医学英语疾病介绍-BreastCancer乳腺癌

"PinkRibbon"hasbeenastheworldrecognizedidentificationBreastcancerpreventionactivities,publicityfor"earlyprevention,earlydetection,earlytreatment"thisinformation.“粉红丝带”作为全球乳腺癌防治活动的公认标识，用于宣传“及早预防，及早发现，及早治疗”

.

ThePinkRibbon第1页/共20页BreastCancerToday—InChinaChinaisoneofthecountrieswithlowerincidenceofbreastcancer(中国是乳腺癌低发病率的国家之一),Butinrecentyears,theincidenceincreasedsignificantly(但近年来发病率出现了引人注目的增长),Anannual(每年的)

increaseof3%to4%,Morethan1to2%oftheworldlevel,Theincidencerateisoneofthewomenmostsusceptibletotumor(发病率为女性易患肿瘤第一位).Theincidenceofbreastcancerfromage40to60yearsgenerally,Butchinesepatientswithearlyageofonset,The45-year-oldisthemaximumageofsickness.(乳腺癌的好发年龄为40~60岁，但我国患者发病年龄提前，45岁为发病最高峰)第2页/共20页Hormonalinfluence(激素影响):Longdurationofreproductivelife(育龄的长时间持续)Nulliparity([,nʌli‘pærəti]未产妇)Lateageatfirstchild(老龄生育)Functioningovarian([əʊˈveəri:ən])tumor(卵巢肿瘤影响)Fibrocysticdisease(乳腺纤维囊性病)Radiationexposure(射线照射)Obesity(肥胖)Geneticpredisposition遗传倾向)CausesAndRiskFactors —

Outline

第3页/共20页Themostobviousriskfactorforbreastcancerisbeingawoman.Mengetthedisease,too,butitisabout100timesmorecommoninwomen.Othertopriskfactorsincludebeingoverage55orhavingacloserelative(有亲缘关系)whohashadthedisease.Butkeepinmindthatupto80%ofwomenwithbreastcancerhavenofamilyhistoryoftheillness(80%的乳腺癌患者并无家族病史).CausesAndRiskFactors —

BreastCancer:WhyMe?第4页/共20页Beingoverweight(过度肥胖),gettingtoolittleexercise(极少锻炼),anddrinkingmorethanonealcoholicbeverageperday(每天喝超过一定量的含酒精饮料)canraisetheriskofdevelopingbreastcancer.Birthcontrolpills(避孕药)andsomeformsofpostmenopausal([pəʊst,menəʊ‘pɔzəl])hormonetherapy(某些形式的绝经后激素疗法)canalsoboostyourrisk(提高发病几率).Recentstudiessuggestthatphysicalactivity(体育活动)mayhelplowertheriskofarecurrence(降低复发率)andit‘saprovenmood-booster(被公认为“愉悦情绪激发器”).

CausesAndRiskFactors —

RiskFactorsinYourControl第5页/共20页BreastAnatomy第6页/共20页

outer

upperquadrant(外上四分之一区域)50%Centralzone(中心区域)20%10%

outer

lowerquadrant(外下四分之一区域)

10%

inner

lowerquadrant(内下四分之一区域)

innerupperquadrant(内上四分之一区域)

10%BreastAnatomy—Site(发病部位):第7页/共20页Thereareoftennosymptomsofearlybreastcancer,butsometimeswomenmaydiscoverabreastproblemontheirown.Signsandsymptomstobeawareofmayinclude:Apainlesslump(无痛的肿物)inthebreast.Changesinbreastsizeorshape(乳房大小和形状改变).Swellinginthearmpit([‘ɑːmpɪt]).(腋窝处隆起)Nipplechanges ordischarge.(乳头变化或出现非生理性泌乳)Symptoms

第8页/共20页SignsandtestsTestsusedtodiagnoseandmonitorpatientswithbreastcancer(用于诊断和监控乳腺癌患者的试验)mayinclude:Mammography(乳房X线摄影术)toscreenforbreastcancer(显示乳腺癌病灶)orhelpidentifythebreastlump.(帮助辨别乳房肿物)Theearlierbreastcancerisfound,theeasieritistotreat.Andmammograms,X-raysofthebreast,candetecttumors(能够探测肿瘤)beforetheyarelargeenoughtofeel(在它们生长到足够大以至于可以被感觉到之前).第9页/共20页SignsandtestsBreastMRI(乳房核磁共振成像)tohelpbetteridentifythebreastlump(帮助更好地辨别乳房肿物的性质)orevaluate([ɪ‘væljʊeɪt])anabnormalchangeonamammogram(评估乳房造影摄片上可见的异常改变)Breastultrasound([‘ʌltrəsaʊnd])(乳房超声检测)toshowwhetherthelumpissolid(固态的)

orfluid-filled(充满液体的),Anultrasoundcanhelpdeterminethepresenceofcysts,fluid-filledsacsthatarenotcancer(超声检测可以帮助判定病灶区包囊的出现和充满液体的囊并非都是癌症改变).MRI:Magnetic([mæg‘netɪk])Resonance([’rez(ə)nəns])Imaging—

核磁共振成像第10页/共20页SignsandtestsTheonlysurewaytodeterminewhetheralumpiscanceristodoabiopsy([‘baɪɒpsɪ])(活体组织切片检查).Thisinvolvestakingatissuesampleforfurtherexaminationinthelab,sometimesthroughasmallneedle(通过细小针头抽取).Sometimessurgeryisdonetotakepartofortheentirelumpfortesting(手术切除部分肿物送检).Theresultswillshowwhetherthelumpiscancer,andifso,whattype.(活检结果会显示肿物是否为癌症，如果是还可以判定它的型别)第11页/共20页First,don‘tpanic(首先不要恐慌).Eightypercentofbreastlumpsarenotcancerous(80%的乳房肿块并不是癌性的).Lumpsoftenturnouttobeharmlesscysts(常常被证明是无害的囊肿)ortissuechangesrelatedtoyourmenstrual([’menstrʊəl])cycle(或是与你的月经周期相关的组织改变).Butyoushouldletyourdoctorknowrightawayifyoufindanythingunusual(不寻常的)inyourbreast.Ifitiscancer,theearlierit‘sfoundthebetter.Andifit’snot,testingcangiveyoupeaceofmind.Signsandtests

—WhatIfYouFindaLump?第12页/共20页Therearemanytypesofbreastcancersurgery,fromtakingouttheareaaroundthelump(lumpectomy([lʌm‘pɛktəmi])(乳房肿瘤切除术)orbreast-conservation([kɒnsə’veɪʃ(ə)n])(保留)surgery(乳腺癌保乳治疗))toremovingtheentirebreast(mastectomy([mæ‘stektəmɪ])([外科]全乳房切除术).)It’sbesttodiscusstheprosandcons(各自的优缺点)ofeachoftheseprocedures([prəˈsi:dʒə])(流程)withyourdoctorbeforedecidingwhat'srightforyou.Treatment

—Surgery

第13页/共20页RadiationTherapyforBreastCancerRadiationtherapyuseshigh-energyraystokillcancercells(用高能量的射线杀伤癌细胞).Itmaybeusedafterbreastcancersurgerytowipeoutanycancercellsthatremain(通常在乳腺癌手术之后采用放射疗法来清除任何残存的癌细胞).Itcanalsobeusedalongwithchemotherapy(与化疗一同使用)

fortreatmentofcancerthathasspreadtootherpartsofthebody(针对已经扩散到身体其他部位的乳腺癌).Sideeffectscaninclude(副作用包括)fatigue

andswelling(水肿)orasunburn-likefeelinginthetreatedarea(治疗局部有烈日灼烧感).Treatment

—AdditionalTreatments

第14页/共20页Treatment

—AdditionalTreatmentsChemotherapyforBreastCancerChemotherapyusesdrugstokillcancercellsanywhereinthebody(化疗使用药物来杀伤体内任何部位的癌细胞).ThedrugsareoftengivenbyIV(intravenousinjection通常采用静脉注射),butaresometimestakenbymouth(有时也经口服).Chemotherapymaybedoneaftersurgerytolowertheodds(优势，几率)ofthecancercomingback(术后进行化疗可以降低癌症的复发率).Inwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer(处于进展期乳腺癌的妇女),chemotherapycanhelpcontrolthecancer‘sgrowth(化疗可以帮助控制肿瘤的生长).Sideeffects(副作用)mayincludehairloss(脱发),nausea([’nɔːsɪə;-z-])(恶心),fatigue(疲劳),andahigherriskofinfection(更易受细菌感染).第15页/共20页HormoneTherapyforBreastCancerHormonetherapyisaneffectivetreatmentforwomenwithER-positiveorPR-positivebreastcancer(激素疗法对ER阳性或PR阳性乳腺癌十分有效).Thesearecancersthatgrowmorerapidlyinresponsetothehormonesestrogenorprogesterone(即指对雌激素和孕酮的反应具有生长加速作用的乳腺肿瘤).Hormonetherapycanblockthiseffect(激素疗法可以阻断这个效应).Itismostoftenusedafterbreastcancersurgerytohelpkeepthecancerfromcomingback.Itmayalsobeusedtoreducethechanceofbreastcancerdevelopinginwomenwhoareathighrisk(激素疗法同样也能减少乳腺癌易感妇女的患病几率).Treatment

—AdditionalTreatments第16页/共20页TargetedDrugs(靶向药物治疗)forBreastCancerTargetedtherapies(靶向药物疗法)arenewerdrugs(新药)thattargetspecificpropertieswithincancercells(具有攻击癌细胞的特性).Forexample,womenwithHER2-positivebreastcancerhavetoomuchofaproteincalledHER2(举例来说，一个HER2-阳性乳腺癌妇女体内有过多的HER2蛋白).Targetedtherapiescanstopthisproteinfrompromotingthegrowthofcancercells(靶向药物可以阻断这些蛋白促进癌细胞生长的作用).These