动词不定式1课件

动词不定式动词的变化形式之一成分分析不定式，即“不一定是什么词性的成分”，可当作名词、形容词和副词来使用，所以，不定式，就是除了当谓语之外的任何其他成分。动名词，相当于名词，因此动名词在句中主要充当：主语、宾语以及表语。分词，相当于形容词和副词，因此在句中主要充当：定语，状语和补足语。第一节不定式充当的句子成分句型：It+todosth.(作主语)It+todosth.句型不定式作主语，常见的是用it作形式主语，放在句首，将真正的主语动词不定式（短语）放在句子后面Itiseasytobewiseaftertheevent.Itiseasiertospendmoneythantomakemoney.Itisbettertolovesomeoneyoucan’thavethantohavesomeoneyoucan’tlove.注意：此处形式主语it不能用this或that来替换。Thisisimpossibleforpeopletostaredirectlyatthesun.不定式结构也可直接置于句首作主语，此时谓语动词要用单数。Toerrishuman;toforgive,divine.Toloveforthesakeofbeinglovedishuman,buttoloveforthesakeoflovingisangelic.动词+todo(宾语)1.直接跟在一个及物动词后面作宾语。这时句子有以下两个特点：第一，句子主语和不定式的逻辑主语是一致的，即两个动词所表示的动作都是由全局主语发出。第二，这时句子的谓语动词多是描写态度；不定式的动词则说明行为。Ihopetoseeyouagain.Thiscompanyrefusedtocooperatewithus.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.Whyshouldanyonebother_____histreasuretohelpastranger?A.riskingtoloseB.torisklosingC.riskinglosingD.torisktoloseAfford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,consent,dare,decide,determine,expect,fail,forget,happen,hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,prefer,prepare,pretend,promise,propose,refuse,regret,remember,seem,start,swear,trouble,try,want,wish,etc.2.在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what,who,which）或者连接副词（How，when,where）及连词whether后面接一个to的动词不定式。我们可以将这种结构看成是连接词引导的宾语从句的简略形式。Iwonderwhotoinvite.(=whoIshouldinvite)Showuswhattodo.(=whatwemustdo)Idon’tknowwhethertoanswerhisletter.(此处不用If)类似动词还有:ask,consider,decide,discover,explain,forget,findout,guess,imagine,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,teach,think,understand,wonder,etc.动词+it+宾补（名词或形容词）+宾语todo(作宾语的不定式后置)此时，往往用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在宾语补足语后面。常用于此结构中的动词有：consider,think,judge,feel,make,etc.Ithinkithardtoanswerthequestioninonego.Hefeelsitchallengingtobeamarketingsupervisor.Usingmanysymbolsmakes____toputalargeamountofinformationonasinglemap.A.possibleB.itispossibleC.itpossibleD.thatpossibleThedevelopmentofsteelnibsmakesitpossible

todeveloppens.Thedevelopmentofsteelnibsmakesitpossible

thatpeoplecandeveloppens.Thedevelopmentofsteelnibsmakespossible

thedevelopmentofpens.句型3：动词+sb+todosth.成分：宾补Theydon’tallowpeopletosmokeinthetheater.Thechildrendeclaredthemeetingtobeover.Allowmetodrinktoyoursuccess.Inhot,dryregions,theSun’heatcausestheouterlayerofrocks____,processcalledexfoliation.A.areexpandedandpeeledawayB.toexpand0andpeelawayC.expandingandpeelingawayD.theyexpandandpeelaway此类动词：Advice,allow,ask,beg,believe,cause,command,challenge,compel,declare,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,have,help,instruct,intend,invite,judge,leave,let,like,mean,make,need,oblige,order,permit,persuade,prefer,press,recommend,request,remind,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,want,warn,wish(hope不可以)，urge,etc.句型4:名词+todosth.作定语不定式作宾语一般与被修饰名词有以下三种关系：1.动宾关系Ihavealettertowrite.(逻辑关系即：writealetter)Ineedsomepapertowriteon.(逻辑关系即：writeonsomeletter)Ineedapentowritewith.(逻辑关系即：writewithapen)Shehasfourchildrentotakecareof.Ihadnoplacetolivein.Youjustregardmeasathing,anobjectto

lookat,touse,totouch,butnottolistentoortotakeseriously.Igavethekidacomictoread.IhavenopartnertospeakEnglishwith.

2.主谓关系被only,last,next,序数词，最高级形容词修饰的名词常用不定式作定语，所修饰的名词和不定式构成逻辑主谓关系。Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.ThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.Clintwasthesecondpersontofallintothistrap.同位关系（两类名词）1）与动词相关的名词：要求与不定式连用的动词，它的名词形式也要接不定式。常见的这样的名词：Arrangement,attempt,claim,decision,hope,determination,failure,need,plan,promise,refusal,resolution,tendency,threat,wish,etc.Herefusedtoco-operatewithus.Hisrefusaltoco-operatemakesusangry.Idon’twishtochange.Ihavenowishtochange.2）此类形容词相关的名词：要求与不定式连用的形容词，它的名词形式也要接不定式，这样的名词有：ability,ambition,anxiety,eagerness,inclination,reluctance,etc.Shewasreluctanttoaccepthisinvitation.Herreluctancetoaccepthisinvitationupsethim.Theywereeagertohelpme.Theireagernesstohelppleasedme.Adecision____stockbyoneorafewoftheselargecompaniesmayhaveaveryimportanteffectonthemarketasawhole.A.buyingortosellB.tobuyorsellingC.buyingorsellingD.tobuyorsellAllourattempts___thechildfromdrowningwereinvain.A.torescueB.havingrescuedC.rescueD.beingrescued句型5：形容词+todosth.1.句子主语和不定式动词可构成逻辑上的动宾关系。Sheisverynicetotalkto.=itisverynicetotalktoher.Maryiseasytogetonwith.=itiseasytogetonwithMary.Englishisdifficulttospeak.Footballisveryinterestingtowatch.注意:1.不定式动词一般不用被动式Englishisdifficulttobespoken.Footballisinterestingtobewatched.2.不定式后不能再加宾语Footballisveryinterestingtowatchit.Sheisnicetotalktoher.3.句子主语和不定式动词可构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这一句型中的形容词通常表示人的性格特征或行为表现。Brave,careful,careless,clever,considerate,cruel,foolish,generous,kind,modest,nice,polite,rude,selfish,silly,stupid,thoughtful等等Hewaskindtohelpus.Theboywascarelesstobreakthewindow.也可以用以下两种方式来改写：Such…astodoHewassokindastohelpus.TheboywastocarelessastobreakthewindowItwas/is+形容词+ofsb.todo.Itwaskindofhimtohelpus.Itwascarelessoftheboytobreakthewindow.不定式作状语作目的状语Hatingpeopleislikeburningdownyourownhousestogetridofarat.Toavoidcriticism,donoting,saynothing,benothingIwouldclimbthehighestmountain,justtoseeyousmile.Iwouldswimtheocean,justtoholdyourhand.Iwouldrunamillionmiles,justtobewithyouforever.我们可用Inordertodo或者soastodo强调目的状语Iquoteothersinorderbettertoexpressmyownself.Soasto不放在句首，不过todo或inordertodo可提到句首。作结果状语Onlytodo。。。引出意想不到的或不愉快的结果Alltooften,omencomplainthattheyareeducatedasequals，onlytogooutintotheworkforcetobetreatedasinferiors.Heworkedveryhard,____hehadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.a.tofindb.findingc.justfindingd.onlytofindSo…asto,suchastoHisindifferenceissuchastomakeeveryonedespair.Hervoiceissuchastomakeeveryonestare.=hervoiceissoloud/badastomakeeveryonestare.3)enough…toHeisnotoldenoughtogotoschool.Theteacherspeaksloudlyenoughtomakehimselfheardclearly.4)too…toA.否定：Theyaretohardtogetalongwith.B.肯定tooearly/anxious/eagertodo.非常想，急于，时刻准备Youaretooreadytofindfaultswithotherpeople.Iamjusttooeagertohelpyou.C.only,all,but,really,表示肯定Hewouldbeonlytoogladtobeherboyfriend,butheknewhecouldnotmatchherinfamilystatus.3.条件状语用不定式表示条件时，句子谓语通常含有助动词，will,would,shall,should,must,can,could等Youwouldbestupidnottoaskforaraise.Thefatherwillbeproudforhissontowinthegoldmedal.用作独立成分Tobeginwith,totellthetruth,tomakealongstoryshort,sotospeak,tobebrief/exact/frank/honest,tosaynothingof/tosaytheleast不定式逻辑主语1.forsb.todo.Itisimportantforyoutogothereinperson.Itisverycommonforhimtobeabsentwithoutleave.Hewasverywillingforeverythingelsetocome.Foranyadhesivetomakeareallystrongbond,thesurfacestobegluedmustbeabsolutelycleanandfreefrommoistureorgrease.ForyoutostudyEnglishwell,alotofpracticesareneeded.3.ofsb.TodoItiswiseofyounottoarguewithyourboss.Itwasverycarelessofhimtomakesuchsillymistakes.注意：Of和for使用规律不同：Of------针对的是人For-----针对的是事Itisimportantforyoutogothereinperson.Itiswiseofyounottoarguewithyourboss.不定式的时态与语态不定式的时态四种形式主动被动一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting一般不用完成进行式tohavebeenwriting一般不用2.不定式一般式不定式一般式todo1)与主要谓语所表示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生；Iamgladtoseeyou.Iheardhimsinglastnight.2)或是在主要谓语动作之后发生：Weplantogototheseathissummer.不定式的完成式tohavedone不定式的完成式tohavedone不定式的完成式可表示：1)发生在谓语之前的动作WearehappytohavevisitedsomanyhistoricplacesinBeijing.AlbertEinstein,thegreatAmericanscientist,isestimatedtohavehadtheincredibleintelligencequotientof200.Iamverysorrytohavebotheredyouwithsomanyquestionsonsuchanoccasion.Theredwoodappears____some100yearsagoinnorthernforestsaroundtheworld.A.havingtoflourishB.toflourishC.tohaveflourishedD.haveflourished2)表示“非真实”的过去用在表示打算、需要、计划等动词的过去时后面，表示过去本打算做但事实上没有实现的动作。Mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,propose,etc.Imeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.Iplannedtohavevisitedyoulastnight,butIwastoobusy.Hewasto____toaforeignuniversitybutthewarprevented.A.havegoneB.goC.begoingD.havebeengoingA.was/weretohavegone,wouldliketohavedone,shouldliketohavedone.B.intended(meant,designed,hoped,planned,thought,wished,proposed)+tohavedoneC.hadintended(meant,designed,hoped,planned,thought,wished,proposed)todo.偶尔表示“将来”Shehopestohavefinishedtheworkbythetimehecomesback.Shehopesthatshewillhavefinishedtheworkbythetimehecomesback.4.不定式的进行式(tobedoing)不定式的进行式可表示1)正在进行的动作appear,happen,pretend,seemHepretendedtobelisteningattentivelywhentheteachercameby.2)反复发生的一般性动作Iwouldratherreadthanwatchtelevision:theprogramsseem___allthetime.A.togetworseb.tobegettingworseC.tohavegotworseD.gettingworse5.不定式完成进行式（tohavebeendoing）TheyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinYunnan.ThelittlegirlseemstohavebeenwatchingTVallthisevening.不定式的语态主动&被动Hewantssomeonetotakephotographs.Hewantsphotographstobetaken.Ihavethreeletterstowritetoday.Iwanttheletterstobetypedatonce.Itisanhonorformetobeinvitedtoaddresstheinternationalconference.Itisnecessaryforustobeconstantlyremindedofourshortcomings.Itisknownthatelectricalandchemicalenergybegan___systematicallyinthelastcentury.A.studyB.tostudyC.tobestudiedD.studiedMr.Johnsonpreferred____heavierworktodo.A.tobegivenb.tobegivingC.tohavegivend.havinggiven2.形容词后边的不定式通常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。Thismagazineisinterestingtoread.Ifoundthemagazineinterestingtoread.3.tolet(出租)，toblame(责备)这两个短语是固定用法，主动形式表示被动意思。Youshouldbetoblameforit.Thehouseistolet.4.不定式完成被动式及双重被动结构Allow,announce,attempt,believe,desire,enable,intend,mean,order,permit,propose,report,say,etc.Youarenotallowedtotaketheexampaperoutoftheclassroom.TheBunsenburneristosonamedbecauseitisthoughtto___byRobertBunsen,whowasGermanbybirth.A.toinventedB.havebeeninvented.C.haveinventedd.invent.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper____inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.toberobbedb.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbed.D.havingbeenrobbed第四节省去to的不定式不带to的不定式1.在下列动词的复合宾语中1).感官动词：see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe2).使役动词：let,make,haveTheteacherhasuswriteacompositioneveryweek.Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman___anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.A.installb.toinstallc.Tobeinstalledd.installedTheministerhadhissecretaries____apressconference.A.arrangeb.toarrangec.arrangingD.arranged2.在一些短语句型中Hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,mightjustaswell,cannotbut,cannotchoosebut