PMI培训资料：离心式压缩机组基础知识及操作

离心式压缩机组基础知识及操作Basicknowledgeandoperationofcentrifugalcompressor主要内容(primarycoverage)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)3.离心式压缩机组的开机步骤(Startingstepsofcentrifugalcompressor)4.离心式压缩机组的停机步骤(Stopingstepsofcentrifugalcompressor)5.离心式压缩机组的正常维护(Normalmaintenanceofcentrifugalcompressor)6.离心式压缩机组常见故障及处理(Commontroublesandtreatmentofcentrifugalcompressor)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)

离心式压缩机是一种高速旋转的透平式（turbine）机械，其作用是一种能量转换机械。在驱动机的拖动下，以消耗机械能达到排送和压缩各种气体，使气体压力提高，满足各种不同工艺流程的需要。早期，由于这种压缩机只适于低，中压力、大流量的场合，而不为人们所注意。但近来，由于化学工业的发展，各种大型化工厂，炼油厂的建立，离心式压缩机就成为压缩和输送化工生产中各种气体的关键机器，而占有极其重要的地位。

Centrifugalcompressorisakindofhighspeedrotatingturbomachinery(turbine),itsroleisakindofenergyconversionmachinery.Indrivingmachinedrag,withmechanicalenergyconsumptiontodischargeandcompressedgases,thegaspressure,meetdifferentprocessneeds.Early,becausethisisonlysuitableforcompressorlowpressure,largeflowsituations,andnotpayattentionforthepeople.Butrecently,duetothedevelopmentofchemicalindustry,avarietyoflarge-scalechemicalplant,refinerybuilding,centrifugalcompressormachinehasbecomethekeytothecompressionandtransmissionofvariousgasesinchemicalproduction,andoccupiesanextremelyimportantposition.1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.1离心式压缩机特点(Centrifugalcompressorfeatures)如果将往复式压缩机与离心式压缩机相比较，则显示出离心式压缩机有以下特点。优点：（1）流量大——离心式压缩机是连续运转的，汽缸流通截面的面积较大，叶轮转速很高，故气体流量很大。（2）转速高——由于离心式压缩机转子只做旋转运动，转动惯量较小，运动件与静止件保持一定的间隙，因而转速较高。（3）结构紧凑——机组重量和占地面积比同一流量的往复式压缩机小得多。（4）运行可靠——离心式压缩机运转平稳一般可连续一至三年不需停机检修，亦可不用备机。排气均匀稳定，故运转可靠，维修简单，操作费用低。1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)Ifthereciprocatingcompressoriscomparedwiththecentrifugalcompressor,itshowsthatthecentrifugalcompressorhasthefollowingcharacteristicsAdvantages:(1)flow,centrifugalcompressorisacontinuousoperationofthecylinderflowsectionareaislarger,theimpellerspeedisveryhigh,sothegasflowisverylarge.(2)becauseofthehighspeedcentrifugalcompressorrotoronlyrotationalmotion,smallinertia,movingpartsandstationarypartstomaintainacertaingap,sohighspeed.(3)-compactunitweightandcoversanareaofmorethanthesamereciprocatingcompressorflowismuchsmaller.(4)reliableoperation-stableoperationofcentrifugalcompressorgenerallydoesnotneedcontinuousonetothreeyearsofdowntime,ornotbymachine.Sotheexhaustishomogeneousandstable,reliableoperation,easymaintenance.Theoperatingcostislow.缺点：（1）单级压力比不高。（2）由于转速高和要求一定的通道截面，故不能适应太小的流量。（3）效率较低，由于离心式压缩机中的气流速度较大等原因，造成能量损失较大，故效率比往复式压缩机稍低一些。（4）由于转速高、功率大，一旦发生故障其破坏性较大。Disadvantages:(1)singlestagepressureratioisnothigh.(2)duetohighspeedandachannelsection,itcannotadapttothetrafficistoosmall.(3)theefficiencyislow,becauseofthelargeflowvelocityincentrifugalcompressorandotherreasons,thecauseofenergylossisbigger,sotheefficiencyisslightlylowerthanthereciprocatingcompressorsome.(4)becauseofhighrotatingspeedandlargepower,itismoredestructiveifitbreaksdown.1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)

离心式压缩机按结构特点可分为水平剖分式、垂直剖分式以及等温压缩式等3种类型。其结构特点如下：

水平剖分离心式压缩机

：

水平剖分离心式压缩机由定子和转子两部分组成。定子被通过轴心线的水平面剖分为上下两部分，通常称它为上下机壳，上下机壳用联接螺栓联成一个整体，便于拆装检修。上下机壳均为组合件，由缸体和隔板组成隔板组装于缸体内，并构成气体流动需要的环形空间缸体和隔板可用铸铁，铸钢和合金钢铸成，隔板还可由锻钢制成。转子由主轴、叶轮、轴套以及平衡组件组成，主轴和轴套等组件多用合金钢锻制而成。叶轮多为焊接结构，该类型压缩机适于低中压工艺，最高工作压力一般不大于5MPa。1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(ClassificationofcentrifugalcompressorCentrifugalcompressorcanbedividedinto3typesaccordingtoitsstructuralcharacteristics:horizontalsplit,verticalsplitandisothermalcompression:Horizontalsplitcentrifugalcompressor:Horizontalsplitcentrifugalcompressorrotorandastatoriscomposedoftwoparts.Thehorizontalsectionthroughtheaxislineofthestatorisdividedintotwoparts,itiscommonlycalledupperandlowercasing,upperandlowercasingwiththeboltasawhole,convenientdisassemblyandmaintenance.Onthechassisisanassembly,apartitionboardbythecylinderanddiaphragmassembledonthecylinderbody,andtheannularspacepartitionandcylindergasflowtobecastiron,caststeelandalloysteelplatecanalsobemadeofforgedsteel.Therotorcomprisesamainshaft,impeller,shaftsleeveandbalancecomponents,mainshaftandsleeveandothercomponentsmadeofalloysteelforgedintotheimpeller.Forweldingstructure,thiskindofcompressorissuitableforlowandmediumpressureprocess,themaximumworkingpressureislessthan5MPa.水平剖分离心式压缩机(Horizontalsplitcentrifugalcompressor)

1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor

垂直剖分离心式压缩机：

垂直剖分（也叫筒形）离心式压缩机，其缸体为筒形，两端盖用联接螺栓与筒形缸体联成一个整体。隔板与转子组装后，用专用工具送入筒形缸体，隔板为垂直剖分，隔板与隔板由联接螺栓联成一个整体，检修时需打开端盖，将转子和隔板同时由筒形缸体拉出，以便进一步分解检修。该机筒形缸体、端盖、隔板和主轴多用碳钢或合金钢锻制而成叶轮为碳钢或合金钢组焊件。这种结构最适用于压缩高压力和低分子量、易泄漏的气体，由于气缸是圆柱形的整体，能承受较高的压力，该类压缩机最高工作压力可达70MPa。1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)Verticalsplitcompressor:Verticalsplit(alsocalledcylinder)ofcentrifugalcompressor,thecylinderisacylinder,bothendsoftheboltcoverandbarrelcylinderasawhole.Thepartitionandtherotorassembly,withspecialtoolsintothecylinderblock,thepartitionfortheverticalpartition,thepartitionandpartitionbyconnectingboltsintoaoverall,themaintenanceneedtoopenthecover,therotorandthebaffleandiscomposedofacylindricalcylinderispulledout,inordertofurtherdecomposemaintenance.Thismachinebarrelshapedbody,endcover,baffleandspindlewithcarbonsteeloralloysteelforgedintotheimpellerforcarbonsteeloralloysteelweldedstructure.Themostsuitableforhighcompressionpressureandlowmolecularweight,gasleakage,thecylinderiscylindrical,canwithstandhighpressures,themaximumworkingpressureofthecompressorcanreach70MPa.垂直剖分离心式压缩机(Verticalsplitcompressor)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)垂直剖分离心式压缩机(Verticalsplitcompressor)等温压缩离心式压缩机：为了能在较小的动力下对气体进行高效的压缩，把各级叶轮压缩的气体，通过级间冷却器冷却后再导入下一级的一种压缩机。Isothermalcompressioncentrifugalcompressor:Inordertoefficientlycompressthegasunderlesspower,thecompressedgasofallimpellersiscooledbyainterstagecoolerandthenimportedintoacompressoratthenextlevel1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)等温压缩离心式压缩机(Isothermalcompressioncentrifugalcompressor)1.离心式压缩机的概述(Anoverviewofcentrifugalcompressor)1.2离心式压缩机的分类(Classificationofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.1离心式压缩机的工作原理(Theworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

汽轮机或电动机带动压缩机主轴叶轮转动，在离心力作用下，气体被甩到工作轮后面的扩压器中去。而在工作轮中间形成稀薄地带，前面的气体从工作轮中间的进气部份进入叶轮，由于工作轮不断旋转，气体能连续不断地被甩出去，从而保持了压缩机中气体的连续流动。气体因离心作用增加了压力，还可以很大的速度离开工作轮，气体经扩压器逐渐降低了速度，动能转变为静压能，进一步增加了压力。如果一个工作叶轮得到的压力还不够，可通过使多级叶轮串联起来工作的办法来达到对出口压力的要求。级间的串联通过弯通，回流器来实现。这就是离心式压缩机的工作原理。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.1离心式压缩机的工作原理(Theworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)Themotordrivesthemainshaftofthecompressororturbineimpellertorotateundertheactionofcentrifugalforce,thegaswasthrownintothewheelbehindthediffuser.Thethinzoneisformedinthemiddleandthefrontwheel,thegasfromtheinletpartintotheintermediatewheelimpeller,duetoroundoffrotation,gascancontinuouslybeleftout,soastomaintainacontinuousflowofgasinthegascompressor.Duetothecentrifugaleffecttoincreasethepressure,butalsogreatspeedfromthewheel,thegasdiffusergraduallyreducedvelocity,kineticenergyintostaticpressureenergy,increasesthepressurefurther.Ifaworkimpellerobtainedpressureisnotenough.Bythemultistageimpellerseriesworkofoutletpressurerequirements.Throughtheseriesbentthroughtheinterstage,backflowdevicetoachieve.Thisistheworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor.2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.1离心式压缩机的工作原理(Theworkingprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)吸气口回流器扩压器主轴叶轮机壳排气口内壳平衡盘推力轴承端盖轴端密封径向轴承2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)离心式压缩机由转子及定子两大部分组成，结构如图1所示。转子包括转轴，固定在轴上的叶轮、轴套、平衡盘、推力盘及联轴节等零部件。定子则有气缸，定位于缸体上的各种隔板以及轴承等零部件。在转子与定子之间需要密封气体之处还设有密封元件。各个部件的作用介绍如下：2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.2.1离心式压缩机转子（Centrifugalcompressorrotor）离心式压缩机转子包括转轴，固定在轴上的叶轮、轴套、平衡盘、推力盘及联轴节等零部件。Therotorofacentrifugalcompressorincludesarotatingshaft,animpellerfixedontheshaft,ashaftsleeve,abalancedisc,athrustdiscandacoupling.转子外形图(Rotorprofile)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.2.1离心式压缩机转子（Centrifugalcompressorrotor）主轴：

起支持旋转零件及传递扭矩作用的。根据其结构形式。有阶梯轴及光轴两种，光轴有形状简单，加工方便的特点。Spindle:Theutilitymodelcansupportrotatingpartsandtransmittorque.Accordingtothestructure,therearetwokindsofladdershaftandopticalaxis,andtheopticalaxishastheadvantagesofsimpleshapeandconvenientprocessing2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)叶轮：

离心式压缩机中最重要的一个部件，驱动机的机械功即通过此高速回转的叶轮对气体作功而使气体获得能量，它是压缩机中唯一的作功部件，亦称工作轮。叶轮一般是由轮盖、轮盘和叶片组成的闭式叶轮，也有没有轮盖的半开式叶轮。Impeller：Oneofthemostimportantcomponentsincentrifugalcompressor,mechanicalpowerdrivenmachinethroughthehigh-speedrotationoftheimpellerofgaspowerandgasenergy,itistheonlyworkcomponentofthecompressor,alsoknownasthewheel.Impellerisgenerallycomposedofwheelcover,closedimpellerdiskandblade,alsothereisnosemiopenimpellerwheelcover.2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)平衡盘：

在多级离心式压缩机中因每级叶轮两侧的气体作用力大小不等，使转子受到一个指向低压端的合力，这个合力即称为轴向力。轴向力对于压缩机的正常运行是有害的，容易引起止推轴承损坏，使转子向一端窜动，导致动件偏移与固定元件之间失去正确的相对位置，情况严重时，转子可能与固定部件碰撞造成事故。

平衡盘是利用它两边气体压力差来平衡轴向力的零件。它的一侧压力是末级叶轮盘侧间隙中的压力，另一侧通向大气或进气管，通常平衡盘只平衡一部分轴向力，剩余轴向力由止推轴承承受，在平衡盘的外缘需安装气封，用来防止气体漏出，保持两侧的差压。轴向力的平衡也可以通过叶轮的两面进气和叶轮反向安装来平衡。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Balancedisc:Inamultistagecentrifugalcompressorwithgasforceonbothsidesofeachimpellerfromtherotorbyapointertothelowendofforce,thisforceiscalledaxialforce.Theaxialforceisharmfultothenormaloperationofthecompressor,easytocausethedamageoftherotorthrustbearing,totheendofthetraverse,tomovebetweenafixedelementoffsetandlosetherelativepositionoftheright,inseriouscases,maytherotorandfixedpartscausedbycollisionaccidents.Thebalancediscistouseitonbothsidesofthegaspressuredifferencepartstobalancetheaxialforce.Itisthefinalsidepressuresideoftheimpellerdiskgappressure,theothersidetotheatmosphereortheintakepipe,usuallyonlyaportionofthebalancediscbalanceaxialforce,residualaxialforcebythethrustbearing,theouteredgeofthebalancedisctoinstallgassealtopreventgasleakage,keepthepressureonbothsides.Thebalanceofaxialforcecanalsobeinstalledonbothsidesoftheairinletthroughtheimpellerandimpellerbacktobalance.2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)推力盘：

由于平衡盘只平衡部分轴向力，其余轴向力通过推力盘传给止推轴承上的止推，构成力的平衡，推力盘与推力块的接触表面，应做得很光滑，在两者的间隙内要充满合适的润滑油，在正常操作下推力块不致磨损，在离心压缩机起动时，转子会向另一端窜动，为保证转子应有的正常位置，转子需要两面止推定位，其原因是压缩机起动时，各级的气体还未建立，平衡盘二侧的压差还不存在，只要气体流动，转子便会沿着与正常轴向力相反的方向窜动，因此要求转子双面止推，以防止造成事故。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Thrustdisc:Theonlypartofthebalancediscbalancetheaxialforce,theaxialforceofthethrustplatetothethrustbearingthrust,aforcebalance,thecontactsurfaceofthethrustplateandthethrustblock,shouldbeverysmooth,inboththegapbefilledwithsuitablelubricatingoil,inthenormaloperationofthrustblocktowearinthecentrifugalcompressorstartingwhentherotorwillmovetotheotherend,inordertoensurethenormalpositionoftherotor,therotorthrustrequiredtwopositioning,thereasoniswhenthecompressorstartsatalllevelsofthegashasnotbeenestablished,thereisnobalancedisctwosidepressure,aslongasthegasflow,therotorwillbealongwiththenormalaxialforceintheoppositedirectiontomove,sodoublerotorthrust,topreventaccidents.联轴器：

由于离心压缩机具有高速回转、大功率以及运转时难免有一定振动的特点，所用的联轴器既要能够传递大扭矩，又要允许径向及轴向有少许位移，联轴器分齿型联轴器和膜片联轴器，目前常用的都是膜片式联轴器，该联轴器不需要润滑剂，制造容易。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Couplings:Duetothecentrifugalcompressorwithhighrotatingspeed,highpowercharacteristicsandoperationinevitablyhaveacertainvibration,couplingwithbothtobeabletotransferlargetorque,butalsoallowsaradialandaxialdisplacementcoupling,gearcouplinganddiaphragmcoupling,commonlyusedarediaphragmtypecoupling,thecouplingdoesnotneedlubricant,manufacturingeasy.定子包括有气缸，定位于缸体上的各种隔板以及轴承等零部件。在转子与定子之间需要密封气体之处还设有密封元件。各个部件的作用介绍如下：Theutilitymodelcomprisesacylinder,apluralityofseparators,bearings,etc.,whicharepositionedonthecylinderbody,andasealingelementisarrangedbetweentherotorandthestator,andthefunctionofeachcomponentisdescribedasfollows:2.2.2离心式压缩机定子(Centrifugalcompressorstator)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)机壳：机壳也称气缸，对中低压离心式压缩机，一般采用水平中分面机壳，利于装配，上下机壳由定位销定位，即用螺栓连接。对于高压离心式压缩机，则采用圆筒形锻钢机壳，以承受高压。这种结构的端盖是用螺栓和筒型机壳连接的。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Casing:Thecasingisalsocalledthecylinder.Themiddleandlowpressurecentrifugalcompressorusuallyadoptsthehorizontal,middleandseparateshell,whichisconvenientforassembly.Theupperandlowershellsarepositionedbythepositioningpin,whichisboltedtogetherForhighpressurecentrifugalcompressors,acylindricalforgedsteelhousingisusedtowithstandhighpressure.Theendcapsofthisstructureareboltedandcylindrical2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)扩压器：

气体从叶轮流出时，它仍具有较高的流动速度。为了充分利用这部分速度能，以提高气体的压力，在叶轮后面设置了流通面积逐渐扩大的扩压器。扩压器一般有无叶、叶片、直壁形扩压器等多种形式。Diffuser:Thegasoutflowfromtheimpeller,itstillhasahigherflowrate.Inordertomakefulluseofthispartofthespeed,toimprovethegaspressure,thecirculationareagraduallyexpandedtothediffuserisarrangedintheback.Theimpellerdiffusergenerallyleaves,leafshape,straightwalldiffuserandotherforms.2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)蜗壳：蜗壳的主要目的，是把扩压器后，或叶轮后流出的气体汇集起来引出机器，蜗壳的截面形状有圆形、犁形、梯形和矩形。Spiralcase:Themainpurposeofthevoluteistoassemblethegasafterthediffuserortheimpellertodrawoutthemachine.Thecrosssectionofthespiralcasehasaroundshape,aploughshape,atrapezoidandarectangle.弯道：

在多级离心式压缩机中级与级之间，气体必须拐弯，就采用弯道，弯道是由机壳和隔板构成的弯环形空间。Curve：Inthemultistagecentrifugalcompressorbetweentheintermediateandthegrade,thegasmustturn,andthenusethecurve,thecurveistheshellandthepartitioncomposedofcurvedannularspace回流器：

在弯道后面连接的通道就是回流器，回流器的作用是使气流按所需的方向均匀地进入下一级，它由隔板和导流叶片组成。导流叶片通常是圆弧的，可以和气缸铸成一体也可以分开制造，然后用螺栓连接在一起。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)回流器：在弯道后面连接的通道就是回流器，回流器的作用是使气流按所需的方向均匀地进入下一级，它由隔板和导流叶片组成。导流叶片通常是圆弧的，可以和气缸铸成一体也可以分开制造，然后用螺栓连接在一起。Refluxapparatus:Inthecornerbehindtheconnectionchannelisreflux,refluxdeviceistheroleoftheairflowinadesireddirectionuniformlytothenextlevel,itconsistsofplatesandguidevanes.Theguidevaneisusuallycircularcylinder,andcanbecastintoawholecanalsobemadeseparately,andthenusethebolttogether.密封：密封是压缩机的重要部件之一，离心式压缩机若要获得良好的运行效果，必须在转子与定子间保留一定的间隙，以避免运行期间的摩擦、磨损以及碰撞等故障发生。泄漏不仅降低了压缩机的工作效果，而且还将导致污染，甚至着火爆炸等事故。压缩机常用密封油：迷宫密封，浮环密封，机械密封，干气密封。220万吨/年加氢裂化装置循环氢压缩机干气密封形式：集装式28XP型带中间迷宫的串联干气密封。Sealup：Thesealisoneoftheimportantcomponentsofthecompressor,centrifugalcompressortoobtaingoodresults,mustretainacertaingapbetweentherotorandthestator,toavoidfrictionduringoperation,wearandimpactnotonlyreducestheleakagefault.Thecompressorworks,butalsowillcausepollution,evenfireandexplosionaccident.Compressorsealoil:labyrinthseal,floatingringseal,mechanicalseal,drygasseal.2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)迷宫密封：

迷宫密封目前是离心压缩机用得较为普遍的密封装置，用于压缩机的外密封和内密封。迷宫密封的气体流动，当气体流过梳齿形迷宫密封片的间隙时，气体经历了一个膨胀过程，压力从P1降至右端的P2，这种膨胀过程是逐步完成的，当气体从密封片的间隙进入密封腔时，由于截面积的突然扩大，气流形成很强的旋涡，使得速度几乎完全消失，密封面两侧的气体存在着压差，密封腔内的压力和间隙处的压力一样，按照气体膨胀的规律来看，随着气体压力的下降，速度应该增加，温度应该下降，但是由于气体在狭小缝隙内的流动是属于节流性质的，此时气体由于压降而获得的动能在密封腔中完全损失掉，而转化为无用的热能，这部分热能转过来又加热气体，从而使得瞬间刚刚随着压力降落下去的温度又上升起来，恢复到压力没有降低时的温度，气流经过随后的每一个密封片和空腔就重复一次上面的过程，一直到压力P2为止。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Labyrinthseal:Thelabyrinthsealofcentrifugalcompressorisnowquitecommonforcompressorsealingdevice,theoutersealandtheinnerseal.Gaslabyrinthsealflow,whenthegapgasflowsthroughthecomblabyrinthsealplate,gasthroughanexpansionprocess,thepressuredroppedfromP1totherightendoftheP2,theexpansionprocessisgraduallycompletedandwhenthegasfromthesealingpieceintothesealedcavity,duetothesuddenexpansionofcross-sectionalareaoftheairtoformastrongvortex,whichalmostcompletelydisappeared,thegassealingsurfaceonbothsidesoftheexistenceofdifferentialpressure,pressureandclearancesealchamberpressure,thegasexpansioninaccordancewiththelaw,withthethegaspressuredrop,thespeedshouldbeincreased,thetemperatureshouldbedecreased,butthegasinthenarrowgapflowbelongstothenatureofthegasthrottle,andthepressuredropduetothekineticenergyinthesealcavity.Lostall,andtransformedintouselessheat,thisheathasturnedtoheatthegas,sothatthemomentjustasthepressuredownthetemperaturerisingup,returntothepressuredidnotdecreasewhenthetemperatureoftheairaftereachsubsequentsealcavityandrepeattheaboveprocessuntilthepressure.P2sofar.迷宫密封：

迷宫密封是利用节流原理，当气体每经过一个齿片，压力就有一次下降，经过一定数量的齿片后就有较大的压降，实质上迷宫密封就是给气体的流动以压差阻力，从而减小气体的通过量。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Labyrinthseal:Istheuseoflabyrinthsealgasthrottleprinciple,wheneverytooth,thereisapressuredrop,afteracertainnumberofteethhavelargerpressuredrop,theessenceistogivethelabyrinthsealgasflowwithpressureresistance,therebyreducingthegasthroughput.台阶型迷宫密封（Steplabyrinthseal）平滑型迷宫密封（Smoothlabyrinthseal）2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)干气密封是一种新型的非接触轴封,与其它密封相比,干气密封具有泄漏量少、磨损小、寿命长、能耗低、操作简单可靠、维修量低、被密封的流体不受油污染等特点。由于干气密封利用流体动压效应,使旋转的两个密封端面之间不接触,而被密封介质泄漏量很少,从而实现了既可以密封气体又能进行干运转操作。在压缩机应用领域,无论离心压缩机、轴流式压缩机、齿轮传动压缩机还是透平膨胀机,干气密封正逐渐替代浮环密封、迷宫密封和油润滑机械密封。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Drygassealisakindofnon-contactsealmodel,comparedwiththeotherseal,drygassealhaslittleleakage,lowwear,longlife,lowenergyconsumption,simpleandreliableoperation,lowmaintenance,sealingfluidfromoilpollution.Becauseofthedrygassealthehydrodynamiceffect,makethenocontactbetweenthetworotatingsealface,andthesealedmediumleakageisveryfew,soastosealgasanddryoperation.Inthefieldofapplicationofbothcompressor,centrifugalcompressor,axialcompressor,gearcompressororturbineexpander,drygassealisgraduallyreplacingthefloatingringseal.Labyrinthsealandoilseal.干气密封（Drygasseal）2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)干气密封与传统的机械密封相类似，密封面由动环和静环组成。其中动环端面上刻有许多沟槽，他们互不相通。各个沟槽从旋转环的外径向中心延伸，但不贯通，接口槽外深内浅，在沟槽的末端形成了密封堰。当处于非运行状态时，动环与静环的密封面接触，在运行状态时，气体被吸入沟槽中压缩的同时，遇到密封堰的阻拦，气体压力升高，克服静环座弹簧力和作用在静环上的流体静压力，使动、静环密封面脱离接触，产生很小的间隙3-7微米。通过这种方法使间隙持久的存在，机械密封面并不接触，流经密封面的密封气同时也起到了冷却机封的作用。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Drygassealandtraditionalmechanicalsealissimilartothatofthesealingsurfaceiscomposedofthedynamicringandthestaticring.Theringfacewithmanygrooves,theyarenotcommunicatingwitheachother.Eachgrooveextendstothecenterfromtheouterdiameteroftherotatingring,butnotthroughtheinterfaceslotoutsidethedeepshallow,attheendofagroovesealingweir.Wheninanonoperatingstate,themovingringandthestaticringsealingsurfacecontact,intherunningstate,thegasisinhaledandcompressioninthegroove,whensealingweiroftheblock,thegaspressureincreased,overcomehydrostaticforce,springforceandstaticringseatinstaticringonthemove.Thestaticringsealingsurfacecontact,asmallclearanceof3-7microns.Bythismeansthegapofthemechanicalsealingsurfacedoesnotcontact,throughthesealgasatthesametimealsoplayedtheroleofsealingthesealingsurfaceofthecoolingmachine.2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)干气密封的基本工作原理（Thebasicworkingprincipleofdrygasseal）

当转子旋转起来后，流体被吸入密封沟槽底部，由于离心力的作用，气体进入密封中心处压力升高，螺旋槽底部最高，它沿径向形成环形密封墙，该密封墙对气流产生阻力，气体被压缩，压力增高，产生的压力使静环从动环表面被推开，这样，密封面间始终保持一层极薄的气膜，使动环和静环之间存在间隙，密封始终工作在非接触状态，起密封作用。2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)Whentherotorspins,thesuckedfluidissealedatthebottomofthetrench,duetothecentrifugalforce,thegasintothecenterofincreasedpressureseal,thespiralgrooveatthebottomofthehighest,itisformedalongtheradialdirectionoftheannularsealwall,thesealingwallhastheresistancetoairflow,thegasiscompressed,thepressureincrease,thepressuregeneratedbythestaticringdrivenringthesurfaceisopen,sothatthesealingsurfaceremainsalayerofthinfilm,thedynamicringandthestaticringsealinggapexistsbetween,alwaysworkinastateofnon-contactsealingfunction.2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(Structureandprincipleofcentrifugalcompressor)

2.2离心式压缩机的结构(Structureofcentrifugalcompressor)离心式压缩机上的轴承分径向轴承和止推轴承两种。

离心式压缩机上径向轴承和止推轴承安装图1.支持轴承瓦块；2.定距套；3.推力瓦块；4.推力盘；5.推力瓦块2.离心式压缩机的结构、原理(S