英语演讲技巧与实践 课件 Chapter2 Planning Speech

《英语演讲技巧与实践》TheArtandPracticeofEnglishPublicSpeakingPlanningSpeechChapter22.1Selectingyourtopic2.2Supportingwhatyousay2.3OrganizingthebodyofyourspeechContents2.4BeginningandendingofyourspeechOutliningyourspeech2.5Part01SelectingyourtopicChoosingyourtopicTypesoftopicsNarrowingdownyourtopicWorthyQuoteAdesiretosucceedisthefirststepinachievingthisobjective.Nevertheless,youcannothitatargetunlessyouknowwhatitis.-AynRand“追求成功的渴望是达成目标的起点。但请记住，如果你连目标在何处都未曾明确，又怎能精准地击中它呢？”

安·兰德SelectingyourtopicHowtodeliverasuccessfulspeech？findvariouswaystochooseatopicselectsomethingthat’sverytopicalselectsomethingthatyou’repassionateabout.2.1.1ChoosingyourtopicIt‘slesslikelyfortheaudiencetobeimpressedwithaspeechwithoutaninterestingandcleartopic,muchlesstofeeltouched.Sometimesyoumayfeelthatyouhavealargenumberoftopicstochoosefrom,andwhichoneshouldbethebest?Thereareafewstrategiesthatcanhelpthespeakernarrowdownthechoice.Choosinga

topicthatyou'repassionateabout2.1.1ChoosingyourtopicChoosingsomethingthatyouraudienceareinterestedin010203Consideringtheoccasion04Choosingsomethingthatyou‘reinterestedinChoosingatimelytopic2.1.1ChoosingyourtopicChoosingatopicthatyouhavetheabilitytospeakabout050607Choosingsomethingthatrelatestoyourpersonalexperience2.1.2TypesoftopicsTypesoftopicsSelf-generatedtopicsAudience-generatedtopicsOccasion-generatedtopicsResearch-generatedtopics2.1.3Narrowingdownyourtopic

Manypublicspeakersstartwithatopicthatistoobroadandoverwhelmed.Theproblemisthatthespeakerwillnotbeabletoadequatelyresearchtheinformationofthetopic,andaddressitwithinthetimelimit.Asaresult,thespeakertendstopresentsuperficialdetails

onageneraltopic,andthe

audiencewillinturnhavetroubleincatchingthekeypointofthespeaker'spresentation.Inthisway,it'snecessaryforaspeakertonarrowdownhis/hertopic.2.1.3NarrowingdownyourtopicUsingtoolstonarrowdownyourtopic1)HowmuchtimedoIhavetomakethepresentation?2)Howcomplexshouldmypresentationbe?3)Whataspectofthetopicbestsuitstheneedsandinterestsoftheaudience?4)WhatportionofthetopicamIcompetenttodiscuss?5)DoIhavetheresourcesandtimetodevelopthetopic?2.1.3NarrowingdownyourtopicAvisualbrainstormingAvisualbrainstormingisagoodwaytoturnthetopicintoamoreeffectiveone.2.1.3NarrowingdownyourtopicTheinvertedpyramidTheinvertedpyramidisanothervisualtechniquetosolvethe"toobroadtopic"problem.Youcanstartwithyourbroadtopicatthetop,thenmakeitmorespecificstepbystep.Eachtopicshouldbeasub-topicoftheoneaboveit.Forinstance,ifyourbroadtopicis"healthcare",youcanusetheinvertedpyramidtechniquetofocusonspecificaspectsofhealthcare.Forexample:—Healthcarechallenges-Accesstohealthcare-Healthcarecosts-Healthcareinequalities—Healthcareinnovations2.1.3NarrowingdownyourtopicGettingtoknowyourgeneralpurposeAlongwithchoosingandnarrowingdownatopic,thegeneralpurposeofaspeechshouldbeconsidered,too.Broadlyspeaking,oneofthreepurposeswillclearlybeshowninaspeech:toinform,topersuadeandtoentertain.1Aspeechtoinform2.Aspeechtopersuade3.Aspeechtoentertain2.1.3Narrowingdownyourtopic

Formulateyourspecificpurposeifyourspeechisaninformativespeech,yourgeneralpurposewillbetoinformyouraudienceaboutaveryspecificrealmofknowledge.Example1Topic:SaveTrees,SaveEnvironment.GeneralPurpose:TopersuadetherecitetoroetomSpecificPurpose:Topersuadetheaudiencetoprotecttheenvironment,especiallyPart02SupportingwhatyousayDescriptionsDefinitionsStatisticsExamplesTestimonyComparison&ContrastWorthyQuoteWhenDemostheneswasaskedwhatwerethethreemostimportantaspectsoforatory,heanswered,"Action,Action,Action."—Plutarch当有人询问德摩斯梯尼演讲的三大关键是什么时，他简洁地答道：“行动，行动，行动。”

—普鲁塔克2.2.1TheimportanceofpublicspeakingDescriptionsDescriptionisagoodwayforyouraudiencetogetwhatyouwanttosay.Whenyouneedtodescribesuchthingsinyourspeech,youaretothinkintermsofthefivesenses:sight(visual:thinkaboutthethingintermsofcolor,sizeandshape);hearing(auditory:volume,tone,whatdoesthesoundlike);taste(gustatory:bitter,salty,fruity,smooth,stickyorwhatever);smell(olfactory:stinky,fragrant,aromatic,berry-like)feel(tactile:rough,soft,silky).2.2.2DefinitionsDefinitions

Usually,adictionarydefinitiondoesnotreallyshowyouarewellpreparedorwellresearchedonthistopic,becauseanyonecanlookupadefinitioninadictionaryinafewseconds.Then,doyouthinktheaudienceneedtodefineawordlike"love","sympathy"or"communication"?Ofcoursenot.Definitionhereassupportingmaterialmeans"tosetlimitsonyourwordsorexpressions".Whenyoudefineaword,itmeans"tosetlimitsonwhatitmeansexactly"and"tohelptheaudienceknowwhatyouwanttosayabouttheword,and/orhowyouwilluseit".Thewordsyoudefineareunfamiliartotheaudienceortheonesthatyouwanttouseinaspecializedway.2.2.3StatisticsStatisticsStatisticsarenotjustnumbersornumericalfacts.Theessenceofstatisticsisthecollection,analysis,comparisonandinterpretationofnumericaldata,andunderstandingitscomparisonwithothernumericaldata.Forexample,accordingtotheWorldBank,China'spovertyrate(18.54%)fellbelowtheworldpovertyrate(20.98%)forthefirsttimein2005.Thiscomparisonisastatistic.Sometimes,beforeyoucanusestatisticsinaspeech,youshouldhaveabasicunderstandingofthem.Youareprobablygoingtousethemasproofmorethanasexplanation.Statisticsareconsideredastrongformofproof.Herearesomeguidelinesforusingthemeffectivelyinapresentation:1)Usestatisticsassupport,notasamainpoint.2)Alwaysprovidethesourceofthestatistics.3)Donotoverusestatistics.4)Usegraphstodisplaythemostimportantstatistics.5)Explainyourstatisticsasneeded,butdonotmakeyourspeechastatisticslesson.6)Explainyourmethodologyifyoudoyourownsurveyorresearchandusenumericaldatafromit.7)Translatenumbersintoconcreteideasformoreimpact.8)Statisticsmaybeconfusing.Slowdownwhenyousayandgivemoreemphasis,gesture,etc.-smallwaysofhelpingtheaudiencegraspthem.2.2.4ExamplesExamplesThekeytoeffectivelyusingexamplesinyourspeechiskeepinginmindthatanexampletoyoumaynotalwaysbeanexampletoyouraudience.Forexample,ateachercannotusethesameexamplestoteachherclassfordecadesduringherteachingcareer.Anewsreportfromtwentyyearsagoisprettymeaninglesstoaudiencestoday.Timeandagearenottheonlyreasonswhyanexamplemaynotworkwell.Ifyouareafanofpopmusic,speakingtoagroupwhoalmostdonotlistentoit,usingapopsingerasanexampleofperseveranceorovercomingdiscriminationmaynotworkwellasexpected.2.2.5TestimonyExperttestimony0102PeertestimonyTestimony2.2.6

Comparison&contrastComparison&contrastTheterms"compare"and"contrast"appearsimilaratfirstglance,butactuallytheyarenotsynonyms.Whentwothingsarecontrasted,theirdifferencesarehighlighted—suchas"before"and"after"shotsonahomemakeovershow.Whentwothingsarecompared,theyareputsidebysidesoastobringouttheirsimilarities.Forexample,wemightsetagreenappleandaredapplesidebyside,andnotetheirsimilarshapesandlocationoftheirstems.Wecompareandcontrastthingseverydaywithoutevenrealizingit,suchaswhenbuyingclothesonline,shoppingforanewmobilephone,orchoosingabirthdaygiftforsomeone.Asearlyasmiddleschool,weareaskedtoformalizethewaysinwhichwecompareandcontrastwhenweareassignedcomparisonandcontrastessays.Thisskillgetsrefinedinhighschoolandseesconstantusethroughcollegeandintoourprofessionallives.Thereneedstobeanobviousbasisforcomparison—logicalsense.2.2.7VisualaidsVisualaidsUsingvisualaidsisanessentialmethodforsupporting,suchasgestures,facialexpressions,bodylanguage,objectsandmanyothervisualtools,toconveymeaningandenhanceverbalcommunication.Visualaidscanbeagreattoolfortheaudiencetofollowyourspeechmoreclearly.Especiallyifyourspeechisdemonstrative,addingvisualaidswillbenefityouroverallpresentation.Whenyouaregivingapublicspeech,youwanttheaudiencetoideallylistentothemessageyouaretryingtoconvey.Thereareseveraltypesofvisualaids,andeachhasitsstrengthsintermsofthetypeofinformationitlendsitselftopresenting.Thetypesofvisualaidsareobjects,chalkboards,whiteboardsandflipcharts,pictures,diagrams,chartsandtables,graphs,videosandPPT.It'simportanttorememberthatsupportingmaterialspresentedonvisualaidsshouldbeproperlycited.2.2.7VisualaidsObjectsChalkboards,whiteboardsandflipchartsPicturesDiagramsChartsandtablesGraphsVideosPPTPart03OrganizingthebodyofyourspeechThechecklistforaneffectivespeakerBuildinganeffectivespeechin8stepsWaysofreducingspeakinganxietiesAnalyzingandevaluatingspeechesWorthyQuoteConstructtheframeworkandthewordswillfollow.—UmbertoEco“精心构建框架，文辞自然会流畅呈现。

—乌尔贝托·艾科2.3.1OrganizingthebodyofyourspeechThebodyofaspeechisthemostimportantpartandthesubstantivecontentofthisspeech,soitmustbespecific,ratherthantheaccumulationofemptypreachingandtherepetitionofsimpletruth.Aclearspeechmakesiteasyfortheaudiencetounderstandandrememberthemainpointsofthespeech.Generallyspeaking,thebodyofaspeechconsistsofmainideas,secondaryideasandsupportingmaterials.Afteridentifyingthemainideas,thepresentationshouldbeorganizedinanappropriateway.Secondaryideasarearguments,evidenceorinferencesthatsupportorfurtherexplainthemainidea.Afterwards,supportingmaterialsshouldbeselectedtoillustrateanddevelopthemainideassothatthepresentationisclear,appealingandconvincing.Inaword,themainbodyofthespeechshouldbeinterconnectedandin-depth.2.3.1DeterminingthemainpointsDeterminingthemainpointsTheprocessoforganizingaspeechbeginswhenyoudeterminethemainpoints.Mainpointsarethebuildingblocksofaspeechandyouexpectyouraudiencetorememberthemainpointsbecausetheyarethecoreofyourspeech.Theyshouldbecarefullyselectedandpreciselyworded.Belowareseveralusefultipsyoucantakeintoconsideration.1)Thenumberofmainpointsmustbelimited.2)Eachpointshouldbecenteredaroundthetopic.3)Useaparallelstructure.4)Useconciselanguage.5)Usecohesivedevices.Tobespecific,thenumberofmainpointslargelydependsonthepresentationtime,thecomplexityofthetopic,thespeaker'sscopeofknowledgeandtheaudience'sacceptability.2.3.2OrganizingthemainpointsOrganizingthemainpointsTheendjustifiesthemeans.Thatistosay,differentpurposesofaspeechdeterminedifferentwaysoforganizingideas.Effectivewaysoforganizingthemainpointsinaspeecharegenerallycategorizedastopicalorder,chronologicalortimeorder,spatialorder,causalorderandproblem-solutionorder.-TopicalorderThetopicisoftendividedintoseveralsubtopicsaccordingtologicandcommonsense.Eachsubtopicisamainpointinthespeechandapartofthewhole.Thisstructureiscommonlyusedininformativeandpersuasivespeeches.Example1Purpose:toinformtheaudienceofthebenefitsofvolunteerteachinginChina.MainPoints:I.Collegestudentshelpchildreninunderdevelopedregionsbybringingthemnewknowledgeandthoughts.Il.Collegestudentsreceivearigoroustrainingbyadaptingtoharshconditionsandenjoysappreciationandfriendshipfromthechildren.III.Collegestudentsaremotivatedbythespiritofthechildren'soptimismandperseverance,whichencouragesthemtostudyharder.2.3.2OrganizingthebodyofyourspeechChronologicalortimeorderThechronologicalortimepatternistoarrangethecontentofaspeechaccordingtotheprincipleofthesequenceofthedevelopmentofthings,whichisusuallyusedinanarrativespeech,soitisalsocalledthenarrativestructure.Tellingastoryinaclearchronologicalorderisbeneficialfortheaudiencetofollowandunderstand,oritmayconfusetheaudience.ExamplePurpose:topersuadetheaudiencetojoininthefightforblackpowerbyreviewingthepast,facingtherealityandlookingforwardtothefuture.MainPoints:I.Fivescoreyearsago,theEmancipationProclamationwassigned.Il.Butonehundredyearslater,theAfrican-Americansarestillnotfree.III.Nowisthetimetomakerealthepromisesofdemocracy.VI.Ihaveadreamthatwewillbefreeoneday.Accordingtothisexample"IHaveaDream",itisevidentthatthechronologicalpatternworksbestbecauseexamplesofsuchtopicsdealwiththehistory,development,steps,procedures,etc.2.3.2OrganizingthebodyofyourspeechSpatialorderThespatialstructureisoftenusedinthedescriptivespeech.Itischaracterizedbydescribingthingsinacertainspatialorder(suchasfromtoptobottom,frominsidetooutside,fromlefttoright,fromfartonear,etc.),sothatthecontentofthespeechisarrangedinanorderlywayandtheaudiencehasrulestofollow.ExamplePurpose:toinformtheaudienceofthephysicalcharacteristicsoftheYangtzeRiver.MainPoints:I.TheuppercourseoftheYangtzeRiverflowsacrossthePlateauofTibetanddescendsthroughdeepvalleysinthemountainseastoftheplateau,emergingontotheYunnan-GuizhouPlateau.II.ThemiddlecourseoftheYangtzeRiverstretchesforabout630milesbetweenthecitiesofYibininSichuanProvinceandYichanginHubeiProvince.IlI.ThelowerpartoftheYangtzebasiniscenteredontheextensivelowlandplainsofeast-centralChina.IV.TheYangtzedeltabeginsbeyondZhenjiangandemptiesintotheEastChinaSeaatitsmouthinShanghai.Afterlisteningtothisintroduction,theaudiencewillhaveaclearunderstandingofphysicalcharacteristicsoftheYangtzeRiver.2.3.2OrganizingthebodyofyourspeechCausalorderThecause-effectstructureiscommonlyusedinpersuasiveandinformativespeeches,whichbeginbyexplainingthereasonsandthendescribetheconsequences.Example1Purpose:toexplaintotheaudiencewhythedeathoftheplantoccurs.MainPoints:I.(Causes)Severalfactorscausingdeathoftheplant.A.ImproperwateringB.ImpropertemperatureC.ImproperplacementII.(Effect)Deathoftheplant.2.3.2OrganizingthebodyofyourspeechProblem-solutionorder

Aspeechwiththisstructureusuallypointsouttheproblemfirst,andthenproposesthesolutionstotheproblem.Therefore,thestructureisclearlydividedintotwoparts,butthefocusshouldbeonthesolutionstotheproblem.Iftheproblemiscomplex,thesolutionsarecorrespondinglymuchmorecomplex,requiringtheelaboratediscussionandin-depthargument.2.3.3ConnectingthemainpointsConnectingthemainpoints

Whetheraspeechiscoherentornotdependslargelyontheuseoftransitionalwords.Iftransitionalwordsarenotusedorusedinappropriately,theresultingspeechwillappearfragmentedanddisjointed.Transitionsarewords,phrasesorsentencesthatlogicallymoveusfromonepointtoanother.

Transitionsarebridges.Whenyouhavetworelatedpoints,liketwoadjacentislands,youneedatransitioninordertohelptheaudiencecrossthebaysbetweenthem.Hereareafewofthepossibletransitions:1)Addition:also,besides,furthermore,moreover,additionally,inaddition,inotherwords,foronething...foranother…Part04BeginningandendingofyourspeechIcebreaking:Self-introductionCompleteasurveyAppreciation&AnalysisWorthyQuoteTobepersuasive,wemustbebelievable.Tobebelievable,wemustbecredible.Tobecredible,wemustbetruthful.—HellmutWalters要说服他人，我们必须是可信的。要成为可信的，我们必须是可靠的。要成为可靠的，我们必须是真诚的。

——HellmutWalters2.4.1FunctionsofanintroductionFunctionsofanintroductionThebeginningofaspeechisalsohalfthebattle.Speechintroductionsareanessentialelementofaneffectivepublicspeech.Introductionshavefourspecificfunctionsthatneedtobemetinaveryshortperiodoftime.Thefirsttwofunctionsofanintroduction,namelygainingtheattentionandinterestoftheaudienceandgainingthegoodwilloftheaudience,havemosttodowithgettingthemtolistentoyou.Theothertwofunctionsoftheintroduction,namelystatingthepurposeofthespeechandpreviewingthemainpointsofthespeech,havemosttodowithhelpingtheaudiencetounderstandyou.2.4.1FunctionsofanintroductionGainattentionandinterestoftheaudienceGainthegoodwilloftheaudienceStatethepurposeofthespeechPreviewthemainpointsofthespeech2.4.2Strategiesformakingagoodintroduction

StrategiesformakingagoodintroductionWhilethereisnoonerightwaytowriteanintroduction,therearesomecommonstrategiesyoucouldemploytomakeagoodintroduction.HumororjokeAquotationAstoryRhetoricalquestionsSuspense2.4.3FuctionsofaconclusionFunctionsofaconclusionIftheendissimplyunderstatedandcursory,alongspeechthattakesalotofeffortwillsoonbeforgotten.Tobememorable,yourendingmustbeaspowerfulasyourbeginning.Therearetwomainfunctionsofaconclusion:•SignaltheendTherearetworeasonsforsigningoffonaspeech.First,wakeuptheaudience.Manytimes,theaudiencewilllosefocusanddaydreamneartheendofthespeech.It'sasignthatthingsarecomingtoanendsoonandit'stimetopayattentionagain.Sometimes,theclosingsignalwakesupnotonlytheaudiencebutalsothespeakertodeliverastrongconclusion,soitalsohelpsresetthespeaker'sownfocus.•SummarizeandcloseAttheendofagoodspeech,youshouldmentionyourmainpointsintheintroduction,bodysection,andfinalconclusion.Agoodconclusioncapturestheaudience'sattentiononelasttimesoyoucanrevisityourmainpointsaswellassuggestions.Byclearlydefiningwhatyouarestartingwithyourconclusion,itwillhelpyoufocusandgothroughtherightstepsinyourconclusion.Thiswillleaveyouraudienceagoodimpressionofyourpresentationandwillmakeyoulookmoreprofessional.

2.4.4Strategiesformakingagoodconclusion

StrategiesformakingagoodconclusionTherearemanytechniquesyoucanusetomakeyourspeechimpactful,suchasquotations,stories,inspiration,challenges,etc.Thefollowingsectionlistssevenwaystoreachyourconclusionstactfully.SummarizethemainpointsEndwithaquotationTellastoryDemonstrateconcreteresultsInspiretheaudienceRefertotheintroductionExpressgratitudePart05OutliningyourspeechDevelopingapreparationoutlineDevelopingadeliveryoutlineWorthyQuoteWhenamandoesnotknowwhatharborheismakingfor,nowindistherightwind.-Seneca当一个人不知道他将要驶向哪个港口时，便没有风是顺风。

-塞涅卡2.5OutliningyourspeechGenerallyspeaking,therearetwotypesofoutlinesforthespeech.Oneisdetailedfortheplanningstagecalled"apreparationoutline",whiletheotherisbriefforthedeliverystageandthusiscalled"adeliveryoutline".Theformerisalsoreferredtoas"afull-sentenceoutline"andthelatter"akey-wordoutline".Theformerismainlyusedinthepreparationprocessofwriting,relativelycomplete,systematicandformal;thelatterismainlyusedintheprocessofpresentation,relativelysimpleandcasual.Theformeristhefoundationofthelatter,whereasthelatteristhesummarizationoftheformer.Outliningthespeechinvolvestwotasks.Oneisdeterminingthemaincontentandmaterialsoftheintroduction,bodyandconclusion;theotherisformulatingtheinternalstructureofthethreeparts,whichfollowsthesubsidiarityprincipleandthesymmetryprinciple.Thetwoprinciplesmeanthatinanoutline,eachlevelshouldbearrangedaccordingtoitsimportance,andwithinthesamelevel,eachpointshouldhavearelativelyequalrelationship.Theoutlinefollowingtheaboveprinciplesshouldrepresenteachlevelinorderofitsprimaryandsecondaryrelation,withRomannumerals(primaryargument),capitalletters(secondaryargument),Arabicnumerals(supportingpoints)andlowercaseletters(examples).Suchatypicaloutlineisasfollows:I.FirstmajorpointA.Firstsub-point1.Firstsupportingmaterial2.Secondsupportingmaterial2,5.1Developingapreparationoutline

DevelopingapreparationoutlineApreparationoutlineisatentativeplanofthespeechthatincludesmainideas,sub-pointsandsupportingmaterials.Apreparationoutlinemayalso