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IncollaborationwiththeMcKinseyHealthInstituteClosing
the
Women’sHealth
Gap:
A
$1
TrillionOpportunity
to
ImproveLives
and
EconomiesI
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T
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P
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4Images:GettyImagesContentsForeword3459ExecutivesummaryIntroduction1.
Theroleofscienceinaddressinghealthdisparities2.
Datagapsunderestimatewomen’s
healthburden,limitinginnovationandinvestment13162024303435363.
Creatingsex-andgender-responsivecaredeliverysystems4.
Directinginvestmentstowardswomen’s
health5.
Closingthewomen’s
healthgapcouldboosttheglobaleconomy6.
Calltoaction:Howtoclosethewomen’s
healthgapConclusionContributorsEndnotesDisclaimerThisdocumentispublishedbytheWorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.Thefindings,interpretationsandconclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedandendorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,Partnersorotherstakeholders.©2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.ClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies2January2024ClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomiesForewordLucyPérezShyamBishenSeniorPartner,
McKinsey&Company;AffiliatedLeader,McKinseyHealthInstitute,USAHead,CentreforHealthandHealthcare;MemberoftheExecutiveCommittee,WorldEconomicForumForalltheeffortstoimprovegenderequityoverthepastcentury,thegapbetweenmen’s
healthandwomen’s
healthremainswide,whetherit’s
inresearch,data,careorinvestment.possiblewithintentional,coordinatedefforts.Whiletherearemanyways,largeandsmall,forawiderangeoforganizationstoimprovewomen’s
health,specificactionscouldcreatemeaningfulimpact.Amongtheseareinvestinginwomen-centricresearch;collectingandanalysingsex-,ethnicity-andgender-specificdata;enhancingaccesstogender-specificcare;creatingincentivesfornewfinancingmodels;andestablishingbusinesspoliciesthatsupportwomen’s
healthandstrengthenwomen’s
representationindecision-making.Andeverypersonontheplanetisaffectedbythewomen’s
healthgap,whethertheyknowitornot.Whenweconsidertheimpactofclosingthegap,wearenotjusttalkingaboutwomen’s
lives,butthoseofpeoplewelove,ourcommunitiesandtheworldatlarge.Weknowit’s
possibletoreachequityinhealthformen
and
women.
In
this
report,Closing
the
Women’sHealthGap:A
$1TrillionOpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies,
we’repleasedtoshowcasehowthenarrowingofthewomen’shealthgapwouldallow3.9billionwomentolivehealthier,
higher-qualitylives.Itcouldalsoallowatleast$1trilliontobepumpedintoeconomicproductivityannually,whichreflectshownarrowingthegapwouldleadtofewerearlydeaths,fewerhealthconditions,extendedeconomicandsocietalcapacitytocontribute,andincreased
productivity.Ofthat,thelargestimpactwouldbecreated
fromwomenhavingfewerhealthconditions,lettingthemavoid24millionlifeyearslostduetodisabilityandboostingeconomicproductivitybyupto$400billion.We
inviteleadersfromthepublic,socialandprivatesectorstoreviewthisreportandfindwaystobringtheirowncontributionstofillingthegapinwomen’s
healthoutlinedhere.We
areexcitedtoseerecentmomentuminaddressingthisgap,suchasthedebutoftheWomen’s
HealthInnovationOpportunityMap;
therecentcreationoftheWhite1HouseInitiativeonWomen’s
HealthResearch;thelaunchoftheWomen’s
HealthInterestGroupfromtheEuropeanInstituteofWomen’s
Health;andnewsthatAustraliaisontracktobecomeoneofthefirstcountriestoeliminatecervicalcancer.Inthismulti-yearresearcheffort,theanalysisbacksuponeofthecorebeliefsofeveryoneinvolved:thatweallhavearoletoplayinimprovingwomen’s
lives.AsNobelPrizewinnerMalalaYousafzai
oncesaid,“Wecannotsucceedwhenhalfofusareheldback.”Women’s
healthencompassesmorethanwomen-specificconditions,andachievinghealthequityisClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies3ExecutivesummaryInvestmentsaddressingthewomen’s
healthgapcouldaddyearstolifeandlifetoyears–andpotentiallyboosttheglobaleconomyby$1trillionannuallyby2040.Whendiscussingthechallengesinwomen’shealth,a
commonrejoinder
isthatwomen,average,livelongerthanmen.Butthisneglectsthefactthatwomenspend25%more
oftheirlivesindebilitatinghealth.4.
Investment:Therehasbeenlowerinvestmentinwomen’s
healthconditionsrelativetotheirprevalence.Thisdrivesareinforcingcycleofweakerscientificunderstandingaboutwomen’sbodiesandlimiteddatatode-risk2onnewinvestment.Addressing
thegapsandshortcomingsinwomen’s
healthcouldreduce
thetimewomenspendinpoorhealthbyalmosttwo-thirds.
Thishasthepotentialtohelp3.9billionwomenlivehealthier,
higher-quality
livesbyaddinganaverageofsevendaysofhealthylivingforeachwomanannually,addinguptopotentiallymore
than500daysovera
woman’s
lifetime.Beyondthesocietalimpactsofhealthierwomen,includingmoreprogression
ineducationandintergenerationalThesefactorsplayoutinmanydifferentwaysandtovaryingextentsacrossregionsandincomelevels.However,
theevidencesuggeststhatnogeographicregionoragegroupisunaffected.Chartingthewayforwardbenefits,3improving
women’s
healthcouldalsoMovingforwardrequiresunderstandingthebroadereffectsofthewomen’s
healthgap,anddrivingactiononfivefronts:enablewomentoparticipateintheworkforcemore
actively.Thiswouldpotentiallyboosttheeconomybyatleast$1trillionannuallyby2040.Theseestimates–
whilesignificant–
are
likelyanunderestimation
givendatalimitations.–Investinwomen-centricresearchacrosstheresearch
anddevelopment(R&D)continuumtofillthegapsinunder-researched,
oftenundiagnosedwomen-specificconditions(forexample,endometriosis,andpregnancyandmaternalhealthcomplications),aswellasdiseasesaffectingwomendifferentlyand/ordisproportionately(forexample,cardiovasculardisease).Inthisreport,women’s
healthisdefinedasbiologicalconditionsandgeneralhealthconditionsthatoftenaffectwomenuniquely,differentlyordisproportionately.Therearemanyeffortstoimprovewomen’s
healthglobally;however,
thisreportfocusesontheeconomicimplicationsofthewomen’s
healthgapandthebusinesscaseforclosingit.–Strengthenthesystematiccollection,analysisandreportingofsex-andgender-specificdatatoestablishamoreaccuraterepresentationofwomen’s
healthburdenandevaluatetheimpactofdifferentinterventions.Therootcausesofthegap––Increaseaccesstowomen-specificcareinallareas,frompreventiontotreatment.Therearefourprimaryareasthatneedtobeaddressedtoclosethehealthgap:Createincentivesforinvestmentinareasofwomen’s
healthinnovationanddevelopnewfinancingmodels.1.
Science:Thestudyofhumanbiologydefaultstothemalebody,whichhindersunderstandingofsex-basedbiologicaldifferencesandresultsinfeweravailableandlesseffectivetreatmentsforwomen.–Implementpoliciessupportingwomen’s
health,suchasacademicinstitutionsadaptingmedicalschoolcurriculaandemployerscreating2.
Data:Healthburdensforwomenarepregnancy-
andmenopause-friendlyworkspaces.systematicallyunderestimated,withdatasetsthatexcludeorundervalueimportantconditions.Anecosystemapproach,involvingmulti-sectoralstakeholders,isneededtoaccomplishthesegoals.Itispossibletocreatebetterhealthforwomen,allowinggreaterworkforceparticipationand,mostimportantly,theabilitytolivehealthierlives.3.
Caredelivery:Womenaremorelikelytofacebarrierstocare,andexperiencediagnosticdelaysand/orsuboptimaltreatment.ClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies4IntroductionWomenspend25%more
timein“poorhealth”thanmen.Overthepasttwocenturies,theriseinlifedegreesofdisability(the“healthspan”ratherthanthe“lifespan”).Awomanwillspendanaverageofnineyearsinpoorhealth,affectingherabilitytobepresentand/orproductiveathome,intheworkforceandinthecommunity,andreducingherearningpotential.expectancy–forbothmenandwomen–hasbeenatremendoussuccessstory.Globallifeexpectancyincreasedfrom30yearsto73yearsbetween1800and2018.4Butthisisnotthefullpicture.WomenspendmoreoftheirlivesinpoorhealthandwithBOX1:
TerminologyThisreportreflectswomen’s
healthasamarketsegment.Theauthorsacknowledgetheimportanceofhealthcaretothetransgender,non-binaryandgender-fluidcommunities,andthatnotallpeoplewhoidentifyaswomenarebornbiologicallyfemale.isinclusiveofthetransgender,non-binaryandgender-fluidcommunities.Theyalsoacknowledgetheprofounddifferencesforwomenbasedonfactorssuchasrace,ethnicity,socioeconomicstatus,disability,ageandsexualorientation.Additionalworkandresearchshouldreflecthowtotacklethesebarriersalongsidetheoverallwomen’shealthgap.Inthisreport,theterm“woman”includesthoseunderage18.Theauthorshaveoftenusedtheterm“sexandgender”toreflectinclusivelanguageandrecognizetheneedforfutureresearchintohealthissuesthatBuildingonprevious
workfrom
theMcKinseyHealthInstituteandtheMcKinseyGlobalInstitute,analystsquantifiedthishealthgapintermsofearlydeathperyear(Figure
1),theequivalentofsevendaysperwomanperyear.
Addressingthegapcouldgeneratetheequivalentimpactof137millionwomenaccessingfull-time5disability-adjustedlifeyears(DALYs),
andthe6extenttowhichthisdifference
isduetothestructural/systematicbarrierswomenface(Box2,“Research
methodology”).Addressing
the25%more
timespentin“poorhealth”bywomenversusmenwouldnotonlyimprove
thehealthandlivesofmillionsofwomen,butitcouldalsoboosttheglobaleconomybyatleast$1trillionannuallyby2040.Thisestimateisprobablyconservative,giventhehistoricalunder-reporting
anddatagapsonwomen’s
healthconditions,whichbothundercounttheprevalence
andundervaluethehealthburdenofmanyconditionsforwomen.positionsby2040.
Thishasthepotentialtolift7womenoutofpovertyandallowmore
womentoprovide
forthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Addressing
thedriversofthisgap,namelylowereffectiveness
oftreatments
forwomen,worsecare
deliveryandlackofdata,wouldrequiresubstantialinvestment,butalsoreflect
newmarketopportunities.Whileimproving
women’s
healthhaspositiveeconomicoutcomes,itisforemost
anissueofhealthequityandinclusivity.Addressing
thewomen’s
healthgapcouldimprove
thequalityoflifeforwomen,aswellascreating
positiveripplesinsociety,suchasimproving
future
generations’healthandboostinghealthyageing.Critically,betterhealthiscorrelated
witheconomicprosperity.
Thewomen’s
healthgapequatesto75millionyearsoflifelostduetopoorhealthorClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies5FIGURE1:
Thewomen’s
healthgap2040Genderhealthgapof75millionDALYsEquivalenttosevendaysperwomanperyearofadditionalhealthburden58%7534%8%GenderhealthgapEffectivenessgapCaredeliverygapDatagapNote:Missedvaluefromundercountingwascalculatedbyaddingtheunderestimateddiseaseburdenforendometriosis(differencebetweenrealendometriosisdiseaseburdenbasedonWHOprevalenceandIHMEdiseaseweightandIHMEreportedendometriosesburden)andmenopause(differencebetweenrealdiseaseburdenbasedonprevalencesizingandPMSdiseaseweight).Source:
UniversityofWashington'sInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,“GlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2019”,women'shealthmodel,usedwithpermissionThechallengeswomenfacewhenseekinghealthcareplayoutinmultipledifferentwaysandindifferentdiseasesandsectorsofsociety.Whenlookingatthepotentialeconomicimpactofaddressingthesechallenges,allagegroupsandgeographiescouldbenefit,withmostofthepotentialcomingfromwomenintheworkingagegroup(Figure2).FIGURE2:
Women’s
healthgapandGDPimpactbyagegroupsAgegroupAdditionalhealthylifeyears1livedin2040,Women’s
GDPimpactbyagegroup,inDALY
millionsGDPimpactin$billions08.601020303.1467.21651839.09.39.710.2Around60%of~80%oftheGDPimpactgeneratedinworkingagegroupadditionalhealthylifeyearsgainedinworkingage402065014260105709.16172806.790+Total2.14574.91,0251.Additionalhealthylifeyearsofwomenbyclosingthegenderhealthgapby2040.Source:UniversityofWashington’s
InstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,usedwithpermission;OxfordEconomics;InternationalLabourOrganizationILOSTATdatabase;OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD);Eurostat;NationalTransfer
Accountsproject;McKinseyGlobalInstituteanalysisClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies6Embracingthefulldefinitionofwomen’s
healthResearchshowsthatSRHandmaternal,
newbornandchildhealth(MNCH)accountforapproximately5%ofwomen’shealthburden,
althoughthisis9probablyanunderestimate.Anadditionalestimated56%oftheburdenisduetohealthconditionsthatare
more
prevalentand/ormanifestdifferentlyinwomen.Theremaining43%are
fromconditionsthatdonotaffectwomendisproportionatelyordifferently(Figure3).Women
aremostlikelytobeaffectedbya
sex-specificconditionbetweentheagesof15and50.Otherconditionsoccurthroughout
women’slives,butnearlyhalfofthehealthburden
affectswomenintheirworkingyears,whichoftenhasanimpactontheirabilitytoearn
moneyandsupportthemselvesandtheirfamilies(Figure4).Women’s
healthisoftensimplifiedtoincludeonlysexualandreproductivehealth(SRH),whichmeaningfullyunder-representswomen’s
healthburden.Thisreportdefineswomen’s
health8ascoveringbothsex-specificconditions(forexample,endometriosisandmenopause)andgeneralhealthconditionsthatmayaffectwomendifferently(higherdiseaseburden)ordisproportionately(higherprevalence).FIGURE3:
Total
globalwomen’s
healthburdenBreakdownofconditions,%43%areconditionsthatneitheraffectwomendisproportionatelynordifferently(e.g.ischaemicheartdisease,tuberculosis)47%arerelatedtoconditionsthataffectwomendisproportionately(e.g.headachedisorders,autoimmune4%arerelatedtoconditionsthataffectwomendifferently(e.g.5%arerelatedtowomen–specificconditions(maternalandgynaecological)atrialfibrillation,coloncancer)23disease,depression)143%47%4%
5%Total
globalwomen’s
suffering1.Conditionsthataffectwomendisproportionatelyaredefinedasconditionswithahigherprevalenceinwomencomparetomenbutnotahigherdiseaseburdenpercase.2.Conditionsthataffectwomendifferentlyaredefinedasconditionswithahigherdiseaseburdenpercaseinwomencomparedtomen.3.Includingmaternalconditionssuchasmaternalhaemorrhage,maternalsepsisandothermaternalinfections,hypertensivedisordersofpregnancy,obstructedlabouranduterinerupture,abortionandmiscarriage,ectopicpregnancy,indirectmaternaldeaths,latematernaldeaths,maternaldeathsaggravatedbyHIV/AIDS,gynaeco-logicaldiseasessuchasuterinefibroids,polycysticovariansyndrome,women’s
infertility,endometriosis,genitalprolapse,premenstrualsyndromeandwomen’s-specificcancerssuchasuterinecancer,
ovariancancerandcervicalcancer.Source:McKinseyanalysisbasedontheUniversityofWashington'sInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,“GlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2019”,women'shealthmodel,usedwithpermissionFIGURE4:
HowhealthburdensaffectwomenovertheirlivesNearly50%ofburdenaffectswomenofworkingage4252752450–1920–6465+11.In2016theaveragepensionageforawomanretiringthatyearwas63.7years.Source:DiseaseburdenfromUniversityofWashington'sInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation,“GlobalBurdenofDiseaseStudy2019”,usedwithpermission;OECD,“CurrentRetirementAges”,PensionsataGlance,OECDandG20Indicators,OECDPublishing,2017Pregnancycomplicationscanincreaseriskforchronicillnesses(forexample,gestationalhypertensioncanportendchronichypertension,10andwomenwhohavehadgestationaldiabeteshavea50%riskofdevelopingtype2diabetes7–10yearsafterthebirthofthechild).11
Goodmaternalhealthhelpsthemotherandbaby,withbenefitsextendingbeyondpregnancyandbirth.HealthClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies7equityencompassesaccesstotheinterventionsandoptionsthatarerightforeachindividual,regardlessoftheirgender,
sex,sexualidentity,sexualorientation,age,race,ethnicity,religion,disability,education,incomeleveloranyotherdistinguishingcharacteristic.Forwomen,thiscanstartwithabetterunderstandingofandaccesstointerventionsthatleadtothebestoutcomes.BOX2:
ResearchmethodologyAssessmentofthewomen’s
healthgapandthepotentialtoreduceit:2040.Thesehealthgainswere
convertedintolabourforceinvolvement,productivityandeconomicgainsthroughfouravenues:fewerearlydeaths;fewerhealthconditions;extendedeconomiccapacitytocontribute;andincreasedproductivity.Theassumptionsforestimatingtheimpactswere
basedonacademicstudiesandverifiedbyexperts.AnalystsusedtheGlobalBurdenofDiseasedatafromtheUniversityofWashington’sInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation(IHME)toforecastdiseaseburdensupto2040.Thisincludesdiseasesleadingtodeathandpoorhealthconditionssuchasinfectiousdiseasesandchronicconditions.Thisanalysisacknowledges:To
gaugehowmuchthediseaseburdencouldbereduced,McKinseythoroughly
reviewedclinicalevidenceforthetop64diseasesaffectingwomen,whichaccountfornearly86%oftheglobaldiseaseburden.12
Itfocusedonaround180interventions,basedonguidelinesfrom
leadinginstitutionssuchastheWorld
HealthOrganization(WHO)andTheLancet.––Diseaseburdenevolution:UnexpectedeventssuchasCOVID-19canchangeprojections.TheIHME’s
diseaseburdendatareflectsthebestavailabledata.Interventioneffectiveness:Giventhatevolvingscientificevidencemaybeinconclusive,theresearchincludedinputfromacademicandclinicalexperts.Foreachinterventionrelatedtothe64diseases,McKinseyexaminedthefollowingfactors:––Futureinnovations:McKinseyfocusedonadvanced-stagetechnologiesandconsultedfieldexperts.–––Identificationofpotentialreductionofmorbidityandmortality,13scaleduptoalldiseases,consideringthedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentoidentifythewomen’s
healthgapAddressingthewomen’s
healthgap:Analystsassumedthatifexistinginterventionsaremoreeffectiveforormorefrequentlyadoptedbymen,thesameratescouldbeachievedforwomen.Ifgender-basedefficacywasn’tmonitored,itwasassumedasimilargendergaptotheonesforwhichdatawasavailable.Projectionoftotalpopulationandworkingpopulationbaselineswiththeexpansionfromhealthinterventionsandlabour-forcecapacityinterventionsEstimationofthedurationtorealizethefullbenefits,consideringbothimplementationtimeandthelagbeforehealthbenefitsappear––Economicimplications:Thiseconomicanalysismakesassumptionsaboutlabourmarketchoices.Forinstance,howageandhealthaffectlabourforceparticipation.Evidencesuchascurrentlabourforcestatisticsandpotentiallabourmarketchangeswereconsidered.Caseswithlimitedadoptiondataandcorrelatedassumptionsare
detailedinthetechnicalappendix.Quantificationoftheeconomicimpact:Datagap:Undercountingandundervaluingofdiseasesandtheirhealthburdenonwomenlikelyleadstoanunderestimationofthewomen’s
healthgap.To
determinethepotentialeconomiceffects
oftheproposed
healthinterventions,analystsusedpopulation14
andlabourforce15
predictions
uptoHowtoreadthisreportTheanalysispresentedinthisreportincludesanassessmentofthehealthburdenassociatedwiththewomen’s
healthgapasmeasuredinpotentialyearsofhealthylife.16
Thishealthimprovementpotentialwasthentranslatedtoeconomicpotential,measuredascontributiontogrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Sections2–4ofthisreportarefocusedonhealthimprovementpotential(measuredinDALYs),
brokendownbythreerootcausesrelatedtodisparitiesinscience,dataandcaredelivery.Theeconomicvalueofthiscombinedhealthimprovementpotentialispresentedinsection6,whereeconomicimpactismeasuredinadditionalGDP.
Whilethisreportfocusesonthepotentialeconomicbenefitsofclosingthewomen’s
healthgap,thereisalsoamoralimperativetoclosethewomen’s
healthgapandtoimprovethelivesofmillionsofwomenworldwide.ClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies8Therole
ofscienceinaddressing
healthdisparities1Inequalityhindersknowledge.ClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies9EffectivenessofandaccesstomedicaltherapiesmayvaryBiomedicalinnovationbuildsonthebasicunderstandingofsciencearoundbodyfunctionandthecellularandmolecularpathwaysinvolvedindiseasedevelopmentandprogression.Historically,menhavebothledandbeenthesubjectofthestudyofmedicineandbiology.17Themajorityofanimalmodelshavebeenbasedonmalespecimens.18
Questionsaboutsex-baseddifferenceswererarelyinvestigatedorrecorded,withtheassumption–nowknowntobefalse–thattherearefewimportantdifferencesinthefunctioningoforgansandsystemsinmenandwomenbeyondreproduction.To
understandbasicfemalebiologybetter,
fundamentallynewresearchtoolsshouldbedeveloped(forexample,animalmodels,computationalmodels,patientavatarsandhumanizedmodels)thatbetterclassifywomen’ssymptomsandmanifestationsofdisease(asopposedtocallingthose“atypical”).19There
are
well-knowncaseswhere
womenandmenexperienceimportantdifferencesintheuptakeoreffectiveness
ofa
medicinedesignedandapproved
foruseforboth.Thisistrue,forexample,forsometherapiestotreat
asthmaandcardiovascular
disease.Analystslookedat183ofthemostwidelyusedinterventionsacross
64healthconditions,representing
roughly
90%ofthehealthburden
forwomen,reviewing
more
than650academicpaperstoassesstheextentofthisphenomenon.Oftheinterventionsstudied,only50%reported
sex-disaggregated
data.Incaseswhere
sex-disaggregated
datawasavailable,64%oftheinterventionsstudiedwere
foundtoputwomenata
disadvantage,eitherduetolowerefficacy
oraccess,orboth,whileformenthiswasthecaseforonly10%ofThereisatremendousopportunityforthehealthcareandlifesciencescommunitytoimprovethelivesofwomenaroundtheworld.interventions.(Figure
5).FIGURE5:
EffectivenessofandaccesstointerventionsvarybetweenmenandwomenFromtheinterventionsthathavesex-disaggregateddata,64%werefoundtoputwomenatadisadvantageduetolowerefficacy,lackofaccessorbothNosex-disaggregateddata50%50%64%Withsex-disaggregateddata10%26%ResearchedinterventionsWomendisadvantagedMendisadvantagedEqualresultsSource:
McKinseyanalysisExamplesinclude:–Cardiovascularandcerebrovasculardisease–particularlyischaemicheartdiseaseandstroke–isthebiggestsinglecontributortodiseaseburdengloballyforbothmenandwomen,accountingfor16%ofDALYs
globallyformenand14%forwomen.22
OneGermanstudyfoundthatdespiteidenticaltechnicalsuccessofapercutaneouscardiacinterventionformenandwomen,therewasa20%higherage-adjustedriskofdeathorofcardiaceventsinwomencomparedtomen.23–Asthmaisacommonrespiratoryconditionaffectingmenandwomenatsimilarprevalencerates,whereacuteasthmaexacerbationspresentassymptomssuchasshortnessofbreath,wheezing,coughorchesttightness.20Inhalertherapywithbronchodilatorsandcorticosteroidsisamainstayoftreatment.Butstudiesindicatethatthistreatmentisaround20percentagepointslesseffectiveinreducingexacerbationsinwomencomparedtomen.21ClosingtheWomen’s
HealthGap:A$1Trillion
OpportunitytoImproveLivesandEconomies
10Researchinwomen’s
healthprimarilyfocusesondiseaseswithhighmortality,
overlookingdiseasesleadingtodisabilityandpolycysticovarysyndrome.Additionally,maternalconditionsshouldreceivemoreattention:whiletheycontributeasimilarsharetooverallsufferingamongwomencomparedtowomen-specificcancers,thereisalargediscrepancyinthepipelineoftherapiesindevelopment.Forexample,eventhoughpostpartumhaemorrhage(PPH)istheleadingdirectpreventablecauseofmaternalmortalityinlow-incomecountries(LICs)andlow-ormiddle-incomecountries(LMICs),onlytwonewmedicinesshowntobeeffectiveinPPHmanagementhavebeendevelopedoverthepast30years.24Onewaytoassessresearchprioritiesisthroughpipelineassets.Thereisuptoa10-fold
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