2024年-教材特点及编写原则

优秀教材特点与编写原则

LectureFive

Featuresofgoodmaterialsand

principlesforeffectivematerialsdevelopment12优秀教材的特点Workingroupsanddiscuss:Whatdoyouthinka“good”Englishtextbooksshouldbelike?Haveyoueveruseda“verygood”Englishtextbook?Doyouseeanyproblemsinthetextbookyouareusingorhaverecentlyused?

22024/5/13BrianTomlinson,Ph.D.TESOLProfessor:(TeachingEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguages对外英语教学)Dr.BrianTomlinsonisconsideredtobeoneoftheworld'sleadingexpertsonmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning.In1993heestablishedtheworld'sfirstMAdedicatedtothestudyofmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning(attheUniversityofLutonintheUK)andhefoundedMATSDA(theinternationallyrenownedMaterialsDevelopmentAssociation).32024/5/13

Dr.BrianTomlinsonisconsideredtobeoneoftheworld'sleadingexpertsonmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning.In1993heestablishedtheworld'sfirstMAdedicatedtothestudyofmaterialsdevelopmentforlanguagelearning(attheUniversityofLutonintheUK)andhefoundedMATSDA(theinternationallyrenownedMaterialsDevelopmentAssociation).420featuresofgoodmaterialspartlytakenfromTomlinson(1998b)

(1)

Materials

should

achieve

impact.(2)

Materials

should

help

learners

to

feel

at

ease,(3)

Materials

should

help

learners

to

develop

confidence.(4)

Materials

should

meet

learner’s

needs.(5)

Materials

should

require

and

facilitate

learners

self-investment.(6)

Materials

should

get

the

learners

ready

to

acquire

the

pointsbeing

taught.(7)

Materials

should

expose

the

learners

to

language

in

authentic

use.(8)

Materials

should

draw

learners'

attention

to

linguistic

features

ofthe

input.(9)

Materials

should

provide

the

learners

with

opportunitiestousethe

target

language

to

achieve

communicativepurposes.52024/5/13(10)

Materials

should

take

into

account

that

the

positiveeffectsofinstruction

(teaching)

are

usually

delayed.(11)

Materials

should

take

into

account

that

learners

differinlearning

styles.(12)

Materials

should

take

into

account

that

learners

differ

inaffective

factors

attitudes

and

motivation.(13)

Materials

should

permit

a

silent

period

at

the

beginning

ofinstruction.(14)

Materials

should

maximize

learning

potential

by

encouragingintellectual,

aesthetic

and

emotional

involvement

which

stimulates

bothright

and

left

brain

activities.(15)

Materials

should

not

rely

t0o

much

on

controlled

practice,(16)

Materials

should

provide

opportunities

for

outcome

feedback,(17)

Materials

should

introduce

learning

methods

and

strategies

tosolve

problems.(18)

Materials

should

provide

a

stimulus

to

learning.(19)

Materials

should

be

student-centred.(20)

Materials

should

help

teachers

to

organize

the

teaching-learningprocess.62024/5/131.MaterialsshouldachieveimpactNovelty:beingnewVariety:differentactivities/tasks,differenttexts,differentvoices,etc.)Attractivelayout:attractivecolours,photographs,spaceAppealingcontent:topicsofinteresttothetargetlearners;topicswhichofferthepossibilityoflearningsomethingnew;engagingstories;universalthemes;localreferences72024/5/13话题新鲜内容有趣版面美观活动多样1.教材应有吸引力：新、众、美、趣82024/5/132.Materialsshouldhelplearnerstofeelatease.feelmorecomfortablewithmaterialswithlotsofwhitespacethantheydowithmaterialsinwhichlotsofdifferentactivitiesarecrammedtogetheronthesamepage;-aremoreateasewithtextsandillustrationsthattheycanrelatetotheirownculturethantheyarewiththosewhichareculturallyexotic(andthereforepotentiallyalien);-aremorerelaxedwithmaterialswhichareobviouslytryingtohelpthemtolearnthantheyarewithmaterialswhicharealwaystestingthem.92024/5/13本民族文化适量练习留白2.教材应使学习者感到轻松自在102024/5/133.Materialsshouldhelplearnerstodevelopconfidence.theactivitieswhichtryto'push'learnersslightlybeyondtheirexistingproficiencybyengagingthemintaskswhicharestimulatingwhichareproblematicbutwhichareachievabletoo.theactivitiesencouragelearnerstouseandtodeveloptheirexistingextra-linguisticskills,suchasthosewhichinvolvebeingimaginative,beingcreativeorbeinganalytical.112024/5/133.教材应帮助学习者树立信心哪种方式更有利于真正帮助学习者树立信心？A.简化语言材料和语言活动，让学生用简化的语言完成简化的任务，

如：简单的句型操练。B.让学生运用想象力，创造力等完成略高于自身语言水平的任务，

如：编小故事。1224.Materialsshouldmeetlearners’needs.Whatiscoveredinthematerialsshouldberelevantandusefultothelearners.132024/5/134.教材应满足学习者的需求相关性、实用性142024/5/135.Materialsshouldrequireandfacilitatelearnerself-investment.

Learningactivitiesrequirethelearnerstomakediscoveriesforthemselves.Itwouldseemthatlearnersprofitmostiftheyinvestinterest,effortandattentioninthelearningactivity.Materialscanhelpthemtoachievethisbyprovidingthemwithchoicesoffocusandactivity,bygivingthemtopiccontrolandbyengagingtheminlearner-centreddiscoveryactivities.152024/5/13分析课文，帮助学生自主学习5.教材应有助于学习者自主学习162024/5/136.Learnersmustbereadytoacquirethepointsbeingtaught.createsituationsensurethatthelearnershavegainedsufficientmasteryoverthedevelopmentalfeaturesofthepreviousstagebeforeteachinganewoneroughlytunetheinputsothatitcontainssomefeatureswhichareslightlyaboveeachlearner'scurrentstateofproficiencygetlearnerstofocusattentiononfeaturesofthetargetlanguagewhichtheyhavenotyetacquiredsothattheymightbemoreattentivetothesefeaturesinfutureinput.172024/5/136.教材内容应当适合学习者的水平，具有较强可学性重大版favouriteteacher182024/5/131.教材应有吸引力：新、众、美、趣2.教材应使学习者感到轻松自在3.教材应帮助学习者树立信心4.教材应满足学习者的需求5.教材应有助于学习者自主学习6.教材内容应当适合学习者的水平，具有较强可学性192024/5/137.Materialsshouldexposethelearnerstolanguageinauthenticuse.

Theinputshouldvaryinstyle,mode,mediumandpurposeandshouldberichinfeatureswhicharecharacteristicofauthenticdiscourseinthetargetlanguage.And,ifthelearnerswanttobeabletousethelanguageforgeneralcommunication,itisimportantthattheyareexposedtoplanned,semi-plannedandunplanneddiscourse(e.g.aformallecture,aninformalradiointerviewandaspontaneousconversation).202024/5/137.教材应使学习者接触真实的语言Howdoyoudo?Nicetomeetyou.Howdoyoudo?Nicetomeetyou,too.212024/5/138.Materialsshouldprovidethelearnerswithopportunitiestousethetargetlanguagetoachievecommunicativepurposes.

Learnersshouldbegivenopportunitiestouselanguageforcommunicationratherthanjusttopractiseitinsituationscontrolledbytheteacherandthematerials.222024/5/138.教材应能为学习者创造运用语言进行真实交际的机会232024/5/139.教材应使学习者注意到语言材料中的重要语言现象中介语：ShewatchTV.（汉语中动词没有第三人称变化）

大量接触真实目的语，关注中介语与目的语的差异目的语：ShewatchesTV.母语：她看电视。242024/5/1310.Materialsshouldtakeintoaccountthatthepositiveeffectsofinstruction(teaching)areusuallydelayed.

Researchintotheacquisitionoflanguageshowsthatitisagradualratherthananinstantaneousprocessandthatthisisequallytrueforinstructedaswellasinformalacquisition.Learnerscannotbeexpectedtolearnanewfeatureandbeabletouseitinthesamelesson.Soitisimportantformaterialstorecycleinstructionandtoprovidefrequentandampleexposuretotheinstructedlanguagefeaturesincommunicativeuse.252024/5/1310.教材应该考虑到语言学习的延迟效应不断循环重现262024/5/1311.Materialsshouldtakeintoaccountthatlearnersdifferinlearningstyles.VisualAuditoryKinaesthetic[ˌkɪnɪs'θetɪk]StudialExperientialAnalyticGlobalDependentIndependent272024/5/13任务四：将以下学习者的风格与对教材的需求进行匹配11.教材应考虑不同学习者的学习风格282024/5/131.触及实物来学习或按指令来完成任务2.喜欢以观看方式来学习语言3.喜欢以听的方式来学习语言4.喜欢运用语言，关注交际内容

和目的5.有意识地关注语言特点，对语

言的准确性要求很高

A.视觉型B.听觉型C.动觉型D.研究型E.体验型6.不善于自己安排学习，喜欢依

赖老师和教材7.关注语块，整合信息8.根据自己的语言学习经历来安

排学习，善于运用自主学习策

略9.关注语言的各个具体部分,习

惯于一步一步地展示语言材料F.分析型G.综合型H.依赖型I.独立型ABCDEHGIF292024/5/1312.教材应关注不同学习者的情感态度和动机提供不同题材和体裁的语言材料不同类型的语言学习活动302024/5/13为动机较强，更积极的学习者，提供额外的可以选择的活动。提供的教材尽可能多样设计一些讨论英语价值的话题与活动尽可能满足学习者的各种兴趣和爱好考虑学习者的文化背景为学习困难的学习者提出建议此外，为尽可能满足不同学习者的情感需求，教材应努力做到：312024/5/1313.Materialsshouldpermitasilentperiodatthebeginningofinstruction.

Ithasbeenshownthatitcanbeextremelyvaluabletodelaylearners’speakingatthebeginningofacourseuntillearnershavegainedsufficientexposuretothetargetlanguageandsufficientconfidenceinunder-standingit.Thissilentperiodcanfacilitatethedevelopmentofaneffectiveinternalisedgrammarwhichcanhelplearnerstoachieveproficiencywhentheyeventuallystarttospeak.322024/5/1313.教材应允许学习者在开始的阶段有沉默期

为什么要在做了1a,1b,和1c之后才做说的训练？332024/5/13任务五：好的教材应在沉默期设法给学习者提供开口说目的语做准备的机会，你认为下面哪些活动恰当？A.教材的前几个活动提供图片让学生描述B.设计以听力理解的方式教授语言的活动C.只要求学生理解，不需要使用语言表达的活动D.根据指令做出身体反应的活动342024/5/137.教材应使学习者接触真实的语言8.教材应能为学习者创造运用语言进行真实交际的机会9.教材应使学习者注意到语言材料中的重要语言现象10.教材应该考虑到语言学习的延迟效应11.教材应考虑不同学习者的学习风格12.教材应关注不同学习者的情感态度和动机13.教材应允许学习者在开始的阶段有沉默期352024/5/1314.Materialsshouldmaximizelearningpotentialbyencouragingintellectual,aestheticandemotionalinvolvementwhichstimulatesbothrightandleftbrainactivities.Anarrowlyfocusedseriesofactivitieswhichrequireverylittlecognitiveprocessing(e.g.mechanicaldrills;rulelearning;simpletransformationactivities)usuallyleadstoshallowandephemerallearning.Howeveravariedseriesofactivitiesmaking,forexample,analytic,creative,evaluativeandrehearsaldemandsonprocessingcapacitycanleadtodeeperandmoredurablelearning.Inorderforthisdeeperlearningtobefacilitateditisveryimportantthatthecontentofthematerialsisnottrivialorbanalandthatitstimulatesthoughtsandfeelingsinthelearners.Itisalsoimportantthattheactivitiesarenottoosimpleandthattheycannotbetooeasilyachievedwithoutthelearnersmakinguseoftheirpreviousexperienceandtheirbrains.362024/5/1314.教材应能充分利用学习者的智力、审美和情感等因素，刺激左右大脑活动，从而充分发挥学习潜能372

15.Materialsshouldnotrelytoomuchoncontrolledpractice.Controlledgrammarpracticeactivitiesstillfeaturesignificantlyinpopularcoursebooksandareconsideredtobeusefulbymanyteachersandbymanylearners.Thisisespeciallytrueofdialoguepracticewhichhasbeenpopularinmanymethodologiesforthelast30yearswithouttherebeinganysubstantialresearchevidencetosupportit.382024/5/1315.教材不应过分依赖控制型练习

Materialsshouldnotrelytoomuchoncontrolledpractice.

T:Hewalkstoschooleveryday.T:Go.Ss:Hegoestoschooleveryday.T:Run.Ss:Herunstoschooleveryday.T:Jump.Ss:Hejumpstoschooleveryday.特点：主要注重形式和精准度。活动类型：操练句型、听对话、重复对话控制型练习392024/5/1316.教材应向学习者介绍学习方法和解决问题的办法Materialsshouldintroducelearningmethodsandstrategiestosolveproblems.

学习方法402024/5/1317.教材应提供多种途径来“刺激”学习

Materialsshouldprovideastimulustolearning.

有意思的活动412024/5/1318.教材应就学习者的学习效果提供反馈

Materialsshouldprovideopportunitiesforoutcomefeedback.

反馈422024/5/13教材学习者教师用教材学用教材教19.教材应体现以学习者为中心的原则Materialsshouldbestudent-centred.20.教材应帮助教师组织好教学过程.Materialsshouldhelpteacherstoorganizetheteaching-learningprocess.432024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.1Aprerequisiteforlanguageacquisitionisthatthelearnersareexposedtoarich,meaningful,andcomprehensibleinputoflanguageinuse.Therefore,materialsshould:Containplentifulspokenandwrittentexts;Containauthenticlanguage;Contextualizeinput;Havenaturalrecyclingoflanguageitems.BasedonSLAresearchfindings,Tomlinson(2010)outlinedthefollowingprinciplesforeffectivematerialsdevelopment.442024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.2

Inorderforthelearnerstomaximizetheirexposuretolanguageinuse,theyneedtobeengagedbothaffectivelyandcognitivelyinthelanguageexperience.Materialsshouldstimulate:EngagementThinking452024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.3Languagelearnerswhoachievepositiveaffectmuchmorelikelytoachievecommunicativecompetencethanthosewhodonot.Therefore,materialsshould:beinteresting,relevant,andenjoyable;Setachievablechallenges;Stimulateemotiveresponsesthroughsongs,music,literature,etc.462024/5/13PrincipleoflanguageacquisitionNo.4L2languagelearnerscanbenefitfromusingthosementalresourceswhichtheytypicallyutilisewhenacquiringandusingtheirL1.Materialsshould:getlearnerstovisualiseand/oruseinnerspeechhelpthelearnerstoreflectontheirmentalactivityduringataskandthentotrytomakemoreuseofmentalstrategiesinasimilartask.472024/5/13PrincipleofLanguageAcquisitionNo.5Languagelearnerscanbenefitfromnoticingsalientfeaturesoftheinput.Therefore,materialsshould:useanexperientialapproachhelpthelearners(preferablyincollaboration)tomakediscoveriesforthemselves.482024/5/13教材的积极作用高水平、高质量的教材对英语教学的积极作用：1）体系完整、内容丰富、设计合理的教材有利于学生培养语言知识、语言技能、情感态度、文化意识、学习策略这五方面的综合语言运用能力。2）有利于更好地激发学生学习英语的兴趣。3）结构合理、内容丰富、活动灵活多样的教材有利于教师节省备课时间和精力，而且有利于他们在教学中创造性地使用教材，从而更好地培养教师自身的专业发展能力。492024/5/134）大多数正式出版的教材都是由英语教学专家或有经验的教师编写的。保证教学质量和效果。5）选择和使用合适的英语教材，有利于教学大纲或课程标准的有效实施。6)不断更新的教材是新的教学思想和教学方法最有力的推广者和实施者。502024/5/13编写水平低、编写质量差的教材对英语教学消极作用：1）教学思想或教学方法不科学或不利于提高学习效果。2）编写体系不完整，不能正确处理知识学习和技能发展的关系，因而不利于全面发展学生的知识和能力。教材的消极作用：512024/5/133）教材使用一些了大量不真实、不地道或无意义的语言材料。4）教材缺乏真实的、有交际意义的语言实践活动，不利于培养学生真正的语言实践能力。5）教材内容不能满足学生学习的客观需要，也不利于调动学生的学习积极性。6）教材版式设计单一、陈旧，不利于激发学生的学习兴趣和内在学习动机。7）教材内容和活动形式都是封闭式的，不利于开拓学生的思维，不利于培养学生的创新精神。522024/5/13教材在出版、推广和使用等环节上存在某些不合理因素：1）商业化的促销活动影响了教师或教育行政部门对教材的评价和选择。2）由教育行政部门推荐或指定使用的教材往往存在“一刀切”的问题。3）教师和学生被动地使用教材的现象十分严重，从而使教材的使用缺乏主动性和创造性。

532024/5/134）大量引进的国外英语教材有些内容可能不适合国内的实际教学需要。5）教材凌驾于教学大纲之上的现象使教学迷失正确的方向。542024/5/13教材编写的新发展任务六：想一想教材编写有哪些新发展？552024/5/13教材编写指导思想的变化教材编写越来越强调综合能力的培养教材编写向立体化发展教材编写普遍采用板块式设计教材编写的职业化我国教材编写的形势562024/5/13以某种教学思想和教学法为唯一的指导思想更多地考虑学生的需要和不同学生的学习特点教材编写指导思想的变化572024/5/13外语教学与研究出版社出版的高中英语（新标准）教材由以下几个部分组成：学生用书学生用书配套录音带教师用书多媒体教学课件CD-ROM同步评价手册等配套练习册教材编写向立体化发展582024/5/13教材编写普遍采用板块式设计外语教学与研究出版社IntroductionReadingandvocabularyVocabularyandspeakingGrammarListeningandvocabularyPronunciationSpeakingWritingEverydayEnglishandfunctionCulturalcornerTask592024/5/13语言教学研究专业人员或教材研究专业人员编写水平和编写质量一线教师教材编写的职业化602024/5/13教材体系和教材制度会更合理、更科学。教材市场会是开放的和自由的。教师和学生在教材的编、选、用等方面将有更多的自主权。我国教材编写的形势612024/5/13任务七：想一想本节课你学到了什么？622024/5/13教材优秀教材的特点教材的积极与消极作用教材的新发展632024/5/13Assignment1.Studythegivensample,identifysomeprominentgoodfeatures,andtrytoanalyzeEnglishTeachingMaterialsinMiddleSchoolsbasedon20featuresofgoodmaterialstakenfromTomlinson(1998b);2.Requirements:

※AnalyzeoneofmiddleschoolEnglishtextbooksintheformofPPT,whichcontainsatleast20pieces,togetherwiththeelectronicversionoftextdraft.

※Pleasehandinyourppt&drafttotheheadofclassnextThursday.

※Duringtheclassofnextweek,someofyouwillshareyourassignmentwiththewholeclass.Preparetogivea5-minutereportofyourdiscussion.642024/5/13