托马斯哈代介绍

ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Englishpoetandnovelist,famousforhisdepictionsoftheimaginarycountry“Wessex”.Hardy’sworksreflectedhisstoicalpessimismandsenseoftragedyinhumanlife.09英本682ContentsBriefIntroduction

MajorWorks

TessoftheD'UrbervillesBorn:2June1840

Died:11January1928Occupation:architect

writer(Naturalist,Novelist,Poet,andShortStorywriter)afamous

criticalrealistic

writerthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictorianageAttheageof16,hebecameapprenticedtoalocalarchitect,buthegaveuparchitecturein1874.Becauseofmarriage,hebegantowritepoemsandnovels,whichidealizedtherurallife.Tess(1891)andJude(1896)shockedBritishpruderiesandHardywasterriblyabusedforbeing“filthy”.Hardyannouncedin1896thatJudewashislastnovel,andturnedwithrelieftothewritingofpoetry.Hardy’sfinalyearswerefullofhonors.Hediedin1928.

◆Because

mostofHardy’snovelstakeplaceinthe"partly-real,partly-dream"countyofWessex(namedaftertheAnglo-Saxonkingdomwhichexistedinthearea),hisnovelswerecalledWessexNovel(威塞克斯小说）.

◆theevolutionofWessextheEnglishsocietyinthe19thcentury,loveforhishometown,hisindividualphilosophy.

Hardy’sworkasanarchitectIn1870,whileonanarchitecturalmissiontorestoretheparishchurchinCornwall,HardymetandfellinlovewithEmmaLaviniaGifford,whomhemarriedin1874.Althoughhelaterbecameestrangedfromhiswife,whodiedin1912,herdeathhadatraumaticeffectonhim.Afterherdeath,HardymadeatriptoCornwalltorevisitplaceslinkedwiththeircourtship,andhisPoems1912-13reflectuponherpassing.In1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.However,heremainedpreoccupiedwithhisfirstwife'sdeathandtriedtoovercomehisremorsebywritingpoetryHardy’sFirstWifeEmmaGifford:awomanofhighsocialstatus.ShehadaveryinterestingpersonalityandwasalwaysrememberbyvisitorstotheHardyhousehold.Shediedin1912.ThomasandEmmaHardyresidedatMaxGatefrom1884onward.DesighedbyHardyhimselfSecondwife—Hardy’snurse,companionandfan.In1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.

DuetoFlorence’scare,Hardycouldremainhealthyandcontinuehiswritingcareer.托马斯哈代（1840～1928）英国诗人、小说家。他是横跨两个世纪的作家，早期和中期的创作以小说为主，继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统；晚年以其出色的诗歌开拓了英国20世纪的文学。

哈代1840年6月2日生于英国西南部的一个小村庄，毗邻多塞特郡大荒原，这里的自然环境日后成了哈代作品的主要背景。他的父亲是石匠，但爱好音乐。父母都重视对哈代的文化教育。1856年哈代离开学校，给一名建筑师当学徒。1862年前往伦敦，任建筑绘图员，并在伦敦大学进修语言，开始文学创作。

哈代的文学生涯开始于诗歌，后因无缘发表，改事小说创作。他的第一部长篇小说《计出无奈》问世于1871年。成名作是他的第四部小说《远离尘嚣》（1874）。从此，他放弃建筑职业，致力于小说创作。

哈代一生共发表了近20部长篇小说，其中最著名的当推《德伯家的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》、《还乡》和《卡斯特桥市长》。诗8集，共918首，此外，还有许多以“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说，以及长篇史诗剧《列王》。

哈代的作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的深刻变化以及人民（尤其是妇女）的悲惨命运，揭露了资产阶级道德、法律和宗教的虚伪性。他的作品承上启下，既继承了英国批判现实主义的优秀传统，也为20世纪的英国文学开拓了道路。The1stperiod:romanticandpastoral

Masterpieces:UndertheGreenTreeFarfromtheMaddingCrowd

The2ndperiod:thesocialtragedyofWessex

Masterpieces:TheReturnoftheNativeTheMayorofCasterbridge

The3rdperiod:thepessimisticfateofthevillagersinWessexMasterpieces:TessoftheD‘Urbervilles(1891)

JudetheObscure(1896)HisMajorWorksEarlyworks(描写英国农村的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活)UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872,the1stnovelofcountrylife)《绿荫下》APairofBlueEyes)《一双湛蓝的眼睛》(1873)FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874,his1stmasterpiece)《远离尘嚣》Theturningpoint:TheReturnoftheNative（1878）《还乡》的出版确立了哈代作为重要作家的地位，也标志着作者开始转向悲剧题材TheMayorofCasterbridge（1886）《卡斯特桥市长》展示了一场性格悲剧Shortstories

Alicia'sDiary(1887)ATragedyOfTwoAmbitions(1888)

Poetry

WessexPoemsandOtherVerses

(1898)

SatiresofCircumstance(1914)

DramaTheDynasts

(versedrama)HisMajorWorksHardyhimselfdividedhisnovelsintothreegroups:1)NovelsofCharacter&Environment2)NovelsofRomances&Fantasies3)NovelsofIngenuity1.NovelsofCharacterandEnvironment

（性格与环境小说）ThePoorManandtheLady(1867,unpublishedandlost)《穷汉与贵妇人》

UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)《绿树荫下

》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)《远离尘嚣》TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)《卡斯特桥市长》

Tessofthed'Urbervilles(1891)《德伯家的苔丝》

JudetheObscure(1895)《无名的裘德》

Heexploredtragiccharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassions

&socialcircumstances

&sethisfictionsinthesemi-fictionallandofWessexwherehegrewup.

ThisClassisaboutpeople’spursuittohappinessandawarenessoftheirdreams,reflectingtheacuteconflictsbetweenpeopleandtheenvironmentaroundthem.2.RomancesandFantasies

（传奇与幻想小说）APairofBlueEyes(1873)《一双蓝眼睛》

TwoonaTower(1882)《塔里的两个人》

TheWell-Beloved(1897)(firstpublishedasaserialfrom1892)《心爱的人》

mainlytalkaboutromanticlovestories.3.NovelsofIngenuity

（机巧和实验小说）DesperateRemedies(1871)《铤而走险》TheHandofEthelberta(1876)《埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻》ALaodicean(1881)《冷漠的人》MajorworksUndertheGreenwoodTreeFarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)TheReturnoftheNative(1878)WessexTales(1888)

TheWoodlanders(1887)TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)

Hardy’stwonovels,Tessofthed’Urbervilles(1891)andJudetheObscure(1895)arehislastlongfictionworks.ThelastnovelschallengedthesensibilitiesofVictorianreaderswithsituationsthatruffledmanyaVictorianfeather:immoralsex,murder,illegitimatechildren,andtheunmarriedlivingtogether.HeateddebateandcriticismoverthesetwobookshelpedHardydecidethathewouldratherwritepoetry.Infact,sostungwashebythecriticismofhisworksthatHardydidnotwriteanothernovel.JudeTheObscureHardy'sJudeTheObscure(1895)arousedevenmoredebate.Thestorydramatizedtheconflictbetweencarnalandspirituallife,tracingJudeFawley'slifefromhisboyhoodtohisearlydeath.JudemarriesArabella,butdesertsher.Hefallsinlovewithhiscousin,hypersensitiveSueBridehead,whomarriesthedecayingschoolmaster,Phillotson,inamasochistfit.JudeandSueobtaindivorces,buttheirlifetogetherdeterioratesunderthepressureofpovertyandsocialdisapproval.TheeldestsonofJudeandArabella,agrotesqueboynicknamed'FatherTime',killstheirchildrenandhimself.Brokenbytheloss,SuegoesbacktoPhillotson,andJudereturnstoArabella.SoonthereafterJudedies,

TessofTheD’UrbervillesItcameintoconflictwithVictorianmorality.ItexploredthedarksideofhisfamilyconnectionsinBerkshire.InthestorythepoorvillagergirlTessDurbeyfieldisseducedbythewealthyAlecD'Uberville.Shebecomespregnantbutthechilddiesininfancy.TessfindsworkasadairymaidonafarmandfallsinlovewithAngelClare,aclergyman'sson.TheymarrybutwhenTesstellsAngelaboutherpast,hehypocriticallydeserther.TessbecomesAlec'smistress.AngelreturnsfromBrazil,repentinghisharshness,butfindsherlivingwithAlec.TesskillsAlecindesperation,sheisarrestedandhanged.TessoftheD'Urbervilles

----APureWoman

atragiclifeaboutonebeautifulandpuregirlafterdisgrace

Tess(1891)cameintoconflictwithVictorianmoralityoneofthemostinfluentialworksofHardy’s,agreatclassicof

Englishliteraturewellreceived,butheavilycriticizedMaincharacters

TessThe