毕业设计-英文翻译-猪舍环境

毕业设计-英文翻译-猪舍环境空气温度和相对湿度对猪生理健康的影响介绍这项研究是关注在环境温度和湿度变化的影响，体温，呼吸频率，脉搏，和猪的其他因素。也有人希望知道在什么温度和湿度下猪是饲料转化是最高的。一些研究者已经研究，在极端的环境温度的影响下的猪的体温和呼吸频率较高。同样，几个工人研究高温和低温的饲料利用率的效果，临界温度也得到了重视。早在1883年谢尔顿（1883）报道，在冬季在无保护的开放环境下的猪比住在地下室的一个温暖的谷仓里的相似的猪需要更多的饲料大约25％。在加拿大的渥太华，在冬季的几个月在小单育雏的母猪小屋的成本比常规育雏的母猪的房子要高出25％（Grisdale，1904）。在一个相似幼猪的测试中，那些美联储内部获得更为迅速，所需饲料转化率较高，收益也是较低的。帕尔默（1917）曾报道过，由于太阳直射使大气温度和相对湿度百分比增加。加上处理和锻炼使猪的体温增加。Tangl（1912）报道，禁食猪体重大约100磅的临界温度为20-23摄氏度（68-74华氏度）。他还表明，体重超过200磅的猪的临界温度低于17摄氏度（63华氏度）。卡普斯蒂克和木材（1922）报道，300磅禁食猪的临界温度是21摄氏度（70华氏度）。戴顿（1929年）的工作证实了这些早期的发现，他的结果表明，临界温度为16摄氏度（61华氏度）左右。杰克逊（1938年）的一份报告表明，当大气温度平均为83度，猪会吃更多的饲料，它们还会一起打滚，比同类饲料猪投入的更经济，体重增加的更迅速。实验结果与讨论在我们的研究中使用的是绝缘测量9个由14英尺乘7英尺高的空调房间湿度的房间。通过腔室的空气运动是相对恒定的（每分钟20至30英尺）的空气温度和相对湿度可以控制在这些实验中的极限。纯种杜洛克新泽西州或波兰中国猪，或他们的第一代交叉，在这些试验中使用。他们在一个开放的环境下用口粮喂养，每天要进行两次这样的饲喂，如果他们有了的排泄物将会被清理：水会提供让他们进行自由的采食。在第一次试验中，它通过提供一个标准的浇水杯和一个普通水表。随后，它被发现更理想的使用在右手远角图1所示的浇水装置。这可以防止水飞溅。供给一个加仑的水箱，通过重力让水流从油箱进入（上可见，图1的后壁）。驯化的猪（一组两个，三个或四个）在70华氏度，通常至少有一个星期，而他们被训练的越来越习惯于周围的环境以及空气的温度，然后改变随意测试。整个测试期间空气温度尽可能恒定在一个固定的温度。测试期间，通常长为七天，偶尔会出现变化。直肠体温读数，脉冲使用听诊器和呼吸速率（每分钟呼吸），每天服用两次，在早晨喂奶前，或者在下午晚些时候。我们已经进行了六个不同的试验。一直在关注这四个变化温度和相对湿度的变化。空气温度的影响舍内的下限温度是华氏40度。在这些实验中使用的是由我们的冷却设备制冷来提供一个温度值，由同样的能够承受热环境相同的猪来进行试验。体温，呼吸和脉搏率。由于空气的温度上升至华氏40度，体温和呼吸速率（每分钟呼吸次数）增加（图2）。两个试验的结果（有代表性的）在图2中给出。他们说明了影响反应的猪体重的差异，在一个给定的高温度比重量超过150磅的猪体脉率下降。罗宾逊和Lee（1941）报道，在106华氏度猪的直肠温度是坐立不安。已经发现这仅是真实的时，潮湿的地板上的生猪的可能性表明，罗宾逊和李的工作和上述所报告的动物的皮肤的干燥度的差异所造成的差异。这将导致在皮肤温度的差异（Kelly和联营公司，1948）。此外，使用由Robinson和李（重约130磅的伯克郡）的猪被引入到一个房间已经在测试条件下为7个小时，而那些与我们的工作在房间平均约7天的期间和被驯化前的试验期间。Regan和米德（1939）报告说，奶牛减少水的消耗，提高空气的温度，在大多数情况下，我们的数据证实这些发现与猪。罗宾逊和李（1941）报告上伟大的冷却效果与水sousing的。我们的数据证实，并延长他们的研究结果。按照与罗宾逊和李（1941）华氏96度在提高我们的实验条件下，猪的体温在相对湿度高的效果观察。我们的数据表明这些实验猪的体重大约100磅的条件下，在更大程度上利用饲料和发胖，更迅速地在附近的75华氏度，而较重的猪，体重约200磅在60附近做的更好华氏度同意这些发现与文献报道的临界温度数据。据报道，空腹100磅的猪的临界温度由Tangl（1912）报道，以68-74华氏度，较重的猪是70华氏度（的卡普斯蒂克和木材，1922），6I华氏度（戴顿，1929年）和小于63华氏度（Tangl，1912）。总结不同的权重的猪被保存在温湿的时间平均为7天，温度范围从40到115华氏度相对恒定的相对湿度和空气流动的空间。由于空气的温度增加的体温和呼吸速率（每分钟呼吸次数）增加，脉率下降。由于空气的温度升高体温，呼吸频率和脉率的变化率增加。饲料消耗降低空气温度上升。这些实验的条件下，增益率是最大和产生100磅增益至少在平均温度约75华氏度猪体重166重量70至144磅，约60华氏度所需的饲料量至260磅。由于空气的温度超出这些平均值的增加或减少，增益率下降，降低利用食物。在96华氏度，相对湿度30％至94％的上升产生超过200磅重的猪较为窘迫，呼吸率和体温升高较快。水的蒸发冷却效果的深刻证明。在湿的猪增加空气运动的进一步的冷却效果已被证明有增加空气运动时，他们的皮肤温度低于环境的温度，在干燥的地板上生猪的效果缺乏。在这些条件下的猪的行为的一个动物在华氏100度死亡的尸检结果的讨论。

THEEFFECTSOFAIRTEMPERATUREANDRELATIVEHUMIDITYONTHEPHYSIOLOGICALWELLBEINGOFSWINEIntroductionTHISstudyisconcernedwiththeeffectofchangesinenvironmentaltemperatureandhumidityonthebodytemperature,respirationrate,pulserate,andotherfactorsinswine.Itwasalsodesiredtoknowatwhattemperatureandatwhathumiditythepigwasmostefficientinutilizingthefeedconsumed.Theeffectofextremeenvironmentaltemperaturesonthebodytemperatureandrespiratoryrateofthepighasbeenstudiedbyseveralinvestigators.Likewise,afewworkershavestudiedtheeffectofhighandlowtemperaturesonrateofgainandutilizationoffeed.Thecriticaltemperaturehasalsoreceivedsomeattention.Shelton(1883)reportedasearlyas1883thatitrequiredabout25percentmorefeedinwinterforpigskeptintheopenwithoutprotectionthanforsimilarpigshousedinthebasementofawarmbarn.InOttawa,Canada,itcost25percentmoretohousebroodsowsduringthewintermonthsinsmallsinglebroodcabinsthanintheregularbroodsowhouse(Grisdale,1904).Inasimilartestwithyoungpigs,thosefedinsidegainedmorerapidly,andthefeedrequiredfortheirgainswaslower.Bodytemperatureincreasesduetothedirectraysofthesun,tohandlingandexercise,andtoincreasedatmospherictemperatureandincreasedpercentagerelativehumidityhavebeenreportedbyPalmer(1917).Tangl(1912)reportedthatthecriticaltemperatureoffastingpigsweighingaround100poundswas20-23degreesC.(68-74degreesF.).Healsoshowedthatforhogsweighingover200poundsthecriticaltemperaturewaslessthan17degreesC.(63degreesF.).CapstickandWood(1922)reportedthatthecriticaltemperatureofa300poundfastinghogwas21degreesC.(70degreesF.).Deighton's(1929)workconfirmstheseearlierfindings,andhisresultsindicatethatthecriticaltemperatureisintheneighborhoodof16degreesC.(61degreesF.).AreportbyJackson(1938)indicatesthathogshavingaccesstoahogwallowwhentheatmospherictemperatureaveraged83degreesF.atemorefeed,gainedmorerapidly,andweremoreeconomicalusersoffeedthansimilarpigswithoutaccesstowallows.ExperimentalResultsandDiscussionThepsychrometricroomusedinourstudiesisaninsulatedairconditionedroommeasuringninebyfourteenfeetbysevenfeethigh.Airmotionthroughthechamberisrelativelyconstant(twentytothirtyfeetperminute)andtheairtemperatureandrelativehumiditycanhecontrolledwithinthelimitsoftheseexperiments.Figure1isaphotographofthepsychrometricroomwhileinoperation.PurebredDurocJerseyorPolandChinaswine,ortheirfirstgenerationcross,wereusedinthesetrials.Theywerefedthefollowingrationinanopentroughtwicedailyinsuchamountsastheywouldcleanupwithoutexcessivewastage:Waterwassuppliedadlibitum.Inthefirsttrialitwassuppliedinastandardcattlewateringcupthroughanordinarywatermeter.Subsequentlyitwasfoundmoresatisfactorytouseawateringdeviceshownintherighthandfarcorneroffigure1.Thispreventedsplashing.Itwassuppliedfromatank(visibleonrearwall,figure1)graduatedingallons,bygravityflow.Thepigs(ingroupsoftwo,threeorfour)wereacclimatedat70degreesF.,usuallyforatleastoneweekwhiletheywerebeinggentledandbecomingaccustomedtothesurroundings.Theairtemperaturewasthenchangedtothatdesiredforthetest.Theairtemperaturewasheldasconstantaspossiblethroughoutthetestperiod.Testperiods,usually7daysinlength,wereoccasionallyvaried.Rectalbodytemperaturereadings,pulse(withtheuseofastethoscope)andrespirationrates(breathsperminute)weretakentwicedaily,beforefeedinginthemorningandbeforefeedinginthelateafternoon.Wehavecarriedonsixdifferenttrials.Fourofthesehavebeenconcernedwithvariationintemperatureandtwowithvariationinrelativehumidity.TheEffectofAirTemperatureThelowerlimitoftemperature,40degreesF.,usedintheseexperimentswasdeterminedbythecoolingcapacityofourequipment;theupperlimit,bytheabilityofthehogstowithstandheat.Bodytemperature,respirationandpulserates.Astheairtemperatureincreasedfrom40degreesF.,thebodytemperatureandrespirationrate(breathsperminute)increased(figure2).Theresultsoftwotrials(whicharerepresentative)aregiveninfigure2.Theyillustratetheeffectofdifferenceinbodyweightonthereactionofthepigs;pigsweighingunder150poundsweremorecomfortableatagivenhightemperaturethanthepigsweighingmorethan150pounds.Thelighterweightanimalscouldbekeptatatemperatureofapproximately115degreesF.,whereasitwasnotpossibletotaketheheavierhogsmuchbeyond100degreesF.Pulseratedecreasedwithincreasedroomtemperature(figure2).Feedconsumption,averagedailygain,feedutilization,andwaterconsumption.Infigure3theeffectofincreasingairtemperatureonfeedconsumptionisillustrated.Feedconsumptiondecreasedastheairtemperatureincreasedfrom40to100degreesF.,anditappearsthisdecreaseismorerapidathighertemperatures.Averagedailygainalsovariedwiththechangesinairtemperature(figure3.)Hogsweighing166to260poundsgainedmostrapidlyintheneighborhoodof60degreesF.,whilethelighterweightanimalsweighing70to144poundsgainedmostrapidlyatapproximately75degreesF.Theamountoffeedrequiredtoproduce100poundsofgainwasataminimumwhentherateofgainwasatamaximum(figure3).Bothbelowandabovethesetemperatures,approximately60degreesF.fortheheavierweightpigsandabout75degreesF.forthelighterpigs,utilizationoffeeddeclined.Waterconsumptionwasvariable.Inthethreetrialsconductedwithhogsweighingover150pounds,waterconsumptiondeclinedwithincreasingairtemperatureinamannersimilartofeedconsumption.Inthetrialwithlightweightpigs,waterconsumptiondeclinedastheairtemperatureincreasedfrom40to90degreesF.However,from90to115degreesF.waterconsumptionincreased.TheEffectofRelativeHumidityExperimentsinwhichhumiditywasthevariablehavebeenrunonlyat90and96degreesF.At90degreesF.,ourdataindicatethatthereisnotmuchdifferenceintheresponseofhogsweighingover200poundstorelativehumiditiesof30and94percent,exceptthattherespiratoryrateisincreasedatthehigherhumidity.Itshouldbementionedthatatthehigherhumidityitwasnotpossibletokeepthefloordry.At96degreesF.andrelativehumidityof30percent,swineweighingover200poundslostweightbutsurvivedforprolongedperiods.Whentherelativehumiditywasincreasedto94percent,theywereimmediatelyincreasinglydistressed.Inoneexperimentatatemperatureof96degreesF.,therelativehumiditywasgraduallyin.creasedduring8hoursfrom30to94percent,andthebodytemperaturein.creased2.5degreesF.,therespiratoryratemorethandoubled.Itwasnotdeemedadvisabletoholdthehogsundertheseconditions,andtherelativehumiditywaslowered.Intwohours,therelativehumiditywasdecreasedto58percent,andtherespiratoryrateandbodytemperaturewerebacktothatatthestartoftheexperiment.CoolingSwinebyEvaporationofWaterandAirMotionEvaporationofwater.Inourfirsttrial,hogsweighingaround250poundswerekeptforaperiodat90degreesF.onadryfloorwithrelativehumidityof35percent.Thenthetemperaturewasheldconstantandatrickleofwaterwasrunacrossthefloorfora7-dayperiod.Duringtheperiodwithawetfloor(about4.5gallonsofwaterperhourflowingacrossthefloor),therateofgainwasmarkedlyincreased,therespirationratewasabout30percentofthatduringtheperiodonthedryfloor,andthebodytemperaturewasLdegreesF.lower.Thesamecomparisonwasmadeat100degreesF.withsimilardifferences.Itwaspossibletoraisetheairtemperatureto115degreesF.withwateronthefloorbeforeseriouslydistressingtheanimals.Onadryfloorthesameanimalsweredistressedseriouslyat100degreesF.Thecoolingeffectduetoevaporationofwaterwasveryrapid.Anexperimentwasrunwiththree240poundhogsataroomtemperatureof100degreesF.Allweredistressedwithanaveragebodytemperatureof106.8degreesF.andanaveragerespiratoryrateof150breathsperminute.Fourlitersofwaterat100degreesF.werepouredonthefloortomakeawetarea.Thehogsbegantorollinthewaterimmediately.Intwentyminutesthebodytemperatureswereloweredanaverageof1.0degreeF.andtherespiratoryrateloweredby50percent.Inninetyminutesthebodytemperaturewasloweredby2.0degreesF.andtherespiratoryrateby80percent.Theeffectofairmotionwasofinterestattemperatureswherethehogs'skintemperaturewaslowerthantheairtemperature.IthasbeenpostulatedbyBrody(1945)thatfanningisofnobenefittoanon-sweatingspeciesundertheseconditions.TherelationshipbetweenthesurfacetemperatureofswineandenvironmentaltemperatureisgivenbyKellyandassociates(1948).Increasedairmotionwithawetfloor.Inoneexperimentthreehogsweighingaround250poundswereonawetflooratapproximately119degreesF.Airmotioninthechambervariedfrom20to30feetperminuteathoglevel.Afanwasturnedon,whichincreasedtheairmotiontoanestimatedaverageof175feetperminute,butvaryingfrom100to250feet.In30minutes,therespirationwasloweredbyabout60percent,andthebodytemperaturewasreducedabout2.5degreesF.ontheaverage.In80minutes,thebodytemperaturewasreducedanaverageof3.0degreesF.,whenthehogswereonthewetfloorwithanacceleratedrateofairmotion.Increasedairmotionwithadryfloor.Incontrast,fourpigsaveragingabout100poundswereonadryfloorat113degreesF.Thefanwasturnedon,increasingtheairvelocityasbefore.Therespiratoryrateandbodytemperaturedecreasedslightlyatfirstasitwasnotpossibletohavethefloorcompletelydry,andthehogswereslightlydamp.Asthefloorandhogsdried,therespiratoryrateandbodytemperatureincreasedagaintothatatthestart.Afterfivehourswiththeacceleratedairmotionandadryfloortherewasnoapparentbenefittothecomfortoftheanimals.Thistypeofexperimenthasbeenrepeatedwithfourhogsaveraging187poundsat99degreesF.andfourmorehogsaveraging236poundsat100degreesF.withnoapparenteffects.Swinebehavior.Astheairtemperatureroseabove80degreesF.theanimalsbecameincreasinglylazyandlayflatonthefloorasshowninfigure4.Thelightweightpigsweighingaround100poundswerestillfairlyactiveat80degreesF.Atthehightemperatures,whenonehogurinated,someoftheotherhogsusuallywallowedinthemoisture.Thiswastruetosomeextentofthemoistureofthefeces.Thehogsturnedoverfromtimetotimetoexposetheirmoistside.Athightemperaturesonawetfloor,thehogsreactedquitedifferently.Insteadoflyingprostrateontheirsides,theytossedfromsidetosideand"wereveryactive.Theygavetheimpressionoftryingtokeeptheirwetsurfaceexposed.Astheairtemperaturefellbelow60degreesF.,therewasanincreasedtendencyfortheswinetoliesidebyside,andpracticeso-called'communityheating"(seefigure5).Autopsyfindings.Itwasdesiredtohaveavailableforautopsyoneanimalthathaddiedathightemperature.Thusinthefirstexperimentonthe5thdayat100degreesF.onadryfloor,onebarrowweighing228poundsdied.Inthefivedaysat100degreesF.thishoghadlost18pounds.Fortheperiodprevioustodeath,hisrespiratoryratehadbeenmoderatelyhighandhisbodytemperaturevariedfrom106.5to109.0degreesF.Otherhogshavehadbodytemperaturesashighas108.7degreesF.andsurvived.Soonafterdeath,therectaltemperaturewas110.0degreesF.Therewashyperemiathroughoutalltissuesinvaryingdegrees,especiallyintheribandlungareas.Thelungswerecongestedwithblood.DiscussionSimilarworkhasbeenreportedbyReganandassociates(1938,1939),withdairycattle.Theincreaseinbodytemperatureandrespiratoryrate(breathsperminute)anddecreaseinpulseratewithincreasingairtemperaturewereverysimilarindairycattle(ReganandRichardson,1938)tothoseinswineunderourconditionsreportedherein.OurdataconcerningrespirationandbodytemperaturealsoconfirmstheworkofRobinsonandLee(1940withswine,butinthelatterworktheyreportedanincreaseinpulseratewithincreasingenvironmentaltemperature.Insomeoftheexperimentsconcernedwithcoolingwithwaterwehavenotedtemporaryincreasesinpulseratewhenwaterwasfirstplacedonthehog.Thenasthebodytemperaturedecreasedduetowaterevaporationthepulseratedecreased.RobinsonandLee(1941)reportedthatatrectaltemperaturesof106degreesF.hogsarerestless.Wehavefoundthisonlytobetruewhenthehogswereonawetfloor.ThepossibilitysuggestsitselfthatdifferencesbetweentheworkofRobinsonandLeeandthatreportedabovearecausedbydifferencesinthedrynessoftheskinoftheanimals.Thiswouldcausedifferencesintheskintemperatures(Kellyandassociates,1948).Also,theswineusedbyRobinsonandLee(Berkshiresweighingabout130pounds)wereintroducedintoaroomalreadyattestconditionsforsevenhourswhereasthosewithwhichweworkedwereintheroomforperiodsaveragingaboutsevendaysandwereacclimatedprevioustothetestperiods.ReganandMead(1939)reportedthatwaterconsumptionofdairycattledecreasedwithincreasingairtemperature,andforthemostpart,ourdatawithswineconfirmthesefindings.RobinsonandLee(1941)reportedonthegreatcoolingeffectofsousingwithwater.Ourdataconfirmandextendtheirfindings.Observationsontheeffectofhighrelativehumidityat96degreesF.inraisingthebodytemperatureofswineundertheconditionsofourexperimentsareinaccordancewiththoseofRobinsonandLee(1941).Ourdatasuggestthatundertheconditionsoftheseexperimentsswineweighingaround100poundsutilizefeedtoagreaterdegreeandgainweightmorerapidlyintheneighborhoodof75degreesF.,whereasheavierweighthogsweighingapproximately200poundsdobetterintheneighborhoodof60degreesF.Thesefindingsagreewellwiththe