Unit6Disappearingthroughtheskylight市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖P

LessonSix

DisappearingThroughtheSkylightbyOsborneBennetHardisonJr.1/115Scientificwriting--characteristics1)Limittheuseoftechnicalterms2)Examples---tomakethewritingmorevividandappealingtothereaders3)Figuresofspeech--tomakethesentencesfigurativesothatthereaderscaneasilyunderstandandassociatethemwithwhattheyarefamiliarwith4)Objective:relyingonfacts,notinvolveemotion.5)Usethepresenttenseandpassivevoice.6)Sentences:Completesentences,Longsentences2/115

OsborneBennetHardison

(1928-1990)

borninSanDiego,Californiain1928educatedattheUniversityofNorthCarolinaandtheUniversityofWisconsin.taughtatPrincetonandtheUniversityofNorthCarolina.Well-knownforhisprofoundinsightsintothechangeinmodernculturebroughtaboutbymodernscienceandtechnology.Hisprovocativeviewsarestimulatingandinformative.3/115DisappearingThroughtheSkylight(1980)

Asforthecentralthemeofthisbook,thewritersaysinthePrefaceofthebook,“Thisbookisaboutthewaysculturehaschangedinthepastcentury,changingtheidentitiesofallthosebornintoit.Itsmetaphorfortheeffectofchangeoncultureis“disappearance”.Thebookhasasub-title,“CultureandTechnologyintheTwentiethCentury”themetaphoricalphrase“DisappearingThroughtheSkylight”4/115Asfor“disappearance”,hesays,“Inthe19thcen,sciencepresentednatureasagroupofobjectssetcomfortablyandsolidlyinthemiddledistancebeforetheeyesofthebeholder(目睹者、旁观者).IntheworkofD’ArcyThompson,publishedaroundtheturnofthecentury,naturehasdisappeared.Ithasbecomeasetofgeometricandmathematicalrelationsthatlieunderthesurfaceofthevisible.Itisstill,however,indubitably(无疑地、确实地)there.Today,naturehasslipped,perhapsfinally,beyondourfieldofvision.Wecanimitateitinmathematics--wecanevenproduceconvincingimageofit---butwecanneverknowit.Wecanonlyknowourowncreations.”5/115FourconceptsproposedTherealworldisdisappearingTheuniversalizingtendencyofscienceandtechnology:thereisonlyonethermodynamics,generics,andsoonIfmancreatesmachines,machinesinturnshapetheircreators:themodernmanisnolongerauniqueindividual,theproductofaspecialenvironmentandcultureThedisappearanceofhistoryisaformofliberationandthisfeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay(ortheplayfulnessofscience

)

6/115DiscourseanalysisSectionI(para1-8)ScienceiscommittedtotheuniversalsSectionII.(Para9-15)--SciencehasshowntheinsubstantialityoftheworldSectionIII.(Para16-19)--Banksaredisappearing.

7/115DetailedStudyUnit68/1159/11510/11511/11512/115Section1(paras1-8)Paras.1-2:Theuniversalizationofscience(technology)resultsinthedisappearanceofhistory.13/115Scienceiscommittedto…Scienceisengagedinthetaskofmakingitsbasicconceptsunderstoodandacceptedbyscientistsallovertheworld.Thisconceptofuniversalityanduniformityisoneofthebasicviewsoftheauthor.14/115Asign...concepts:Assciencebecomessuccessful,moreandmorepeopleacceptitsbasicconcepts.Thisprovestheuniversalityofscience.15/115TrofimDenisovichLysenko(1898-1976)

aSovietbiologistwhohadadisastrouseffectuponSovietbiologyformorethan20years(darkages)in1964finallyoustedfrompowerHisbelief:environmentexercisedacrucialinfluenceontheheredityoforganisms16/115discreditvt.refusetobelieveorhaveconfidence使人丧失信心;怀疑HisreportsaboutthewaraffairsintheMiddle-Eastareahavebeendiscreditedbecauseitisrealizedthatthereporterusedfalseinformation."这位记者写相关中东地域战况报导人们已经不相信了,因为大家已经认识到他使用了不真实资料。“"Asfarasthissubject,laterresearchesdiscreditedtheearlierconclusions.“这个课题以后研究推翻了早先结论。17/115corollary(fml)–acorollaryofsthisanidea,argumentorfactwhichisthedirectresultofit必定结果=consequenceThischangeistheinevitablecorollaryofthesocialrevolution.Asthecorollaryofscience,technologyalsoexhibitstheuniversalizingtendencyTechnologynaturallyfollowsscience.Italsodisplaysthetendencytowardtheuniversalizing18/115Diversity:difference,varietyCharlesDarwinsawinthediversityofspeciestheprinciplesofevolutionthatoperatedtogeneratethespecies:variation,competitionandselection.

查尔斯·达尔文在物种多样性中发觉了致使物种产生标准：变异、竞争、选择。19/115Paras.3-6:Theautomobileshowsveryclearlythisuniversalizinginfluenceofscienceandtechnology.20/115asset---avaluableordesirablething财产,资本,有价值东西Heronly~wasagentlenature.Withallhisexperienceabroadhewasamajor~tothecompany.21/115BackgroundKnowledgeFordMotorCompany:oneofthelargestcarmanufacturingcompaniesofAmerica.22/115Thefiestaappearstohavesunkwithoutatrace.TheFiestaseemstohavedisappearedcompletely.23/115Itwas...Style:Theideaofaworldcaristheideaofhavingaworldstyle.24/115equivalent–n.sththathasthesameuse,functionassthelseAgoodquiltcanbetheequivalentofatleastthreeblankets.25/115Fiat:thebiggestItaliancarmanufacturingcompany.26/115inthefullnessoftime:

attheappropriateorrighttime；eventually在适当时候，时机成熟时，终于

I’msurehe’lltelluswhat’sbotheringhiminthefullnessoftime.我必定他会在适当时候告诉我们他困扰。

27/115Asinarchitecture,soinautomobile.

---Thingsthatarehappeninginautomatingaresimilartothosehappeninginarchitecture.28/115behardputtoit(todosth)---finditdifficultHewashardputtoexplainwhathadhappened.29/115

VolkswagenBeetle:ModelnameofacardesignedandmanufacturedbytheGermancarmanufacturingcompany,Volkswagen.

30/115Paras.7-8:Ifmancreatesmachines,machinesinturnshapetheircreators.

---nolongerquiteaproductofauniquegeographyandculture—butacosmopolitan

Thisshortbalancedtopicsentenceintroducesthesecondimportantviewofthewriter.Mancreatesmachinesandthemachinesthenturnaroundandchangethosewhocreatedthem.31/115Nolongerquiteanindividual,nolongerquitetheproductofauniquegeographyandculture.

Themodernmanisnolongeranindividual,nolongertheoneshapedandmoldedbyadistinctenvironmentandculture.32/115cosmopolitan---oforfromallormanydifferentpartsoftheworldthe~gatheringsattheUnitedNationsAssembly

联合国各种世界性集会33/115Thepricehepaysisthathenolongerhasahomeinthetraditionalsenseoftheworld.

Thedisadvantageofbeingacosmopolitanisthathelosesahomeintheoldsenseoftheword.34/115Thebenefitisthathebeginstosuspecthomeinthetraditionalsenseisanotherforlimitation.Theadvantageisthathebeginstobelievethattraditionalhomemeansrestriction.35/115Imperativen.--Arule,aprinciple,oraninstinctthatcompelsacertainbehavior:驱使：迫使采取某一行为规则、标准或本能：apeopledriventoaggressionbyterritorialimperatives.为扩张领土意念所驱而侵略成性民族36/115Theuniversalizingimperativeoftechnologyisirresistible.Thecompellingforceoftechnologytouniversalizecannotberesisted.37/115barringprep.--Apartfromtheoccurrenceof;excepting:不包含…；除…之外：Barringstrongheadwinds,theplanewillarriveonschedule.假如不是猛烈顶头风，飞机会准点抵达38/115SectionII.(Para9-15)--Sciencehasshowntheinsubstantialityoftheworld

Theworldisnotmadeupofsolidmaterialobjectsthatweseewithoureyes.Thisisthebasisofthewriter’scentralthemeof“disappearance”.Beautifulartreflectstheinnerneedofaman’ssoul.Modernartdoesnotdepictthematerialobjectsbutthingsinourminds.Thedisappearanceofhistoryfreesthemindfromtraditionalconcepts.Thefeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay.Theplayfulnessofsciencehasproducedgametheoryandvirtualparticles,inartithasproducedthepaintingofPicasso.39/115ModerncultureisfullofimagesItincludesthesimplegeometricdesignsoftheinternationalstyles.thefancifulpatternsoffacadismtheplayfulnessofthethemeparksandmuseumvillagesItdisplaysstructuresthatreflectthestraightlinesItdisplaysthefineartisticstreamliningofcarsandairplanes.Itdisplaysoiltankersandbulldozers.ItdisplaysthecomplicateddesignsandstructureofTinkertoymodels,geodesicdomesandlunarlanders.40/115Para9:Machineaesthetic41/115WheneveryartistthoughtheowedittohimselftoturnhisbackontheEiffelTower,asaprotestagainstthearchitecturalblasphemy---wheneveryartistthoughtitwashisdutytoshowhiscontemptforandobjectiontotheEiffelTowerwhichtheyconsideredanirreverentarchitecturalstructure.42/115Machinessoongeneratedpropositionswhichevadedalltradition.---Machinessoonoriginatednewideasandproblemsthatcouldnotbehandledbytheoldwaysofthinking.43/115Amobile,extrahumanplasticitywhichwasabsolutelynew---aflexibleandpliablequalitythatwasbeyondhumanpowerandabsolutelynew.44/115Impressionism印象主义AtheoryorstyleofpaintingoriginatinganddevelopedinFranceduringthe1870‘s；characterizedbyconcentrationontheimmediatevisualimpressionproducedbyasceneandbytheuseofunmixedprimarycolorsandsmallstrokestosimulateactualreflectedlight.45/11546/115Dada达达主义运动AEuropeanartisticandliterarymovement(1916-1923)thatfloutedconventionalaestheticandculturalvaluesbyproducingworksmarkedbynonsense,travesty,andincongruity.欧洲文学艺术界运动(1916-1923年），经过随意涂写、嘲讽、不友好作品，来藐视传统艺术和文化价值47/115Dada,orDadaismDadawasnotart—itwasanti-art.Foreverythingthatartstoodfor,Dadawastorepresenttheopposite.Whereartwasconcernedwithaesthetics,Dadaignoredaesthetics.Ifartwastohaveatleastanimplicitorlatentmessage,Dadastrovetohavenomeaning—interpretationofDadaisdependententirelyontheviewer.48/115

DadaworksMechanicalHead(TheSpiritofOurAge),

wasmeanttosymbolizetheemptyspiritofthepost-WorldWarIera49/115Cubism立体派AnonobjectiveschoolofpaintingandsculpturedevelopedinParisintheearly20thcentury,characterizedbythereductionandfragmentationofnaturalformsintoabstract,oftengeometricstructuresusuallyrenderedasasetofdiscreteplanes.20世纪初出现于巴黎一个绘画和雕刻抽象流派，其特征是把各种自然形态简化并分裂成抽象、通常为几何形状结构，并常被描绘成一系列互不相联平面50/115WomanwithaguitarbyGeorgesBraque,191351/115TheWotrubaChurchinVienna

52/115FrancisPicabia(1879-1953)

awell-knownpainterinfluencedbytheimpressionistpaintingofthecubistsandtheGoldenSection,Surrealistart53/115FrancisPicabia’sPaintings54/115MarcelDuchampaninfluentialFrench/Americanartist.Hewasarguablythemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofpost-warartinEuropeandNorthAmerica.55/115NudeDescendingaStaircase56/115MarcelDuchamp’swork57/115Modernart

ageneralterm,usedformostoftheartisticproductionfromthelate19thcenturyuntilapproximatelythe1970s.(RecentartproductionismoreoftencalledContemporaryartorPostmodernart).58/115Modernartreferstothethennewapproachtoartwhereitwasnolongerimportanttorepresentasubjectrealistically—theinventionofphotographyhadmadethisfunctionofartobsolete.Instead,artistsstartedexperimentingwithnewwaysofseeing,withfreshideasaboutthenature,materialsandfunctionsofart,oftenmovingfurthertowardabstraction.59/115Surrealism--CulturalandartisticmovementTheSurrealismmovementoriginatedinpost-WorldWarIEuropeanavant-gardeliteraryandartcircles,andmanyearlySurrealistswereassociatedwiththeearlierDadamovement.MovementparticipantssoughttorevolutionizelifewithactionsintendedtobringaboutchangeinaccordancewithSurrealismphilosophy.60/115Surrealismasavisualmovementhadfoundamethod:toexposepsychologicaltruthbystrippingordinaryobjectsoftheirnormalsignificance,inordertocreateacompellingimagethatwasbeyondordinaryformalorganization,inordertoevokeempathyfromtheviewer.creativeactsofrevoltandeffortstoliberateimagination

61/115ThePersistenceofMemory(1931)bySalvadorDalí.62/115Para10Thewriterusesmanyrhetoricalquestionstointroducehiscentralthemeandtoemphasizehisargumentsontheinsubstantiality(非物质性)oftheworld.63/115Artis,inonedefinition,simplyanefforttonametherealworld.---Artcanalsobedefinedasanattempttogiveanametothingsintherealworld.64/115Science...world:Sciencehasshownthattheworldisnotmadeupofsolidmaterialobjectsthatweseewithoureyes.Thisisthebasisofthewriter’scentralthemeof“disappearance”.65/115Ithasthusundermindedanarticleoffaith:thethinglinessofthings.

Peopleusedtofirmlybelievethatthethingstheysawaroundthemwererealsolidsubstancesbutthishasnowbeenthrownintodoubtbyscience.Sciencehasweakenedthepeople’sfirmbeliefontherealmaterialobjectsseenwiththeireyes.这就动摇了人们认为世界物质是客观实在信念。66/115IthasproducedimagesofordersofrealityunderlyingthethinglinessofthingsSciencehasproducedimagesofmanyclassesorcategoriesofrealitythatlieundertheobjectiveimageofthingsweseewithoureyes.科学又创造出了潜存于客观实在之中各种不一样种类和范围现实世界形象。67/115thingliness---

the"innernature"oressenceofthings(物体属性、客观实在性)Thetaskofunderstandingtheworkofartbeginswithlettingtheworkshowitselfinitsmostimmediatereality,its

thingliness.

Heideggerbelievesthatthenearnessofathingtothesubjectisdefinedbyits"thingliness.''68/115Self-squared利用“分形艺术”经过计算机产生一个含有数学对称美图形集合69/115Para11Thedisappearanceofhistory70/115consistent(with)---inagreementwithWhatyousaynowisnot~withwhatyousaidlastweek.71/115WassilyKandinsky(1866-1944)aRussian-bornpainterandarttheorist.Oneofthemostimportant20th-centuryartists,alongsidePicassoandMatisse,heiscreditedwithpaintingthefirstabstractworksinthehistoryofmodernart.Thiseffectofcolorwasamajorinfluenceonhisart72/115Kandinsky’swork73/115"OnWhiteII"byWassilyKandinsky,1923.74/115Modernartopensonaworldwhoserealityisnotoutthereinnaturedefinedasthingsseenfromamiddledistancebut“inhere”inthesoulorthemind.---Modernartdoesnotdepictthematerialobjectsinnaturethatweseewithoureyesbutthingsweseeinourminds.AntithesisOutthere对inhere，innature对inthesoul75/115inthemiddledistance:thenormaldistancefortheeyetoobserveobjects通常肉眼看到物体距离

Thebuildingisinthemiddledistance，sowecanseeitclearIy.楼房跟我们距离适中，我们能很清楚地看到。76/115Itisaformofperception…Theworldofnaturethatmodernartrevealsnolongercontainsthematerialobjectswewerefamiliarwithinsteadtheworldisnowfilledwithimagesproducedbythemind.Thishasmadetheworldalmostemptyofhistorybecausehistoryhastobeassociatedwiththeobjectiveexistenceofmaterialthings.77/115Paras.12-15:Thedisappearanceofhistoryisaformofliberationandthisfeelingofliberationisoftenexpressedthroughplay.Theplayfulnessofsciencehasproducedgametheoryandvirtualparticles,inartithasproducedthepaintingsofPicassoandJoanMiroandsoon.78/115Thedisappearanceofhistoryisthusaliberation---thedisappearanceofhistoryfreesthemindfromtraditionalconcept.79/115PabloPicasso(1881-1973)oneoftherecognizedmastersof20thcenturyart.mostfamousasthefounderofCubism

themostexpensivepaintingsintheworld--$104million80/11581/115Theblueandroseperiod82/115Womaninanarmchair83/115fiveprostitutes--ameditationonthedangerofsex84/115Woman-flower85/115JoanMiro(1893-1983)SpanishsurrealistpainterHisworkssometimeshaveahumorousorevenwhimsicalqualityaboutthem.86/11587/11588/115Gametheory博弈论(Para13):Gametheoryisabranchofmathematicalanalysisdevelopedtostudydecisionmakinginconflictsituations.Suchasituationexistswhentwoormoredecisionmakerswhohavedifferentobjectivesactonthesamesystemorsharethesameresources..GametheoryprovidesamathematicalprocessforselectinganOPTIMUMSTRATEGY(thatis,anoptimumdecisionorasequenceofdecisions)inthefaceofanopponentwhohasastrategyofhisown.89/115囚徒困境悖论(Prisoner'sdilemma)

对于一个囚徒来说，合作在利己主义者之间是否能够形成：也就是，一个只对自己利益感兴趣人，在经过一段时间学习后可否意识到他们利益经过合作能够得到更多。90/115cannibalism---theactorpracticeofeatingone’sownkind(espofpeoplewhoeathumanflesh)同类相残91/115byintroducing….Science,initsplayfulness,introduceshumangrowthgenesintocowsandthisforcesstudentsofethicstoredefinecannibalism.Doestheeatingofsuchcowswiththeirhumangenesconstitutecannibalism?92/115postmodernismatermusedtodesignateamultitudeoftrendsfromthe20thcen.movementsthatconstitutedmodernism.Thetermhasbecomeubiquitousincontemporarydiscourse.Widelydebatedwithregardtoitsmeaningandimplications,postmodernismhasalsobeensaidtorelatetothecultureofcapitalismasithasdevelopedsincethe1960s.Ingeneral,thepostmodernviewiscool,ironic,andacceptingofthefragmentationofcontemporaryexistence.Ittendstoconcentrateonsurfacesratherthandepths,toblurthedistinctionsbetweenhighandlowculture,andasawholetochallengeawidevarietyoftraditionalculturalvalues.93/115Neomodernismaphilosophicalpositionbasedonmodernismbutaddressingthecritiqueofmodernismbypostmodernism.ItiscurrentlyassociatedwiththeworkofAgnesHellerandCarlosEscudé,andisstronglyrootedinthecriticismswhichHabermashaslevelledatpostmodernphilosophy,namelythatuniversalismandcriticalthinkingarethetwoessentialelementsofhumanrightsandthathumanrightscreateasuperiorityofsomeculturesoverothers.Thatis,thatequalityandrelativismare"mutuallycontradictory".94/115CollagetheassemblageofdifferentformscreatinganewwholeForexample,anartisticcollageworkmayincludenewspaperclippings,ribbons,bitsofcoloredorhand-madepapers,photographs,etc.,gluedtoasolidsupportorcanvas95/115CollagecityAcitythatisarichmixtureofstyles.拼贴画式城市96/115Facadism（Para14）传统门面与新型建筑相结合奇特图案,又称“外墙主义”或“建筑外观”。

thepracticeofretainingthefrontelevation(facade)andconstructinganewandusuallylargerbuildingbehindit.Whileitisapracticemuchcondemnedbyconservationists,infacttherecanbeargumentsinitsfavor,butitneedscarefulhandling.97/115gamesmanship–theartofwinningbyusingtherulestoone’sownadvantagewithoutactuallycheating制胜绝招98/115virtuosities---averyhighdegreeofskillinappreciationperformanceinoneofthearts艺术鉴赏力，精湛技巧99/115etch–todraw(apicture)bycuttinglinesonametalplatewithaneedleandthenusingacidtoeatoutthelinessothatonecanprintfromtheplat