框架结构外文文献翻译中英文

外文文献翻译英文原文T.Pauly,M.J.N.PriestleyAbstractViewedintermsofacceptedpractices,concreteconstructionserviceability,andsafetyofcompletedstructures.Theshortcomingsoftheseoperationsbecameabundantlyclearwhenamagnitude7.6earthquakestrucknorthernPakistanonOctober8,2005,destroyingthousandsofbuildings,damagingbridges,andkillinganestimated79,000people.TheunusuallylowqualityofconstructionoperationsprevalentwasamajorcauseoftheimmensedevastationKeywords:ConcretePlacingCuringConstructionIftheconcreteispouredontheground,thegroundshouldhaveIfnewconcreteistobeplacedonorneartheconcretethathabeensolidified,thesurfaceofthepouredconcreteshouldbecompletelyremoved,preferablyusinghigh-pressureair,high-pressurewaterflow,orwirebrushes.Thewatchshouldbewet,butthereshouldbenowatercollection.Asmallamountofgroutshouldbebrushedovertheentirearea,immediately.Newconcreteshouldbelaidonorbesidethemortar.Inordertoreducethesegregationoftheconcreteduetopossibletotheplacewhereitwaslastpoured.Itshouldbelayeredsothateachlayercanbecompacted.Thetimebetweenplacementsofeachlayershouldbelimitedtoguaranteeagoodcombinationofthenewlycastconcreteandthefrontpouring.preventtheconcretefromsegregating.Thisconduitisatubemadeoflightmetal,withadjustablelengthandconnectedtothebottomofthetankofstoredconcrete.Whentheformworkispoured,pipejointscanbepulledout.compactionwithahand-heldvibratororamachinevaggregateseparationwilloccur.Ingeneral,vibratorsshouldnotbeconcentratedonpreviouslyliftedconcrete.Themainadvantageofvibratorsisthatitallowstheuseofmoredryconcrete,whichhashigherstrengthduetothereducedwatercontentof1.Thereductionofmoistureallowstheuseofcementandfineaggregatesbecauselessgroutisrequiredatthistime2,thelowermoisturecontentcanreduceshrinkageandvoids.3.Dryerconcretereducesthecostofconcretesurfacetreatment.4.Mechanicalvibratorcanreplace3-8handheldvibrators.5,lowerwatercontentcanincreasethestrengthofconcrete.6.Thedrymixallowsearlyremovalofsometempreducesthecostofthetemplate.Iftheconcretewantstoobtainthehighestpropertemperature.Failuretoprovidetheseconditionscanresultinreactionofallthecementcanbeaccomplishedinavarietyoinconcrete,keepingthesurfacewet,oroverlayingtheconcretesurfacepreventthelossofmoistureintheconcrete.HealthcompoundscanbeappliedtoconcretesurfaceswithbrConcreteshouldbepouredabove40°Forbelow80°F.Lowtemperaturesreducetherateofcondensation,whilehightemperaturesreducetheultimatestrengthoftheconcrete.ConcretepouringincoldweatherWhenconcreteispourepreheatthewater,aggregate,orbothinadvancesothatitsinitialtemperaturecanensuretheinitialsettingoftheconcreteandobtainstrength.Preheatingthewateristhemosnecessarytemperature.Forthispurpose,thereservoirshouldbeequippedwater.Thiscanusemultipleventstoprovideagoodheatdistribution.Whenthetemperatureofthemixisknown,somespecialdrawingscanbeusedtocalculatethetemperatureoftheconcpassesthroughallthreeratios,andanytwoknowntusedtodeterminethethirdtemperature.Ifthesurfaceofthesandisdry,thetemperatureoftheconcreteshouldbecalculatedusingsolidlines.However,ifthesandcontains3%moisture,adashedlineshoulThecodeusuallyrequiresthatthenewlycastconcreteshouldnotbeweatherisexpected,somesuitablemethodmustbeprovidedtotherequiredtemperature.SteelreinforcementforconcreteComparedwithconcrete,steelisahigh-strengthmaterial.Thestrengththatordinarysteelcanuseintensionandcompression,ie,theyieldstrength,isabout1.5timesthecompressivestrengthoforotherhand,steelcostsmuchhigherthanconcrete.Therefore,thebestcombinationofthetwomaterialsisconcreteusedtoresistcompressivestress.Therefore,inthereinforcedconcretebeam,theconcreadditionallyprovidedtoresismainlytoreducethecross-sectionalsizeofthecompressionmember,suchasthelowerfloorpostsofmulti-storybuildings.Evenifthereisnosuchnecessity,allcompminimumnumberofreinforcingbarstoensurethesafetyofthesemembersundertheoccasionalsmallbendingmoconcretememberswithoutreinforcementmaybeCracking,evendestruction.Thebasicconditionforthemosteffectivefunctionofreinforcingbaristhatthedeformationofsteelbarandconcreteshouldbetoensurethatthereisnorelativemovesurroundingconcrete.Thisbondingforceconsistsofstrongchbondingonthesteel-concretejointsurface,inherentroughnessofthesurfacelayerofthehot-rolledsteelbar,anddeformationoftheribsurfacewithasmallgap.Thesidefaceofthereinforcingbarandthetwomaterialsprovideahighbiteeffect.prestressedsteel.OrdinaryrebarisBeforeworkingtogethertowithstandexternalloads,greattensionhasbeenappliedtotherebar.Themostcommonformofsteelbarisaroundbar.Therangeof35mmintypicalapplications.Thedimensionsofthetwolargerebarsaincreasetheanti-slidingabminimumrequirementsforthesedeformationshavebeendeterminedthroughexperimentalstudies.Differentrebarmanufacturersusedifferentdeformationpatternsandallofthemcanmeettheserequirements.Inordertosplicesteelbars,ortofacilitatetheweldingofreinforcingtoreducethestrengthandductilityofthematerial.Therefore,allsteeltypesandweldingproceduresmustbespeciallimit.ThetermsofA706inASTMarespecificallyforweldingForalongtime,inthefieldofreinforcedconcrete,thereSteelreinforcementswithayieldstrengthestandardblindness20yearswithayieldstrengthof60bars.BeusingthemcanreducethecongestionofrebarintheformworkTheACIspecificationallowstheuseofbarswithastrengthofFY=80KSI.Thiskindofhigh-strengthsteelisusuallyyieldinggraduallywithoutayieldingplatform.Inthiscase,theACIspecificationrexceed0.0035.Thisisamustobeywhenapplyingthecurrentdesignmethodtothiskindofhighstrengthsteelbar.Thecurisbasedonthesuddenyieldofsteelandtheconditionplatform.Thereisnoprovisionbeused.AccordingtotheACIspecifications,theyconthelowerfloorsofhigh-risebuildings,theuseofsteelbarsinthishigh-strengthrangeisverysuitable.Inharshenvironmentalfields,suchasbuckwheat,whichiserodedinordertominimizecorrosConcretestructurerepairrequireslittlerepairwork.However,itsdurabilityisaffectedbymanyfactors.Thisincludesdesignandconstructionmistakes,theuseofrepairmainlydependsonthediagnosisofdamage.Ifaprojectrequiresmorethanjustcosmeticprocessing,goodworktechniquesareimportant.1,thefunctionalrequirementsoftherepairsystemAftercarefuldiagnosisoftheaccidentandfindingthecauseofthedamage,thenextstepistoconsidertherequirementsoftherepairmethod,whichwillleadmetoaneffectivesolutiontotheproblem.(Seephoto)Thematerialsusedforrepairworkshouldbeatleastasdurableasthebaseconcrete.2ProtectionofsteelbarsTheprotectionmechanismforstithetypeofrepairmaterialused.Forexample,viscousmaterialscanpromoteconcretealkalinityincrease,itsinhibitioncanprotectsteelbarsfromdeepererosion,andepoxyresinmortarcanpreventtheinvasionofoxygen,moistureandotherharmfulsubstances.Substratebondingallowscompleterepair,whichprevandatmosphericairfromenteringtheinterfacematerialshavebeengreatlyimprovedintheiradhesivepropertiesthroughtheuseofsuitablebondingmeanssuchasepounfilledepoxyprimer,ordinarycementrepairsystemsusingordinarycementpastesplusanyAlathatthesurfacetobebondedmustbecleanedoflooseandfragilesubstances.Duringmaintenance,theshrinkageofthematerialshouldbekepttoaminimum.Inordertopreventtherepairfailure,thedimensionalchangeofthematerialshouldbefairlyclosetothebasematerial.5EarlyprotectionagainstenvSomeconditionsthatareinitiallyexposedcancauseprematurerepair.Forexample,hotdayscanimpedethehydrationofcementandthusdegradethelocallyrepairedordinarycement.Inordertopreventthisfromhappening,specialprotectionshouldbeprovidedduringintothecracksandporesnon-sticktoolthatdoesnotpeeloffwhenitisleveledwithatrdoesnotcollapseafterfThedegreeofmatchingoftherestorationmaterialwiththeexistingconcretedependsontherepairedstructureandthowner.Whentheappearanceisimportantortheprotectivelreinforcingsteelisthin,itisrequiredtouseaveneeringtreatment.2,thechoiceofrepairmethodsTheproperrepairistoeliminateallthedefectsrethestructure.Carefullyconsiderthechoiceoftherightmethodandmaterialsusedforaparticularoperation.Findoutifyouwanttomeetspecificrequirementsforshort-termperformancerequirements.Thesefactorsin(1)ThenatureofthedamageIftheactivecracksarefilledwithrigidmaterials,notonlywillthecracks.Themethodofrepairingtheactimaterialstoadapttostrbeforerepair.Eliminatestructuraldisplacements.(2)PartofthefractureThegravity-filledcrackingtechniquerelyingonmaterialshasahighsuccessrateintherepairofpooreffectonrepairingcracksontheverticalsurface.Iftherearemoisture,water,andsundriesinthecracks,youmustenvironmentiswet,itwillmaketheworkofpluggingtheholesmoreTherepairprocessusedbytheworkerisanotherfactorthatisrelatedtimeortherepairmaterialisdamagedprematurely.Thecostofrepairmaterialusedisrelativelysmallcocostofprovidingaccess,preparationandactuallaborforrepairwork.Thesurfaceoftherepairedpartmaybedifficulttosee,espectheworkingsysteminvolvesperformingsomesortofproce中文译文摘要根据一般承认的惯例看,巴基斯坦的混凝土结构建筑物在结构上的质量，效用和安全需要上都留下了很多值得关注的问题。当这些施工技术上的缺点袒露无遗了，破坏了数以千计建筑物、桥梁，而且造成估计79,000人的死亡。在巴基斯坦这种十分低质量的混凝土施工技术是造成这次极广破坏的主要原因。关键字:混凝土浇筑养护建筑工艺若混凝土在地面上浇筑，地面应该具有足够的含水量以避免它吸收混凝土中的水分。如果新混凝土将被浇筑在已经凝固的混凝士上少量的水泥浆，然后立即铺上一层厚度为1/2in的砂浆。新混凝土应铺筑在砂浆上或其旁边。为减少混凝土在浇筑后由于运输导致的离析，混凝土的制备应该尽可能靠近最后浇筑的地方。它应该分层浇筑以使每层可被均压实。每层浇筑间隔的时间应该限制在能够保证新浇筑的混凝土与前当向较深的模板中浇筑混凝土时，就应该使用一根导管来限制混凝土的自由降落高度不超过3或4ft,以防止混凝土离析。这种导管是由轻金属制成的管子，具有可调节的长度而且被连接到储存的混凝土一浇筑完成，应立即用手提振捣器或机器振捣器进行捣振捣主要优点是它允许使用较干的混凝土，由于减少了混凝土的含水量，这种混凝土有较高的强度。振捣混凝土的优点如下：4、机械振捣可代替3—8个手持振捣棒。混凝土的养护用刷子或压力喷嘴加到混凝土表面。一加仑可以覆盖200—300ft2。混凝土应该在40F以上或80F凝结速度，而高温会降低混凝土的极限强度。寒冷天气下的混凝土浇筑规范通常要求新浇筑的混凝土在浇筑后应保持3天温度不低于或5天不低于50F用于混凝土中的钢筋可以利用的强度，即屈服强度，约为普通的结构混