2014年6月英语四级考试真题(第2套)

2014年6月四级真题(第2套)PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblank_fromalistchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thefactis,theworldhasbeenfindinglessoilthanithasbeenusingformorethantwentyyearsnow.Notonlyhasdemandbeen36,buttheoilwehavebeenfindingiscomingfromplacesthatare37toreach.Atthesametime,moreofthisnewly38oilisofthetypethatrequiresagreaterinvestmentto39.Andbecausedemandforthispreciousresourcewillgrow,accordingtosome,byover40percentby2025,fuelingtheworld'seconomic40willtakealotmoreenergyfromeverypossiblesource.Theenergyindustryneedstogetmorefromexistingfieldswhilecontinuingtosearchfornew41.Automakersmustcontinuetoimprovefuelefficiencyandperfecthybrid(混合动力的)vehicles.Technologicalimprovementsareneededsothatwind,solarandhydrogencanbemore42partsoftheenergyequation.Governmentsneedtoformulateenergypoliciesthatpromote43andenvironmentallysounddevelopment.Consumersmustbewillingtopayforsomeofthesesolutions,whilepracticingconservationeffortsoftheirown.Inactionisnotan44.Solet'sworktogethertobalancethisequation.Wearetakingsomeofthe45neededtogetstarted,butweneedyourhelptogotherestoftheway.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A.consequentlyE.difficultF.discoveredG.economicallyH.exceptionI.feasibleJ.growthK.optionL)refineM.reservesO.stepsSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.ICry,ThereforeIAmA)In2008,ataGermanzoo,agorilla(大猩猩)namedGanagavebirthtoamaleinfant,whodiedafterthreemonths.PhotographsofGana,lookingstrickenandinconsolable(伤心欲绝的),attractedcrowdstothezoo.Sadasthescenewas,thehumans,notGana,weretheonlyonescrying.Thenotionthatanimalscanweephasnoscientificbasis.YearsofobservationsbybiologistsDianFossey,whoobservedgorillas,andJaneGoodall,whoworkedwithchimpanzees(黑猩猩),couldnotprovethatanimalscrytearsfromemotion.B)It'struethatmanyanimalsshedtears,especiallyinresponsetopain.Tearsprotecttheeyebykeepingitmoist.Butcryingasanexpressionoffeelingistmiquetohumansandhasplayedanessentialroleinhumanevolutionandthedevelopmentofhumancultures.C)Withintwodaysaninfantcanimitatesadandhappyfaces.Ifaninfantdoesnotcryout,itisunlikelytogettheattentionitneedstosurvive.Around34months,therelationshipbetweenthehumaninfantanditsenvironmenttakesonamoreorganizedcommtmicativerole,andtearfulcryingbeginstoserveinterpersonalpurposes:thesearchforcomfortandpacification(抚慰).Aswegetolder,cryingbecomesatoolofsocialinteraction:griefandjoy,shameandpride,fearandmanipulation.D)Tearsareasuniversalaslaughter,andgriefismorecomplexthanjoy.Butalthoughweallcry,wedosoindifferentways.Womencrymorefrequentlyandintenselythanmen,especiallywhenexposedtoemotionalevents.Likecrying,depressionis,aroundtheworld,morecommonlyseeninwomenthaninmen.Oneexplanationmightbethatwomen,whodespitedecadesofsocialadvancesstillsufferfromeconomicinequality,discrimination(歧视)andevenviolence,mighthavemoretocryabout.Mennotonlycryforshorterperiodsthanwomen,buttheyalsoarelessinclinedtoexplaintheirtears,usuallyshedthemmorequietly,andtendmorefrequentlytoapologizewhentheycryopenly.Men,likewomen,reportcryingatthedeathofalovedoneandinresponsetoamovingreligionsexperience.Theyaremorelikelythanwomentocrywhentheircoreidentities--asprovidersandprotectors,asfathersandfighters--arequestioned.E)Peoplewhoscoreonpersonalitytestsasmoresympatheticcrymorethanthosewhoaremorerigidorhavemoreself-control.Frequencyofcryingvarieswidely:someshedtearsatanynovelormovie,othersonlyahandfuloftimesintheirlives.Cryinginresponsetostressandconflictinthehome,orafteremotionaltrauma(创伤),lastsmuchlongerthantearsinducedbyeverydaysadness--whichinturnlastlongerthantearsofdelightandjoy.F)Sadnessisourprimaryassociationwithcrying,butthefactisthatpeoplereportfeelinghappieraftercrying.Surveysestimatethat85%ofwomenand73%ofmenreportfeelingbetteraftersheddingtears.Surprisingly,cryingismorecommonlyassociatedwithminorformsofdepressionthanwithmajordepressioninvolvingsuicidalthoughts.G)Peoplewidelyreportthatcryingrelievestension,restoresemotionalbalanceandprovides"catharsis,"awashingoutofbadfeelings.Theterm"catharsis"hasreligiousimplicationsofremovingevilandsin;it'snosurprisethatreligiousceremoniesare,aroundtheworld,oneofthemainsettingsforthereleaseoftears.H)Cryingisanearlyuniversalsignofgrief,thoughsomemournersreportthat,despitegenuinesorrow,theycannotshedtears--sometimesevenforyearsaftertheirlovedonehasgone.Unliketoday,whentheprivacyofgriefismorerespected,thepublicorceremonialsheddingoftears,atthegravesideofaspouseorthefuneralofakingorqueen,wasonceconsideredsociallyorevenpoliticallyessential.I)Cryinghasalsoservedothersocialpurposes.RousseauwroteinhisConfessionsthatwhileheconsideredtearsthemostpowerfulexpressionoflove,healsojustlikedtocryovernothing.J)Theassociationoftearswitharthasancientroots.TheclassicGreektragediesofthefifthcentury.wereprimarilycelebrationsofgods.Tragedies,likepoetryandmusic,werestagedreligionsevents.Eventhenitwasrecognizedthatcryinginresponsetodramabroughtpleasure.K)Ihavearguedthatthereareneurobiological(神经生物方面的)associationslinkingtheartsandmooddisorders.WhenIlectureoncrying,Iaskmyaudiencetoletmeknow,byashowofhands,whichartformsmostmovethemtotears.About80%saymusic,followedcloselybynovels(74%),butthenthefiguresfallsharply,to43%,forpoetry,and10-22%forpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.L)Thephysicalactofcryingismainlyoneofbreathinginair,whichiswhywechokeupwhenweweep.Thissuggeststolanguagescientiststhatemotionalcryingevolvedbeforelanguage,perhapsexplainingwhytearscommunicatestatesofmindandfeelingsthatareoftensodifficulttoexpressinwords.Ofcourse,fromanevolutionaryperspective,recognitionofemotion(usuallythroughfacialgesture)wasessentialforsurvival.M)Theearliesthumansarrivedsevetalmillionyearsago,butonly150,000to200,000yearsago,didcultures,language,religionandtheartsarise.Alongtheway,tearsbecamemorethanabiologicalnecessitytolubricate(润滑)theeyeanddevelopedintoasignofintenseemotionandasignalofsocialbonding.Thedevelopmentofself-consciousnessandthenotionofindividualidentity,orego;storytellingabouttheoriginsoftheworld,thecreationofhumanityandlifeafterdeath;andtheabilitytofeelothers'sadness--allwerecriticalpartsoftheneurobiologicalchangesthatmadeushumanN)Morerecently,we'velearnedfromneurosciencethatcertainbraincircuits(回路)areactivated(激活),rapidlyandunconsciously,whenweseeanotherinemotionaldistress.Inshort,ourbrainevolvedcircuitstoallowustoexperiencesympathy,whichinturnmadecivilization,andanethicsbasedonsympathy,possible.Sothenexttimeyoureachatissuebox,orsobonafriend'sshoulder,orshedtearsatthemovies,stopandreflectonwhywecryandwhatitmeanstocry.Becanseultimately,whilewelovetocry,wealsocrytolove.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。46.Nowadayspeoplerespecttheprivacyofgriefmorethaninthepast.47.Infantscrytoattractattentionforsurvival.48.Thereisnoscientificevidenceasyetthatanimalscanshedtearsfromemotion.49.Tearscanperformcertaincommunicativefunctiouswhichwordscannot.50.Ourabilitytoexperiencesympathyisessentialtothedevelopmentofcivilization.51.Peoplearemoreinclinedtocrywhensufferingminorformsofdepression.52.Sometimespeoplecannotcrydespitegenuinegrief.53.Inhumans'longhistory,tearshavedevelopedanessentialroleinsocialrelationships.54.Menarelesslikelytogivereasonsfortheirtears.55.Cryinghaslongbeenassociatedwithart.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),D).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Hospitals,hopingtocurbmedicalerror,haveinvestedheavilytoputcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevicesintothehandsofmedicalstaffforinstantaccesstopatientdata,druginformationandcasestudies.Butlikemanycures,thissolutionhascomewithanunintendedsideeffect:doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient,evenduringmomentsofcriticalcare.Apollshowedthathalfofmedicaltechnicianshadadmittedtextingduringaprocedure.Thisphenomenonhassetoffanintensifyingdiscussionathospitalsandmedicalschoolsaboutaproblemperhapsbestdescribedas"distracteddoctoring."Inresponse,somehospitalshavebegunlimitingtheuseofelectronicdevicesincriticalsettings,whileschoolshavestartedremindingmedicalstudentstofocusonpatientsinsteadofdevices."Youjustifycarryingdevicesaroundthehospitaltodomedicalrecords,butyoucansurftheInternetordoFacebook,andsometimesFacebookismoretempting,"saidDr.PeterPapadakosattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter."Mygutfeeling(本能的感觉islivesareindanger,"saidDr.Papadakos."We'renoteducatingpeopleabouttheproblem,andit'sgettingworse."Asurveyof439medicaltechniciansfoundthat55percentoftechnicianswhomonitorbypassmachinesacknowledgedthattheyhadtalkedoncellphonesduringheartsurgery.Halfsaidtheyhadtextedwhileinsurgery.Thestudyconcluded,"Suchdistractionshavethepotentialtobedisastrous."Medicalprofessionalshavealwaysfacedinterruptionsfromcellphones,andmultitaskingissimplyafactoflifeformanymedicaljobs.Whathaschanged,saydoctors,especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretointeractwiththeirdevices.Thepressurestemsfromamantra(信条)ofmodemmedicinethatpatientcaremustbe"datadriven,"andinformedbythelatest,instantlyaccessibleinformation.Bymanyaccounts,thetechnologyhashelpedreducemedicalerrorbyprovidinginstantaccesstopatientdataorprescriptiondetails.Dr.PeterCarmel,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,saidtechnology"offersgreatpotentialinhealthcare."butheaddedthatdoctors'firstpriorityshouldbewiththepatient.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。56.Whydohospitalsequiptheirstaffwithcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevicesreducemedicalerror.copewithemergencies.facilitateadministration.simplifymedicalprocedures.57.Whatdoestheauthorrefertoby"distracteddoctoring"disservicedonebymodemdevicestodoctors,nurses,aswellaspatients.tendencyofmedicalinstitutionsencouragingtheuseofmodemdevices.problemofdevicespreventingdoctorsfromfocusingontheirpatients.phenomenonofmedicalstaffattendingtopersonalaffairswhileworking.58.WhatdoesDr.PeterPapadakosworryaboutstudentsarenotadequatelytrainedtousemodemtechnology.'sinteractionwiththeirdevicesmayendangerpatients'lives.arerelyingtooheavilyonmodemelectronictechnology.onthemedicalprofessionmaybecomeoverwhelming.59.Whydodoctorsfeelincreasingpressuretousemodemdevicestrustdoctorswhousemoderntechnology.ofmodemdevicesaddstohospitals'revenues.isgiventoomuchimportanceinpatientcare.'datahastoberevisedfromtimetotime.60.WhatisPeterCarmel'sadvicetodoctorsfollowcloselytheadvancesinmedicalscience.focustheirattentiononthepatient'scondition.observehospitalrulesandregulations.makethebestuseofmodemdevices.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ihavecloselywatchedmygeneration,knownasTheMillennials,for29yearsnow.JoelSteinwroteanextensivepieceonMillennialsandheremainsratheroptimisticaboutourpotential.Ihesitatetosharehisoptimismbecauseofaparadox(矛盾的现象)weseemtoexhibit,namely,thattherearemoreavenuesforustoentertainourselvesthaneverbefore,yetwearemoreboredthaneverbefore.Entertainmenthasneverbeenmorevaried.Wehavemorecablechannels,televisionshows,andmoviesthaneverbefore.Intemetprovidersallowinstantviewingofalmostanymovieortelevisionprogramevercreated.SocialdrinkingandpartyingarealsowidelyavailableforMillennials.Everygenerationdevelopsthesehabitsatacertainage,butMillennialsseemtobeextendingthisphaseoflifeastheypostponemarriage.SomeofthisisundoubtedlyduetoTheGreatRecession.Millennialsarehavingadifficulttimefindingjobs;only47percentof16-to-24-year-oldsareemployed,thesmallestsharesincegovernmentstartedrecordingdatain1948.ButdoMillennialsrespondtotheseeconomictroublesbydoingwhateverittakestomakeendsmeetHardly.Infact,ofthefourgenerationsPewResearchhasdatafor,theMillennialgenerationdoesnotciteworkethic(勤奋工作)asdistinctiveofitself.Millennialswanttosavetheworld,buttheysitandwaitforthatworld-changingopportunitytobehandedtothem.Insteadofworking2-3jobs,launchingabusiness,ordoingwhatittakestosucceed,theyretreat.Millennialsmaybethefirstgenerationtohavealowerstandardoflivingthantheirparents,butwiththisresponsetoadversity(逆境),perhapsdeservinglyso.Muchinkhasbeenspilledinmanagementbooksdiscussinghowtogetthemostoutoftheseyouthsintheworkplace.Largely,theycometothesameconclusion:Millennialsar