20KPa时，发出警报信号。当压力继续升高到21KPa时，打闸停机。低于80%(TMCR)额定负荷时的背压控制设定值见“背压限制保护曲线”。2.7Whentheturbosetisrunningat80%-100%(TMCR)ofratedload,andthecondenserpressurerisesto18.6KPa,theoperatingloadshallbefirstreducedthenrecoveredtovacuum.Whenthepressurerisesto20KPa,anwarningsignalwillbesentout.Ifthepressurecontinuestoriseto21KPa,thegateshallbeclosedandtheturbosetshallbestopped.Iftheturbosetisrunningatlowerthan80%(TMCR)ofratedload,thesettingvaluesofbackingpressurecanreferto“Curveofcontrolledandprotectedbackingpressure”.汽机培训教材12012.8排汽缸温度在空负荷时不得超过120℃，满负荷时不得超过80℃。2.8Thetemperatureinsidethecasingincaseofno-loadshallnotbemorethan120℃,andthatincaseoffullloadshallnotbemorethan80℃.2.9机组在3000r/min下运行，振动一般不超过0.05mm，在中速时不得超过0.04mm2.9Whentheturbosetisrunningattherotatingspeedof3000r/min,thedegreeofvibrationshallnotbemorethan0.05mm.Whentheturbosetisrunningatmediumspeed,thedegreeofvibrationshallnotbemorethan0.04mm.2.10在80～100%MCR负荷运行时，蒸汽参数正常，关闭主抽汽器后，派汽装置的真空下降速度不许超过每分钟0.27×103Pa。2.10Whentheturbosetisrunningat80～100%MCRload,theparametersofsteamshallbenormal.Ifthemainsteamextractorisclosed,theloweringspeedofvacuumdegreeinsteamexhaustshallnotbemorethan0.27×103Pa/min.2.11推力盘紧靠工作瓦时定为轴向位移的零位，当轴向位移达+0.8mm时发出报警信号，+1.0mm时停机，-1.0mm时报警，-1.2mm时停机。2.11Theaxialdisplacementisnamedzeropositionwhenthrustdiscisveyneartheworkingpad.Whentheaxialdisplacementofthrustdiscisupto+0.8mm,awarningsignalwillbesentout;whenthatisupto+1.0mm,theturbosetwillbestopped;whenthatis-1.0mm,therewillbeawarning;whenthatis-1.2mm,theturbosetwillbestopped.汽机培训教材12012.12高压缸相对膨胀达+3.5mm报警，-1.5mm报警；低压缸相对膨胀达+6mm报警，-3.5mm报警。2.12Whentherelativeexpansionofhighpressurecasingisupto+3.5mm,therewillbeawarning;whenthatis-1.5mm,therewillbeawarning;whentherelativeexpansionoflowpressurecasingisupto+6mm,therewillbeawarning;whenthatis-3.5mm,therewillbeawarning.2.13本机组在50Hz电网内工作，允许频率在48.5～50.5Hz范围内波动。2.13Theturbosetshallbeconnectedwiththeelectricnetworkwith50Hz,theallowablefrequencyisfrom48.5to50.5Hz.2.14危急保安器的动作转速在3330～3360r/min，危急保安器动作后，应保证自动主汽门、调速汽门、高压缸排汽逆止门以及各段抽汽逆止门严密关闭。2.14Therotatingspeedofemergencyoverspeedgovernoris3330～3360r/min.Aftertheemergencyoverspeedgovernorisstartedup,theautomaticmainthrottlevalve,speedregulatingvalve,exhauststeamnon-returnvalveonhighpressurecasingandnon-returnvalvesoneachbleedsteamsectionshallbeclosedtightly.2.15油系统采用46汽轮机油。15Theoilsystemshalluse46turbineoil.汽机培训教材12012.16调节系统正常油压:抗燃油为14.8MPa,透平油为1.96±0.1MPa，润滑油压为0.098±0.0196MPa，当润滑油压降低到0.069MPa时，启动交流润滑油泵，降到0.059MPa时，启动直流事故油泵，降到0.029MPa时，停止盘车。2.16Thenormaloilpressureofregulatingsystemis:14.8MPaforfire-resistanceoil,1.96±0.1MPaforturbineoil,0.098±0.0196MPaforlubricationpressure.Whenthelubricationpressureisdownto0.069MPa,startuptheAClubricationpump;whenthelubricationpressureisdownto0.059MPa,startuptheDClubricatingpump;whenthelubricationpressureisdownto0.029MPa,stoptheturninggear.2.17冷油器出口油温应保持在38～45℃。轴承回油温度65℃时报警，75℃时打闸停机。2.17Theexitoiltemperatureofoilcoolershallbemaintainedbetween38and45℃.Whenthetemperatureofscavengeoilisupto65℃,therewillbeawarning,whenthetemperatureofscavengeoilisupto75℃,thegatewillbeclosedandtheturbosetwillbestopped.2.18正常运行时，注意检查调速系统各连接部分，确信无松脱现象。2.18Whentheturbosetisinnormalrunning,allconnectionsofspeedregulatingsystemshallbeexaminedtoensurethereisnoanyloose.汽机培训教材12012.19主汽门及调节阀应定期进行活动试验，以防阀杆卡涩。2.19Themainsteamthrottlevalveandregulatingvalveshallbetestedregularlytoavoidblockagebecauseoftoodry.2.20危急保安器必须定期检查，每2000h试验一次，停机超过一个月再次启动时，亦应进行试验。2.20Theemergencyoverspeedgovernorshallbecheckedregularly,andtestedevery2000hatime.Ifitisre-startedaftermorethanonemonthofstoptime,atestshallbealsocarriedout.2.21按制造厂提供的有关图样及说明书的要求定期检查抽汽逆止阀。2.21Regularlycheckthebleedsteamnon-returnvalveaccordingtorelateddrawingsandspecificationssuppliedbymanufacturer.汽机培训教材12013.停机3.shutting-down3.1滑参数停机3.1Slowshutting-downaccordingtoparameters3.1.1停机前试验交、直流润滑油泵，顶轴油泵及盘车装置。3.1.1Beforeshutting-down,testtheAC&DClubricatingpump,jackingoilpumpandturninggear.3.1.2锅炉按滑停曲线降温降压、减负荷。3.1.2Thetemperature,pressureandloadofboilerwillbereducedaccordingtothecurveofparametersforslowshutting-down.随着蒸汽参数的降低，逐渐全开调速汽门，先将机组负荷降到75MW，蒸汽温度降到515℃，稳定运行15min，测量机组的振动，待高压缸金属温度均下降后，仍按滑参数停机曲线降温、降压，负荷随着下降。Withthedecreaseofsteamparameters,slowlyandfullyopenthespeedregulatingvalve,firstlyreducetheloadofturbosetdownto75MW,thesteamtemperatureisreducedto515℃,thenstablyrunningfor15min,andmeasurethevibrationofturboset.Untilthemetaltemperatureofhighpressurecasingisdecreased,reducethetemperature,pressureandloadaccordingtothecurveofparametersforslowshutting-down.3.1.3负荷减到30MW时，停止低加疏水泵，开启至冷凝器疏水门，疏水导向冷凝器，开启再循环水门。3.1.3Whentheloadisreducedto30MW,stopthedrainagepump,andopenthedrainingvalveonpipeconnectingwithcondenser,thenopentherecirculationvalve.汽机培训教材12013.1.4主蒸汽降到350℃时，开启导汽管，汽缸及抽汽管道等疏水门。3.1.4Whenthemainsteamtemperatureisdownto350℃,opendrainingvalvesonsteamguidingpipe,casingandbleedsteampipe.3.1.5根据排汽室温度投入排汽缸喷水，使排汽室温度不超过80℃。3.1.5Accordingtothetemperatureofexhauststeamchamber,startupthewatersprayingforexhauststeamchambertomakesurethetemperatureinthechamberisnotmorethan80℃.3.1.6根据锅炉要求。3.1.6Accordingtotherequirementsofboiler.3.1.7当主蒸汽压力滑至1.471MPa，温度滑至260℃，将负荷减到零，发电机解列后打闸停机。3.1.7Whenthemainsteampressureisdownto1.471MPaandthetemperatureisdecreasedto260℃,theloadwillbereducedtozero,afterthegeneratorisdisconnected,theturbosetwillbestopped.3.1.8记录转子惰走时间，检查主汽阀、调节阀是否卡涩，关闭严密，并将启动阀退回零位。3.1.8Recordthecoastingtimeofrotor,checkifthemainsteamvalveandregulatingvalveisnormal,thenregulatethetriggervalvetozeropoint.汽机培训教材12013.1.9启动交流润滑油泵，当转速降到500-200r/min时，启动顶轴油泵，主轴静止后投入盘车装置，记录大轴晃动度。3.1.9StartuptheAClubricatingpump,whentherotatingspeedisdowntolessthan500-200r/min,startthejackingoilpump,afterthemainshaftisstatic,starttheturninggear,thenrecordthedegreeofsloshing.3.1.10连续盘车至高压缸下半内壁温度降到250℃以下，再每30min盘转180°(或连续盘车)直到缸温150℃以下，停止盘车。3.1.10Continuousturninggearuntilthetemperatureoflowerinnerwallofhighpressurecasingislessthan250℃,thenturninggear180°every30min(orcontinuousturninggear)untilthetemperatureinsidethecasingislessthan150℃,thenstopturninggear.3.1.11排汽室温度降到50℃以下，停止凝结水泵。3.11Whenthetemperatureofexhausthoodisreducedtoless汽机培训教材12013.1.12滑停过程中注意事项，曲线见图33.1.12Notesduringslidingparametershutdown,refertoFigure3forcurve.a)主蒸汽温度下降速度不大于1.5℃/min；a)Theloweringspeedofmainsteamtemperatureshallnotbemorethan1.5℃/minb)主蒸汽压力下降速度为0.049～0.098MPa/min；b)Theloweringspeedofmainsteampressureshallbe0.049～0.098MPa/min汽机培训教材1201c)高压缸壁温度与法兰温度差不大于40℃，其它各温差限额与启动时相同；c)Thetemperaturedifferencebetweenthewallofhighpressurecasingandflangeshallnotbemorethan40℃,othertemperaturedifferencesshallbethesameasthatwheninstarting;d)主蒸汽过热度保持在50℃以上；d)Thedegreeofmainsteamsuperheatingshallbemorethan50℃.e)主蒸汽温度低于高压缸下半内壁温度35℃时，应停止降温降压；e)Whenthemainsteamtemperatureislowerthanthetemperatureoflowerinnerwallofhighpressurecasingby35℃,stopreducingtemperatureandpressure;f)高、低压缸相对膨胀值接近允许值时，停止减温减压和降负荷。f)Whentherelativeexpansionofhigh&lowpressureapproachestoallowablevalue,stopreducingtemperatureandpressureaswellasload.3.1.13滑参数停机曲线见图3。3.1.13SeeFigure3forthecurveofslidingparametersshutdown.汽机培训教材12016.3.2正常停机(额定参数停机)3.2Normalshutting-down(Accordingtonominalparameters)3.2.1停机前的准备工作与滑停时相同。3.2.1Thepreparationsbeforenormalshutting-downarethesameasthatbeforeslowshutting-down.3.2.2以1000KW/min的速度减负荷，并严格控制好转子与汽缸的相对膨胀不超过规定值。汽封调节必要时由人控制。3.2.2Reducetheloadwiththerateof1000KW/min,besides,makesuretherelativeexpansionofrotorandcasingisnotmorethanspecifiedvalue.Ifnecessary,thesteamsealcanberegulatedmanually.3.2.3减负荷过程中，要根据锅炉情况。3.2.3Theloadshallbereducedaccordingtothesituationofboiler.3.2.4减负荷过程中，要及时调整轴封供汽压力，冷凝器热水井水位，油温油压等。3.2.4Duringreducingload,regulatethepressureofsupplysteamforshaftgland,waterlevelincondenserhotwellandoilpressureaswellasoiltemperature,etc.3.2.5注意高、低压缸胀差的变化，如胀差向负值增大，应放慢减负荷速度，如高压胀差负值急剧增大时，应停止减负荷或投入轴封高温汽源。3.2.5Payattentiontotheexpansiondifferencesofhigh&lowpressurecasings,iftheexpansiondifferenceincreasestowardstothenegativevalues,thespeedofreducingloadshallbesloweddown.Ifthenegativeexpansiondifferenceonhighpressuresidesharplyincreases,immediatelystopreducingloadorstartuphightemperaturesteamsupplyforshaftgland.汽机培训教材12013.2.6负荷减到零，通知电气解列，而后打闸停机。3.2.6Whentheloadisreducedtozero,disconnectfromtheelectricnetworkandshutdowntheturboset.3.2.7转速到200-500r/min时，启动顶轴油泵。3.2.7Whentherotatingspeedisin200-500r/min,startupthejackingoilpump.3.2.8转子静止，轴封送汽必须保持到真空完全消失为止，然后投盘车。3.2.8Therotorisstill,steamsupplyforshaftglanduntilvacuumiscompletelyremoved,thenstartupturninggear.3.2.9其它操作和滑停一样。3.2.9Refertoslowshutting-downforotheroperations.3.2.10正常停机曲线见图4。3.2.10SeeFigure4forcurveofnormalshutting-down.汽机培训教材12016.4.停机后的再启动6.4.Restartaftershutting-down6.4.1汽轮机停机后的再启动，应根据高压汽缸调节级区域金属温度情况而采取不同的启动规范，原则是：当高压缸下半调节级区域金属高于150℃时，应按热态启动程序进行启动，否则采取冷态启动规程。6.4.1Theturbosetshallberestartedaccordingtothemetaltemperatureattheregionofgoverningstageofhighpressurecasing:ifthemetaltemperatureatthelowerhalfregionofgoverningstageofhighpressurecasingishigherthan150℃,theturbosetshallbewarmstarted,otherwise,theturbosetwillbecoldstarted.汽机培训教材12016.4.2热态启动冲转前必须具备下列条件：6.4.2Followingitemsshallbefollowedbeforerotatingbywarmstart:

a)主蒸汽处于过热状态，其温度比汽机最热部分的金属温度高50～100℃；a)Themainsteamissuperheated,itstemperatureishigherthanth