学校校车租赁专车驾驶人资料一览表

中西文明选读（英文版）第6章Education中西文明选读（英文版）第6章Education1【6.1TheEducationofChina】【中国文学】6.1.1EducationAdministrationInChina,governmentistheprincipleinvestorineducation,althoughprivateeducationalinvestmenthasbeenincreasingrapidlysince1978.Asaresultofthereform,decision-makingintheareaofeducationhasbecomemuchmoredecentralized.Localgovernmentisplayingakeyroleincompulsoryeducation,whilecentralandprovincialgovernmentaredominantinhighereducation.Inoccupationalandadulteducation,non-governmentalentitiesincludingindustrialorganizations,businessesandpublicinstitutionsplayanimportantrole.MinistryofEducationofPRCisthesupremeeducationadministrativebodyinChina,whichisresponsibleforcarryingoutrelatedlaws,regulations,guidelinesandpoliciesofthecentralgovernment;planningdevelopmentofeducationsector;integratingandcoordinatingeducationalinitiativesandprogramsnationwide;maneuveringandguidingeducationreformcountrywide.【6.1TheEducationofChina】2I.BasicEducationChina’sreformandopeningupsince1978hasbroughtthebasiceducationintoanewperiodofdevelopment.In1999,theStateCouncilmappedoutanoutlinedprogramforthereformanddevelopmentoftheeducationalsystem,makingcleartheorientationofdevelopmentandbasicprinciplesfordevelopingbasiceducation.Basiceducationservicesareprincipallyprovidedbylocalgovernmentsundertheguidanceofthestate.TheStateEducationCommissionisresponsibleforformulatingrules,principlesandpoliciesandgeneraldevelopmentprogramandbasicschoolsystems.Thestatehassetasidegrantsforpoverty-strickenareas,areasinhabitedbypeopleofminoritynationalitiesandteachers’schools..6.1.2TheChineseEducationalSystemI.BasicEducation6.1.2TheCh3NurserySchoolsNurseryschoolsaremainlyincities.Someofferthree-yeareducationservices;someofferoneyearortwoyearsofeducation.Thenurseryschoolsaremanagedaccordingtothestateregulationsonthemanagementofnurseryschoolsandworkprocedurefornurseriesandotherlegaldocumentsissuedbythestate.2.PrimaryandSecondarySchoolsInChina,thereareprimaryschools,juniorsecondaryschoolsandseniorsecondaryschools,offeringatotalof12yearsofeducation.Primaryschoolsusuallylastfiveyearsorsixyears.Thenineyearsfromprimarytojuniorsecondaryarethecompulsoryeducationperiod.Theregularseniorsecondaryschoolsusuallylastthreeyearstopreparethestudentsforfurtherandhighereducation.6.1.2TheChineseEducationalSystemNurserySchools6.1.2TheChine4II.HigherEducation

Sincetheimplementationofreformandopeningup,thereformanddevelopmentofhigherortertiaryeducationhavemadesignificantachievements.Ahighereducationsystemwithvariousforms,whichencompassesbasicallyallbranchesoflearning,combinesbothdegree-educationandnon-degreeeducationandintegratescollegeeducation,undergraduateeducationandgraduateeducation,hastakenshape.HighereducationinChinahasplayedanimportantroleintheeconomicconstruction,scienceprogressandsocialdevelopmentbybringinguplargescaleofadvancedtalentsandexpertsfortheconstructionofsocialistmodernization.6.1.2TheChineseEducationalSystemII.HigherEducation6.1.2The51.UniversitiesandUniversityCollegesCollegesanduniversitiesinChinaareadministeredthroughaunifiedcontrolbytheCentralGovernmentandmanagementattwolevels:theCentralGovernmentandtheprovincialgovernments.TheStateCouncilandtheMinistryofEducationareresponsiblefortakingpolicydecisions,developmentplans,reformsandprovidingguidancetohighereducationinstitutions.2.DegreesandDiplomasDegreestitlesvaryaccordingtoeachuniversity.Themostcommontitlesarebachelorofartsorbachelorofscience,masterofarts,masterofscienceordoctorofphilosophy.3.TermsofStudyThetermofstudyinmostcollegesanduniversitiesis4years,whilethatforthoseofmedicineandsomeengineeringis5years.Studentsarerequiredtocompletealltherequiredcoursesoftotalcreditswithintheprovisionoftheschool-yearforgraduation.6.1.2TheChineseEducationalSystem1.UniversitiesandUniversity6III.AdultEducation

Becauseonly4percentofthecountry’sseniorsecondarygraduatesareadmittedtouniversities,Chinahasfounditnecessarytodevelopotherwaysofmeetingthedemandforeducation.AdulteducationhasbecomeincreasinglyimportantinhelpingChinameetitsmodernizationgoals.6.1.2TheChineseEducationalSystemIII.AdultEducation6.1.2The7【6.2TheEducationoftheUnitedStates】【美国的教育】

TheUShasthemostdiversifiededucationsystemintheworld,withpublicandprivateschools(“school”usuallyreferstoeverythingfromkindergartentouniversity)atalllevelsflourishingalongsideeachother.Educationisprimarilytheresponsibilityofstateandlocalgovernment,andsothereislittlestandardizationinthecurriculum,forexample.Theindividualstateshavegreatcontroloverwhatistaughtintheirschoolsandovertherequirementsthatastudentmustmeet,andtheyarealsoresponsibleforthefundingofschooling.Therefore,thereishugevariationregardingcourses,subjects,andotheractivities—italwaysdependsonwheretheschoolislocated.【6.2TheEducationoftheUnit86.2.1SeparationofStateandReligion

TheUSconstitutionrequirestheseparationofstateandreligionandforbidsreligiousobservanceinpublicschools(althoughthereareplanstorestoreschoolprayersinsomeareas),butchildrenarestillexpectedtoparticipateintheritualmorningpledgeofallegiancetotheAmericanflaginmanyschools(althoughthewords“underGod”areoptional!).6.2.1SeparationofStateand96.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystemTheUnitedStatesofAmericahasoneofthemosteffectiveeducationalsystemsintheworldbecauseitensuresqualitytothechildrenofthecountry.Thesystemishighlysophisticatedandconstructedwithspecialcaregiventotheeducationalneedsofthestudentcommunity.I.Pre-schoolEducation

Pre-schooleducationembracesallformalandinformaleducationbeforetheageofsix(whencompulsoryschoolingstarts).Itincludestotsandtoddlerprogrammes,playschool,nurseryschool(collectivelyknownaspre-kindergarten)andkindergarten.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational106.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystem1.MethodsofPre-schoolEducation

Inmanyareas,privateclassesareofferedforchildrenagedfromsixmonthstothreeyears.Thesecombinethetheoryandpracticeofplaygroupsanddaycarecentres.Manyareasalsohavewhataretermed“toddler”or“tot”programmes,whichusuallyacceptchildrenfromtwotofouryearsofage.Activitiesgenerallyincludeartsandcrafts,music,educationalgames,perceptualmotoractivitiesandlisteningskills.2.Pre-schoolEducationLevels

Pre-schooleducationprogrammesmaintainacloserelationshipwiththehomeandparentsandareintendedtointroducechildrentothesocialenvironmentofschoolandconcentrateonthebasicskillsofco-ordination.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational116.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystemII.ElementaryandSecondaryEducation

Thefirstyearsofcompulsoryschoolingarecalledelementaryorprimaryschool(justtoconfusetheissue,elementaryschoolsarealsocalledgradeorgrammarschools).Secondaryeducationisforchildrenaged12to18.Secondaryschoolgenerallytakesplaceinahighschool,whichisoftendividedintojuniorandseniorhigh.Juniorhighisforthoseaged12to14andseniorhighforstudentsaged15to17.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational126.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystem1.SecondarySchool

Insomedistricts,studentsattendacombinedjunior/seniorhighschoolorattendamiddleschooluntil13(grade8)beforetransferringtoafour-yearseniorhighschool.Likeelementaryeducation,secondaryeducationisco-educational.2.EducationStandards

Highschoolsofferawiderangeofsubjectsfromwhichstudentscanchooseaprogrammeleadingtocollege/universityentranceoracareerinbusinessorindustry.Thecoursesofferedvaryfromschooltoschoolandarelistedinschoolcurriculumguides.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational136.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystem1.SecondarySchool

Insomedistricts,studentsattendacombinedjunior/seniorhighschoolorattendamiddleschooluntil13(grade8)beforetransferringtoafour-yearseniorhighschool.Likeelementaryeducation,secondaryeducationisco-educational.2.EducationStandards

Highschoolsofferawiderangeofsubjectsfromwhichstudentscanchooseaprogrammeleadingtocollege/universityentranceoracareerinbusinessorindustry.Thecoursesofferedvaryfromschooltoschoolandarelistedinschoolcurriculumguides.3.ImportanceofHobbiesandSportsinHighSchool

Withtheexceptionofphysicaleducationclasses,schoolsportisusuallyextra-curricular,i.e.ittakesplaceoutsideschoolhours.Teamsportshaveahighprofileatmanyhighschoolsandbeing‘ontheschoolteam’ismoreimportanttomanystudentsthanbeingtopoftheclass.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational146.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystemIII.HigherEducation

Highereducationreferstostudybeyondsecondaryschoollevelandusuallyassumesthatastudenthasundertaken13yearsofstudyandhasahighschooldiploma.Therearethreemainlevelsofhighereducation:undergraduatestudies(bachelor’sdegree),graduatestudies(master’sdegree)andpostgraduatestudies(doctor’sdegree).6.2.2TheAmericanEducational156.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystem1.DifferenceswiththeOtherCountries

ThemaindifferencebetweenhighereducationintheUSandthatinmanyothercountriesisthatintheUS,thesystemisdesignedtokeeppeopleineducationratherthanscreenthemout.2.CommunityandLiberalArtsColleges

TheUShastwouniquehighereducationinstitutions:thetwo-yearcommunityorjuniorcollegeandthefour-yearliberalartscollege.Two-yearcommunitycollegesarelargelylocallycontrolledandpubliclyfunded.Theyofferstudiesleadingtotechnicalandsemi-professionaloccupations,andstudieswhichpreparestudentsforentrancetoafour-yeardegreeinstitution.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational166.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystem3.TermsandGrades

Mostcollegesanduniversitieshavetwoterms(semesters)orsessionsayearofaround14weekseach:fall,fromSeptembertolateDecember,andspring,whichextendsfromlateJanuarytolateMay(somedividetheacademicyearintothreesessions:fall,springandsummer).Thosewhomissorfailacoursecancatchupbyattendingsummerschool,anintensiveeight-weekcourseofferedbetweenterms.4.Fees,GrantsandScholarships

Tuitionfeesvarywidelyamongcollegesanduniversitiesandnotwoinstitutionschargethesamefees.Publicstatecollegesanduniversitieschargesignificantlylowerfeesforin-stateresidents(alsoappliestoresidentforeignstudents)andhigher“out-of-state”feestonon-residents.Oneyear’sresidenceinastateisusuallynecessarytoqualifyfortheresidenttuitionrate.Higherfeesmayalsoapplytoout-of-countystudentsatatwo-yearcommunitycollege.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational176.2.2TheAmericanEducationalSystem5.Qualifications

EntryqualificationsforAmericancollegesanduniversitiesvaryconsiderably;generallythebettertheuniversity(orthebetterthereputation),thehighertheentrancequalifications.6.2.2TheAmericanEducational18【6.3The

EducationoftheUnitedKingdom】【英国文学】6.3.1AnOverviewoftheUnitedKingdomEducationI.EducationinEngland

EducationinEnglandisoverseenbytheDepartmentforEducationandtheDepartmentforBusiness,InnovationandSkills.Localauthorities(LAs)takeresponsibilityforimplementingpolicyforpubliceducationandstateschoolsatalocallevel.【6.3TheEducationoftheUnit196.3.1AnOverviewoftheUnitedKingdomEducation1.HigherEducationInstitutions

Highereducationcoursesandqualificationsaredeliveredthroughawidevarietyofinstitutions,mostlyuniversitiesandcolleges.Theyarecollectivelyreferredtoas“highereducationinstitutions”(HEIs).2.Governance

Highereducationinstitutionsarelegallyindependententities.Theirgoverningbodiesorcouncilsareresponsibleforensuringtheeffectivemanagementoftheinstitutionandforplanningitsfuturedevelopment.Theyareultimatelyresponsibleforalltheaffairsoftheuniversityorcollege.3.CoursesandQualifications

Britishinstitutionsofferavastrangeofhigher-levelcoursesandqualifications.Theincreasinguseofmodularcoursestructuresmeansthatqualificationsarenowmoreflexiblethaneverandcanbetailoredtomeettheneedsoftheindividualandtheiremployer(ifappropriate),ortransferredbetweeninstitutions.6.3.1AnOverviewoftheUnite206.3.1AnOverviewoftheUnitedKingdomEducationII.EducationinWales

EducationinWalesdiffersincertainrespectsfromeducationelsewhereintheUnitedKingdom.

Welshmediumeducationisavailabletoallagegroupsthroughnurseries,schools,collegesanduniversitiesandinadulteducation;lessonsinthelanguageitselfarecompulsoryforallpupilsuntiltheageof16.III.EducationinNorthernIrelandEducationinNorthernIreland(NI)differsslightlyfromsystemsusedelsewhereintheUnitedKingdom,thoughitismoresimilartothatusedinEnglandandWalesthanitistoScotland.IV.EducationinScotland

ScotlandEducationisuniqueanddifferentfromtheeducationsystemsofotherpartsoftheUnitedKingdom.TheeducationsystemofScotlandisveryuniqueaswellasadvanced.MostoftheSchoolsinScotlandarenon-denominational.TheScottishQualificationsAuthorityprovidesallthecertificatesthataregivenattheschoolscollegesandothereducationalinstitutions.LocalauthoritiesownandoperatethePublicSchools.6.3.1AnOverviewoftheUnite216.3.2EducationalSystemintheUnitedKingdomExcludingScotlandI.PrimaryEducation(5—11yearolds)IntheUK,thefirstlevelofeducationisknownasprimaryeducation,whichisgiventoachildattheageof5anditcontinuesuntil11.Thefirstkeystageisforinfantsandtheotherisforjuniors.Thesearealmostalwaysmixedsex,andusuallylocatedclosetothechild’shome.Childrentendtobewiththesamegroupthroughouttheday,andoneteacherhasresponsibilityformostoftheworktheydo.II.SecondaryEducation(11—16yearolds)Studentsfromtheageof11—16yearsaregivensecondaryeducation.TheyfollowageneralsyllabuswhichleadstotheGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation).Afterpassingthisexam,thereisselectionofsubjects.Lessonsaregiventogetherwithassignmentswhichneedtobecompletedinordertopassthislevel.Bothprimaryandsecondaryeducationiscompulsoryuntiltheageof16.6.3.2EducationalSysteminth226.3.2EducationalSystemintheUnitedKingdomExcludingScotlandIII.FurtherEducationAftersecondaryeducation,studentshavetheoptionofacquiringqualificationssuchasA-LevelandGNVQ.Ifyouareplanningtogoinforhigherstudiesthenitismandatorythatyoucompletethislevelfirst.ThemostcommononeisAdvancedLevel(GeneralCertificateofEducationinAdvancedLevelCertificates)whichisconsideredanentrylevelforgettingadmissionintoauniversityforhigherstudies.IV.HigherEducationAftercompletionoffurtherstudiesintheUK,youcanoptforhigherstudies.Asaninternationalstudent,applyingtotheuniversitiesisatimeconsumingprocess.YouhavetovisittheUniversityandCollegeAdmissionsService(UCAS),whichisanagencyoftheCentralGovernmentthatmanagestheapplicationprocedureofeveryuniversity.6.3.2EducationalSysteminth236.3.3EducationalSysteminScotlandoftheUnitedKingdomI.PrimaryEducationPrimaryschoolconsistsofsevenyears,withtheclasseslabelledPrimary1(four-and-a-halftofiveyearsoldatthestartoftheyear)toPrimary7(11—12yearsold,althoughfortheyoungestintheyeargroupit’s10—11).Theyhaveoneteacherfortheentireyear,andnearlyallsubjectswillbetaughtbyher/him.Theystayinoneclassroomforthewholeschoolday.II.SecondaryEducationAftertheprimaryeducation,fouryearsofcompulsoryeducationatsecondaryschoolcontinue.Standardgradeexaminationsatage15/16cover8subjects,ofwhichEnglish,mathematics,asciencesubjectandasocialsubjectarecompulsory.6.3.3EducationalSysteminSc246.3.3EducationalSysteminScotlandoftheUnitedKingdomIII.VocationalEducationStudentswhohavecompletedtheircompulsorystandardgradeatsecondaryschool,alsohavetheoptionofpursuingapprenticeships,orofenrollingforvocationaleducationatfurthereducationcolleges.IV.TertiaryEducation

InScotlandstudentsareeligibleforattendingUniversityScotlandaftertheycompleteHighSchoolandwhentheyhavecrossedtheageof16plus.InUniversityScotlandstudentsareprovidedhighereducationandresearchworksonvarioussubjects.Studentsaregivenacademicdegreesatalllevelssuchasbachelor,masteranddoctorate.BothterritoryandquaternaryeducationsisprovidedbyScottishUniversities.6.3.3EducationalSysteminSc25【6.4TheEducationofFrance】【法国的教育】Francehasastrong,centralized,republicantradition—havingbuiltandconsolidatedheridentitythroughaschoolsystemtaskedwitheducatingherfuturecitizens.Consequently,hereducationsystemisverylargelytheresponsibilityoftheState.6.4.1GovernanceandPolicyofEducation【6.4TheEducationofFrance】266.4.2

FrenchEducationalSystemI.PrimaryEducationFormalschoolinginFrancestartsasearlyasage3,whenmanychildrenattendkindergartenclasses(maternelle).Daycare(pré-maternelle)isalsoavailableatage2.Whilepré-maternelleandmaternellearenotmandatory,byagesixallchildrenmustbeenrolledinschool.Primaryschoolspansfiveyearsofstudy,fromapproximatelyage6toage11(similartoaU.S.elementaryschool).II.SecondaryEducationFromprimaryschool,studentsmovetothesecondarylevel,whichisdividedintotwostages.Thefirststage,thecollège,iscomposedoffouryearsofstudyforstudentsages11through15(similartoaU.S.middleschool).

Studentsareawardedabrevetdescollègesuponcompletion.Fromtherestudentsattendalycée(highschool),wheretheycompletethelastthreeyearsofschooling.Thissecondstageofstudyculminateswiththeachievementofthebaccalauréat(bac).ThebaccalauréatissimilarbutnotthesameasaU.S.highschooldiploma,asitoftenrequiresmorerigorousacademicpreparationanditcannotbeattainedwithoutpassinganationalexam.6.4.2FrenchEducationalSyste276.4.2

FrenchEducationalSystemIII.HigherEducationTheFrenchsystemofhighereducationisdistinguishedbyadiversityofinstitutions,courses,organisationalarrangementsandadmissionrequirements.Over3500differentinstitutionsofferhighereducationstudiestoover2millionstudents.1.UniversitiesinFrance

ThepublicuniversitiesinFrancearenamedafterthebigcitiesnearwhichtheyarelocated,followedbyanumeralifthereareseveral.Paris,forexample,hasthirteenuniversities,labelledParisItoXIII.2.AdmissionTogainentrystudentsshouldnormallypossessaBaccalauréat(BAC),orcommensurateinternationalqualification.ForthosenotholdingtheBACitisalsopossibletostudyafoundationcoursecalledtheDiplômed’accèsauxétudesuniversitaires(DAEU)overoneyear,whichgivesadmissiontouniversity.TheDAEUhasthesameeducationalequivalentasaBaccalauréat.6.4.2FrenchEducationalSyste286.4.2

FrenchEducationalSystem3.DegreesThereareawidevarietyofhighereducationqualificationsand,fortheuninitiated,thepictureisaveryconfusingone.TheFrenchhighereducationsystemiscomposedofuniversities,grandesécoles,andspecializedschools.

Universitiesarepublicinstitutionswhichofferacademic,technical,andprofessionaldegreestoanystudentwhohasachievedaFrenchbaccalauréatoraforeignequivalent.4.TuitionFeesHighereducationcostsaremetalmostentirelybytheFrenchgovernmentandtuitionfeesareveryaffordable.Thefeesaredeterminedbythegovernmentandnottheinstitutionitself.5.FinancialSupportThesystemofstudentfinancialsupportinFranceisaseriesofdifferentgrantsandloans.6.4.2FrenchEducationalSyste29【6.5TheEducationinGermany】【德国的教育】6.5.1EducationalPolicyofGermanyTheBasicLawof1949reaffirmedthenineteenth-centurytraditionunderwhichtheLänderwereresponsibleforeducation.Article30clearlyestablishedtheautonomyoftheLänderinmosteducationalandculturalmatters,includingthefinancingofeducation,themaintenanceofschools,teachertraining,thesettingofteachers’qualificationsandeducationalstandards,andthedevelopmentofstandardizedcurricula.【6.5TheEducationinGermany】306.5.2

EducationalSystemofGermanyTheBasicLawof1949grantseveryGermancitizentherighttoself-fulfillment.Intheory,citizensareabletochoosethetypeofeducationtheywantandaregivenaccesstotheirpreferredoccupationorprofession.Thegoalofeducationalpolicyisthereforetoprovideeachcitizenwithopportunitiestogrowpersonally,professionally,andasacitizeninaccordancewithhisorherabilitiesandpreferences.TheLänderaretoprovideequaleducationalopportunitiesandqualityeducationforallthroughavarietyofeducationalinstitutions.6.5.2EducationalSystemofGe316.5.2

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