WTO架构下的贸易谈判(英文版)

TradeBargainingundertheWTO:AnExampleofUS-ChinaTrade(WTO架構下之貿易談判)Dr.Pei-ShanKao,AssistantProfessorNationalChiaoTungUniversityCentreforGeneralEducationUnit6

I.Introduction

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange

III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictions

IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegime

V.Conclusion

Question1:DidtheWTOpromoteUS-ChinatradebargainingsinceChina’sentryin2001?Question2:HavetheirtradefrictionsbeenresolvedundertheWTOregime?Question3:CanthemechanismoftheWTOfacilitateeffectivelyUS-Chinatradebargaininghenceresolvestheirdisputesandpromotestheirrelations?

Question4:HowdidtheWTOchangeandaffectChina’stradebehaviorandChina’srelationswithitstradingpartners?↗Source:http://english.pravda.ru/img/2005/10/wto2.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.US-ChinaTradeRelations:Sincetheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsin1979,theysignedatradeagreementgrantingeachotherthemost-favoured-nation(MFN)status.↓Thetwo-waytradedevelopedandgrewrapidly.↓Manytradedisputesandfrictionsoccurred.↓Americanswereunsatisfiedwithmanyproblems:e.g.China’sarbitraryadministrativeinterferenceanddiscriminatoryregulatoryprocesses,tradebarriers,andunfairandnon-transparenttradepracticeswereprevalent.↓∴TheU.S.AwelcomedChina’sentryintotheWTOAmericans’andWesternCountries’ExpectationsofChina’saccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChina’srestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*TodecreasetheirtradedeficitwithChina.*ToensurethetransparencyofChina’stradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,thebilateraltradeincreasedfrom$85.5billionin1998to$386.7billionin2007;itgrew4.5times.Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2008*Chinanowisworld’sthird-largesteconomyaftertheUnitedStatesandJapan.*Chinaisalsonowworld’sthird-largesttradingnation,followingtheUSAandGermany.*China-UStwo-waytradeaccountedfor17.7%ofChina’stotaltradeamount.*TheUnitedStatesnowisChina’slargesttradingpartner.ItisalsoChina’slargestexportmarket,anditsfourth-largestimportsupplier.*ChinaisAmerica’sthird-largestexportmarketanditisalsoAmerica’sfastestgrowingexportmarket.*ChinahaspassedCanada,becomesAmerica’sbiggestimportsupplier.

Chinahasgraduallyshifteditsexportstructurefromlabour-intensiveproductssuchastextiles;shoes;andtoystocapital-intensivegoods.

US-Chinatradereachedaparticularlyhighlevelofgrowth:theyearsafter1979,whentheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsinthepost-ColdWarera.TotalUS-Chinabilateraltradeincreasedfrom$17.8billionin1989toover$409billionin2008

ChinahasbecometheUSA’slargestdeficittradingpartner,ChinahadatradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesof$266.3billionin2008.

TradeDisputesandConflictsAppeared

QuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedtheWTO:

China’sMFNstatus,Chineseexchangerate,IPR

III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsAfterChinajoinedtheWTO:DisputessenttotheDSBAdisputeariseswhenonememberbelievesanotherisviolatinganagreementoracommitment▼AppealtotheDSBtoresolvethedispute▼TheDSBwillestablish“DisputePanels”toconsiderthecase(Thepanelswillmakerecommendation)▼The“AppellateBody”canamendthepanels’recommendationDisputessettled“outofcourt”,orremaininaprolongedconsultationphaseTable3.US-ChinaTradeDisputesBroughttoWTO

ComplaintRespondentChinaChinaChinaUSAUSAUSAsteelsafeguards(DS252)anti-dumpingdutyoncoatedfreesheetpaper(DS368)anti-dumpingduties

(DS379)ChinapreferentialVATforIC(DS309)autoparts(DS340)ComplaintRespondentUSAUSAUSAUSAUSAChinaTaxrefunds(DS358)IPR(DS362)Publicationandaudiovisualservices(DS363)financialservices(DS373)grants,loans(DS387)

IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegimeSavetheconsultationandbargainingtime:e.g.OnthecasesofChina’spreferentialVATratefordomesticallyproducedICs(DS309);themeasuresChinaimposedonforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicessuppliers(DS373)wereresolved“out-of-court”within4monthsevenwithoutestablishingapanelasChinaagreedtoamendthemeasures.2.Disputesresolvedwithoutexchangingconditionsasbefore:

e.g.(before)MFNlinkedwithhumanrightsissues (after)Tradeissuesdonotneedtobe“politicised”3.Toensuretherealisationofstates’commitment:∵WTOisalong-termanditerativegame,“theshadowofthefuture”canbelengthened;therewillbenocommitmentproblems.e.g.onthecaseofUSsteelsafeguardmeasures(DS252),althoughAmericawasunsatisfiedwiththepanelreport,andappealedtotheAppellateBody,iteventuallyacceptedthedecisionoftheDSBandpromisedtoterminatealloftherelativesafeguardmeasures.∵thegameisrepeated,ifChinaandtheUnitedStateswanttoplayit,theywilleventuallychoosetocooperate.4.TradePolicyReviewsMechanism(TPRM):WTOhelpstomonitorandsupervisestates’behaviourandtradepractices:e.g.PressreleasedbytheWTO(June2008):TheUnitedStateshastakenfurtherstepstoliberaliseitstraderegimesinceitspreviousreviewin2006.

5.Toprovideinformationaboutothers’preferencesandintentions;

decreasestates’uncertaintyandfearsforcooperatingwithothers:e.g.Onthecaseofrestrictingforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicesuppliers(DS373),ChinareleasedinformationbytheWTOexpressingitswilltorevisethemeasuresandreachedanagreementwiththeUnitedStates.Conclusion

-SinceChinajoinedtheWTO,althoughtheWTOcouldnothelptheUnitedStatestodecreaseitsdeficitswithChina,itdidpromoteUS-Chinatraderelationsbyresolvingtheirtradefrictions.-ManydisputessuchasUSsteelsafeguardmeasures,China’sVATrefundsonICsoritsc