北师大版高中英语选择性必修第一册UNIT3 Section Ⅰ TOPIC TALK Lesson1学案

1．Onlytoobeynatureinordertoovercomenature.—CharlesDarwin要征服自然就只能遵从自然。 ——查尔斯·达尔文2．Natureiskindofalovingmother，butalsoabutcherincoldblood.—VictorHugo自然不仅是位慈爱的母亲，还是个冷血的屠夫。——维克多·雨果3．Itisusuallytheirownsurroundingsasaformoffreemerchandise，Idonotknowanywaytocherishandspoil.—GanHarman我们常把环境看作免费商品而不知珍惜。——甘·哈曼4．Thelandtoallthepeoplearetheessenceofthematerial，andfinally，ithasbeentherefromthepeopleoftherebateisrubbishthesesubstances.—WaltWhitman土地对人类来说是根本，然而人类给予自然的是垃圾。——沃尔特·惠特曼5．Foryearswe'vebeenconqueringnature.Nowwe'rebeatingittodeath.—TomMcMillan我们花了多年时间来征服自然，而如今又开始把它往死里推。——汤姆·麦克米兰Environmentalproblemsarebecomingmoreandmoreseriousallovertheworld.Withthedevelopmentofindustryandagriculture，carsmakegreatnoisesandgiveoffpoisonousgas.Treesonthehillshavebeencutdown，andwastewaterisbeingpouredcontinuouslyintorivers.Furthermore，whereverwegotoday，wecanfindrubbishcarelesslydisposed.Thewholeecologicalbalanceoftheearthischanging.Massivedestructionofenvironmenthasbroughtaboutnegativeeffectsandevenposesagreatthreattomansexistence.Wemusttakeactionstosolveourenvironmentalproblems.Wehopethatallthesemeasureswillbeeffectiveandbringbackahealthfulenvironment.ThefirstEarthDaywasin1970.Peoplewerebeginningtoworryaboutwhatweweredoingtoourenvironment.SotheysetupEarthDaytotelleveryoneabouttheirworries.In2007，organizersover150countriesplannedover4，000bigevents.ButEarthDayisnotjustaboutmarches(游行)andbigevents.IntheweekaroundEarthDay(22April)thereweremanythousandsofsmaller，localevents.Theseeventsdealtwithenvironmentalproblemsintheneighborhood.TheWorldWideFundforNaturemadealistof5thingsthateachpersoncoulddotosavetheenvironment.*Don'tleavethetaprunning.*Turnofflightswhenyouleavearoom.*Turnoffyourcomputereverynight.*Washyourclothes，andyourself，inwarmorcoldwater，nothotwater.*Dishwashersuseaslittlewateraspossible.Ifwealldoatleast2oftheseallthetime，wecanmakeabigdifference.[探究发现]1．WhatisthepurposeofpeopletosetupEarthDay?Totelleveryoneabouttheirworries.2．Whatshouldpeopledowhenthewaterkeepsrunningfromatap?Peopleshouldstopitfromrunning/Stopitfromrunning.3．Besidesthefive，whatelsecanyoudotosaveourenvironment?Weshouldn'tthrowrubbisheverywhere...SectionⅠTOPICTALK&LESSON1Ⅰ.匹配词义A．单词匹配()1.conservation A．adj.塑料制的()2.plastic B．n.onethingonalistofthingstobuy，do， talkabout，etc.()3.item C．tection()4.unrecyclable D．adv.非法地，违法地()5.illegally E．adj.有教育意义的；知识性强的()6.informative F．adj.不可回收的()7.extinct G．n.物种，种()8.species H．adj.nolongerinexistence()9.endangered I．adj.太阳光(能)的()10.solar J．adj.濒危的[答案]1—5CABFD6—10EHGJIB．短语匹配()1.havearole A．彻底毁灭()2.doone'spart B．起某种作用()3.wipeout C．尽自己的职责()4.betoblame D．消失；绝迹，灭绝()5.beatrisk E．(对某事)负有责任()6.dieout F．处境危险，受到威胁[答案]1—6BCAEFDⅡ.默写单词1．threatn. 威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能2．huntvi.&vt. 猎取，猎杀3．incrediblyadv. 非常地，极端地4．unusualadj. 异常的；不平常的5．massadj. 大量的6．variedadj. 各种各样的，形形色色的7．decreasevi.&vt. 减少n. 减少；减少的量8．blamevt. 责怪，指责9．hatchvi.&vt. (使)孵化10．restorevt. (使)恢复Ⅰ.语境填词hunted；mass；affected；informative；destroyed；restore；species；switch；decreased；solar1．Noonewasinjuredintheexplosion，butthebuildingwascompletelydestroyed．2．EverytimeIswitchontheTV，there'sfootball.It'soverkill.3．WhalesarestillbeinghuntedandkilledintheArctic.4．Manyspecieshavebeenshottothevergeofextinction.5．Thegovernmentorderedthepoliceouttorestoreorderandpeaceinthestreets.6．Chinaistheworld'stopinvestorinwindandsolarpower.7．Thesouthofthecountrywasworstaffectedbythedrought.8．Thenumberofnewstudentsdecreasedfrom210to160thisyear.9．TheUK，uniquely，hasnothadtofacetheproblemofmassunemployment.10．Itrulyhopeyoufoundthiswritingenjoyableandinformative．Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词1．Sheisinterestedinconservation(conserve)．2．Canwestopusingtheunrecyclable(recyclable)styleoflunchboxes?3．Uptotwothirdsof14-16yearoldsadmittobuyingdrinkillegally(legally)．4．It'sagoodrestaurant，andincredibly(incredible)cheap.5．Thebookisextremelyinformative(information)aboutlifeinRomantimes.6．Hehadhadavaried(vary)trainingandheldmanyoffices.7．Itwasanunusual(usual)dayforsummer，dampandchilly.8．14percentofprimatespeciesarehighlyendangered(endanger)．9．Hesaidarmyofficershadthreatened(threat)todestroythetown.10．Anoperationisbeginningtotrytosaveaspeciesofcrocodilefromextinction(extinct)．1．Extinctions，whereentirespeciesarewipedout，arenotunusualinourEarth'shistory.物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。2．Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally，therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。3．ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth，includinganimalsandplants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。4．Withoutforests，wewouldhavenoairtobreathe，andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.没有森林，我们就没有可以呼吸的空气，没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。5．Tohelpthemsurvive，peoplearerestoringtheirhabitatsandremovingsmallanimalsthathuntthem，suchasmiceandcatsfromtheislandswheretheylive.为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复它们的栖息地，并将捕食它们的小动物，如老鼠和猫，从它们生活的岛屿上赶走。课文助读①entirespecies整个物种②wipeout彻底毁灭③unusualadj.异常的；不平常的④infact事实上⑤thethirdmassextinction第三次生物大灭绝⑥knownas以……而著称⑦variedadj.各种各样的，形形色色的⑧accordingto根据⑨volcaniceruptions火山爆发⑩asteroidn．小行星⑪thedecreaseoftheoxygencontent含氧量下降⑫globalwarming全球变暖⑬betoblame(对某事)负有责任⑭dieout消失；绝迹，灭绝⑮causeforconcern令人担心的原因⑯duetonaturalcauses由于自然原因⑰thatis即⑱humanactivity人类活动⑲alonglistofreasons很多原因⑳factoryfarming工业化种植㉑overfishingn．过度捕捞㉒negativelyaffectallotherspecies对所有其他物种都有负面影响㉓studytheissue研究这个问题㉔uptothreequartersof多达四分之三的……㉕dependon依赖㉖beatriskof处于……的危险或威胁中㉗thebalanceinnature自然平衡㉘havenoairtobreathe没有可以呼吸的空气㉙beunabletosurvive无法生存㉚takeaction采取行动㉛takestepstodo...采取措施做某事㉜saveendangeredspecies拯救濒危物种㉝setupspecialareas建立特别保护区㉞naturalsourcesofenergy天然能源㉟solarenergy太阳能㊱inshort简而言之㊲stopdestroyingtheplanet停止破坏星球㊳onlyfiveblackrobinsleft只剩下5只黑知更鸟㊴offthecoastofNewZealand离新西兰海岸不远㊵layeggs下蛋㊶wildlifeworkers野生动物工作者㊷beginaprogrammefor开始……的计划㊸hatchvi.&vt.(使)孵化㊹takecareofthechicks照顾小鸟㊺thankstotheirefforts由于他们的努力㊻restoretheirhabitats恢复它们的栖息地原文呈现THESIXTHEXTINCTIONExtinctions，whereentirespecies①arewipedout②(1)，arenotunusual③inourEarth'shistory.Infact④，over90percentofallspeciesthateverlived(2)arenowextinct.Inthelast500millionyears，therehavebeenfivetimeswhenlifeonEarthhasalmostended(3)．Theseincludethethirdmassextinction⑤，knownas⑥the“GreatDying”，whichkilled90%to96%ofallspecies(4)．Andthefifthevent，whichoccurred66millionyearsago(5)，causedthedeathofthedinosaurs.Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried⑦.Accordingto⑧scientists，theyincludevolcaniceruptions⑨，asteroids⑩hittingtheEarthfromspace，changesinsealevels，thedecreaseoftheoxygencontent⑪oftheseaandglobalwarming⑫.ManyscientistssaywearenowenteringtheEarth'ssixthmassextinction(6)．Thistime，humanactivitywillbetoblame⑬.(1)where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Extinctions。(2)that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词species。(3)when引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词fivetimes。(4)which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词thethirdmassextinction。(5)which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词thefifthevent。(6)该句为省略that的宾语从句。Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieout⑭naturally，therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern⑮.(7)A2015studybyscientistswhowerebasedatBrownUniversityandDukeUniversityintheUS，lookedathowquicklyspeciesdieoutduetonaturalcauses⑯，thatis⑰，the“backgroundextinctionrate”．(8)Theyfoundthathumanactivity⑱iscausingspeciestodieout1，000timesfasterthannormal(9)．Thereisalonglistofreasons⑲whysomanyspeciesaredyingout(10)：airandwaterpollution，forestsbeingdestroyed，factoryfarming⑳andoverfishing㉑.Itisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspecies㉒onEarth，includinganimalsandplants.(11)(7)句中although引导让步状语从句；atwhich...happening为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词rate。(8)句中who...theUS为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists；how...naturalcauses为宾语从句。(9)that引导宾语从句。(10)why引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reasons。(11)it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientistswhohavestudiedtheissue㉓believethatuptothreequartersof㉔allspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.(12)Ofcourse，aswehumansdependon㉕somanyspeciesforoursurvival(13)，wewouldalsobeatriskof㉖dyingout.Ourworldandourlivesdependonthebalanceinnature㉗betweenanimalsandplants.Withoutforests，wewouldhavenoairtobreathe㉘，andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive㉙.(12)句中if引导条件状语从句；who...theissue为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists；that...dieout为宾语从句。(13)as引导原因状语从句。Canasixthextinctionbeavoided？Expertssaythatitisnotyettoolate，ifwetakeaction㉚now.(14)Thiswouldmeanwehavetosignificantlychangethewaywelive(15)．Forexample，weneedtotakestepsto㉛saveendangeredspecies㉜，includingsettingupspecialareas㉝whereplantsandanimalscanbeprotected(16)．Weneedtochangehowweworkandtravelbyusingcleaner，morenaturalsourcesofenergy㉞，suchaswindandsolarenergy㉟(17)．Wealsoneedtoimproveourfarmingmethodstoreducewater，airandlandpollution.Inshort㊱，ifwewanttosurvive，weneedtostopdestroyingtheplanet㊲thatweliveonandstarttoprotectit.(18)(14)句中that引导宾语从句；ifwetakeactionnow为条件状语从句。(15)省略that的宾语从句，其中welive为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词theway。(16)where引导定语从句，修饰先行词specialareas。(17)how引导宾语从句。(18)句中if引导条件状语从句；thatweliveon为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词planet。TheBlackRobinBlackrobinsarethebirdsthathumanssavedfromextinction(19)．In1980，therewereonlyfiveblackrobinsleft㊳intheworld.TheyalllivedonasmallislandoffthecoastofNewZealand㊴.Onlyoneofthosebirds，afemalecalledOldBlue，wasabletolayeggs㊵.Wildlifeworkers㊶beganaprogrammefor㊷raisingblackrobinchicks.TheyprotectedOldBlue'seggs，helpedthemtohatch㊸，andtookcareofthechicks㊹.Thankstotheirefforts㊺，therearenowmorethan250blackrobins，andthepopulationisspreading.Tohelpthemsurvive，peoplearerestoringtheirhabitats㊻andremovingsmallanimalsthathuntthem，suchasmiceandcatsfromtheislandswheretheylive.(20)(19)that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词thebirds。(20)句中thathuntthem为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词smallanimals；wheretheylive也是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词theislands。译文参考第六次生物大灭绝物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，超过90%的物种已经灭绝。在过去的5亿年里，地球上的生命有5次几乎灭绝。其中包括第三次生物大灭绝，即所谓的“大灭绝”，导致90%到96%的物种灭绝。发生在6600万年前的第五次灭绝事件导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因多种多样。科学家们认为，造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面高度改变、海水中含氧量下降和全球变暖等。许多科学家说，我们现在正在进入地球的第六次大灭绝。这一次，人类活动将是罪魁祸首。虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家们于2015年进行了一项研究，考察了自然原因导致物种灭绝的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现，人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度是正常情况下的1000倍。有很多为什么如此多的物种灭绝的原因：空气和水污染，森林被破坏，工业化种植和过度捕捞。很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这个问题的科学家们认为，地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。当然，由于我们人类依靠如此多的物种生存，我们也将面临灭绝的风险。我们的世界和我们的生活依赖于动物和植物之间的平衡。没有森林，我们就没有可以呼吸的空气，没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。第六次物种灭绝可以避免吗？专家们说，如果我们现在就采取行动，还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须显著地改变我们的生活方式。例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒危物种，包括建立特别保护区，在这里动植物可以得到保护。我们需要通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变工作和旅行的方式，如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进我们的耕作方法，以减少对水、空气和土地的污染。简而言之，如果我们想要生存，我们需要停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。黑知更鸟黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下5只黑知更鸟。它们都生活在离新西兰海岸不远的一个小岛上。其中只有一只名叫“老布鲁”的雌鸟能下蛋。野生动物工作者开始了饲养黑知更鸟的计划。他们保护老布鲁的蛋，帮助它们孵化并照顾小鸟。由于他们的努力，现在有了250多只黑知更鸟，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复它们的栖息地，并将捕食它们的小动物，如老鼠和猫，从它们生活的岛屿上赶走。速读课文，完成下列任务Ⅰ.阅读判断判断以下句子提供的信息是正确(T)，还是错误(F)。1．Over90%ofallspeciesthateverlivedontheeartharenowextinct. ()2．Therewereaboutsixextinctionsinthepast. ()3．Itisbecauseofhumanactivitiesthatspeciesaredyingoutfasterthanbefore.()4．Expertssaythatitistoolatetopreventthesixthextinction. ()5．Blackrobinsliketohuntmiceandcats. ()[答案]1—5TFTFFⅡ.补全信息选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：A．whichoccurred66millionyearsagoB．whenlifeonEarthhasalmostendedC．whereentirespeciesarewipedoutD．whereplantsandanimalscanbeprotectedE．atwhichthisisnowhappeningF．whohavestudiedtheissue1．Extinctions，________，arenotunusualinourEarth'shistory.2．Inthelast500millionyears，therehavebeenfivetimes________．3．Andthefifthevent，________，causedthedeathofthedinosaurs.4．Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally，therate________iscauseforconcern.5．Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientists________believethatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.[答案]1—5CBAEF细读课文，完成下列任务Ⅰ.主旨匹配段落主旨大意1.Para.1A．Theeffectofhumanactivityonspecies.2.Para.2B．Theconsequencesofthesixthextinction.3.Para.3C．Howtoavoidasixthextinction.4.Para.4D．Themassextinctionsinthehistory.[答案]1—4DABCⅡ.课文理解1．Whendiddinosaursdieoutaccordingtothepassage?A．Morethan500millionyearsago.B．Morethan66millionyearsago.C．Inthethirdmassextinction.D．Inthefourthmassextinction.2．Whichofthefollowingisoneofunnaturalreasonsforextinctions?A．Volcaniceruptions.B．AsteroidshittingtheEarth.C．Changesinsealevels.D．Airandwaterpollution.3．WhathasmadethespeciesonEarthdieoutatahigherrate?A．Naturalcauses.B．Globalwarming.C．Humanactivity.D．Nocleanwater.4．Whydoweneedtochangethewaywelivenow?A．Toavoidasixthextinction.B．Tolivewithothersinpeace.C．Tosavenaturalsourcesofenergy.D．Toworkbetterandtravelfaster.[答案]1—4BDCAⅢ.概要写作微技能概要写作微技能——找出文中各个段落的主题句并进行高度概括1．Para.1：Inthelast500millionyears，therehavebeenfivetimeswhenlifeonEarthhasalmostended.→高度概括为：Therehavebeenfivemassextinctionsinthehistory.2．Para.2：Theyfoundthathumanactivityiscausingspeciestodieout1，000timesfasterthannormal.→高度概括为：Itishumanactivitythatiscausingspeciestodieoutmuchfaster.3．Para.3：Ofcourse，aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival，wewouldalsobeatriskofdyingout.→高度概括为：Manisalsoatriskofdyingout.4．Para.4：Canasixthextinctionbeavoided？Expertssaythatitisnotyettoolate，ifwetakeactionnow.→高度概括为：Thesixthextinctioncanbeavoidedifwetakeactionnow.1．conservev．保存；保护；储藏→conservationn．保护→conservativeadj.保守的；守旧的2．recyclevi.&vt.再利用，回收利用→recyclableadj.可回收的→unrecyclableadj.不可回收的3．threatn．威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能→threatenv．威胁；恐吓；危及→threatenedadj.受到威胁的4．informvt.通知；告知→informationn．信息→informativeadj.有教育意义的；知识性强的5．legaladj.合法的→legallyadv.合法地→illegallyadv.非法地，违法地6．extinctadj.灭绝的，绝种的→extinctionn．灭绝；绝种；消亡7．incredibleadj.极好的；难以置信的→incrediblyadv.非常地，极端地8．urgev．督促；敦促；力劝→urgentadj.紧急的，急迫的→urgencyn．紧迫；急迫9．usualadj.经常的，通常的；寻常的，惯常的→unusualadj.异常的；不平常的10．varyv．变化→variedadj.各种各样的，形形色色的→varietyn．变化；品种；种类11．endangervt.危及，使遭受危险→endangeredadj.濒危的1．decreasevi.&vt.减少n．减少；减少的量①Thepopulationbegantodecrease. vi.减少②Theydecreasedthesizeofthegroupfrom25to15. vt.减少③Thedecreaseinsaleswasalmost20percent. n.减少；减少的量2．affectv．影响；侵袭；使感染；(感情上)深深打动①Youropinionwillnotaffectmydecision. 影响②Theyweredeeplyaffectedbythenewsofherdeath. 深深打动③Arthritisisacripplingdiseasewhichaffectspeopleallovertheworld. 使感染知识要点1switchvi.&vt.转换，改变[例]TheremotecontrolallowsyoutoswitcheasilybetweenTVchannels.遥控器让你在不同电视频道之间轻松地转换。[知识拓展]switchoff 切断(电源、气体等)switchon 打开(开关)；接通(电源等)switch(from...)to... (从……)转变成，(从……)转换到switchsth.withsb. 和某人交换某物switchover 转换；换台，换频道[即学即练]——单句语法填空①SwitchofftheTVbeforeyougoout.②Sheswitchedonthelampbecauseitwasdark.③Weaskedthemiftheywouldswitchplaceswithus.知识要点2urgentadj.紧急的，急迫的[例]Heaskedtoseethemanagerforsomethingurgent.他有急事求见经理。[知识拓展](1)urgev. 催促；力劝；强烈要求urgesb.todosth./intodoingsth. 敦促某人做某事urgethatsb.(should)do... 敦促某人做某事urgesth.onsb. 向某人提出/力陈某事(2)urgencyn. 紧急的事[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Thereporturgedthatallchildren(should)betaught(teach)toswim.②Hedenouncespeoplewhourgehimtochange(change)hisways.③Ineednotpressonyoutheurgency(urgent)ofthematter.知识要点3dieout消失；绝迹，灭绝[例]Asaresulttheseendangeredanimalsmayevendieout.结果，这些濒危动物甚至会灭绝。[知识拓展]dieaway 逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊，逐渐消失diedown 逐渐降低，逐渐平息dieoff 相继死去dieof 死于(内因)diefrom 死于(外因)[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Astheregionisbecominghotter，thiskindofgrassisdyingoff．②Theirchatterandlaughterdiedawayasthegrouprushedoutoftheclassroom.③Whenalltheguestshadleft，thewholehousedieddown．④Weneedtotakeactionbeforealltheendangeredanimalsdieout．知识要点4wipeout彻底毁灭[例]Theplagueoncecouldwipeoutavillage.鼠疫曾一度可以夺走整个村庄村民的生命。[知识拓展]wipeaway 擦去，消除wipeoff 擦掉，除掉wipeup 擦净，打败，消灭wipesth.from/offsth. 从……上擦去某物wipe...with... 用……擦……[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Whenyou'vefinishedwithit，simplywipeitcleanwithadampcloth.②Hewipedthemarksoffthewall.知识要点5variedadj.各种各样的，形形色色的[例]Itisessentialthatyourdietisvariedandbalanced.关键是你的饮食要多样化，并保持均衡。[知识拓展](1)variousadj. 各种各样的forvariousreasons 因种种理由(2)varietyn. 种种；种类；多样化avarietyof/varietiesof 多种多样的(3)varyv. 变化，不同varywith... 随……而变化varyfrom...to... 从……到……变化不等[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Theywerelateforthemeetingforavariety(vary)ofreasons.②Therearevarious(vary)plantsandflowersinthepark.③Theweatherherevaries(vary)withseasons.知识要点6decreasevi.&vt.减少n．减少；减少的量[例]Iftheirhabitatisthreatenedortheycannotfindenoughfood，theirnumbersmaydecrease.如果它们的栖息地受到威胁或者它们找不到足够的食物，它们的数量就会减少。[知识拓展](1)onthedecrease 在减少中adecreasein... 在……方面减少(2)decreaseto... 减少到……decreaseby... 减少了……decreasefrom...to... 从……减少到……[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Thereisadecreaseofnearly7%inthenumberofvisitorstothemuseum.②Thenumberofindependentfirmsdecreasedfrom198to96.③Becauseofhumanactivity，thenumberofsomerareanimalsisonthedecrease.[名师点津]decrease的反义词increase的用法increaseto增加(长)到……increaseby增加(长)了……ontheincrease在增加中知识要点7blamevt.责怪，指责[例]Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblame.看来水是罪魁祸首。[知识拓展](1)betoblame 把……归咎于betoblameforsth. 对某事负有责任，应受责备blamesb.forsth. 因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人blamesth.onsb./sth. 把某事归咎于某人/某事(2)put/laytheblameforsth.onsb. 将某事归咎于某人get/accept/bear/taketheblameforsth. 对某事承担责任[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Ifthathappens，thecoachwilltaketheblameforit.②Youarenottoblame(blame)．Ican'tputtheblameonyou.③Youshouldn'tblameJohnforthefailure.＝Youshouldn'tblamethefailureonJohn.知识要点8affectvt.影响[例]Ihadtomakeimportantdecisionthatwouldaffectmefortherestofmylife.我不得不做出将影响我后半生的重大决定。[知识拓展](1)affectsb./sth. 影响某人某物(2)effectn. 结果；效力；影响；效果；作用put/oeffect 使生效，实行ineffect 事实上；实际上takeeffect 生效；奏效comeintoeffect 开始实施；开始生效haveaneffecton 影响……[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译①Ineffect，wefeelsuperiortothem.②ThenewlawissaidtohavecomeintoeffectfromApril.③Greatscientificachievementswillgreatlyaffectourlifeaswellassociety.＝Greatscientificachievementswillhaveagreateffectonourlifeaswellassociety.重大的科技成果将对我们的生活和社会产生很大的影响。知识要点9beatrisk处境危险，受到威胁[例]Aswithalldiseases，certaingroupswillbemoreatriskthanothers.所有的疾病都是如此，一些人比另一些人更容易受到威胁。[知识拓展](1)beatriskof 处于……危险之中atallrisks＝atanyrisk 无论冒什么风险attheriskof... 冒……的危险takerisks/arisk 冒险take/runtheriskofdoingsth. 冒险做某事；冒做某事的危险/风险(2)riskdoingsth. 冒险做某事riskone'slifetodosth. 冒着生命危险做某事[即学即练]——单句语法填空①Hejumpedintotheriverattheriskoflosinghislife.②Ididn'twanttotake/runtheriskofleaving(leave)Johnalone.③Heworkedhard，forhecouldn'trisklosing(lose)thegoodjob.＝Heworkedhard，forhecouldn'ttake/runtheriskoflosingthegoodjob.重点句式it形式主语(教材P53)ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth，includinganimalsandplants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。[句式分析]句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。[例1]Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.可以确定的是我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗。[例2]Itwasobviousthatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscar.显然这位司机无法控制他的汽车了。[知识拓展]it作形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句的常见形式有：(1)Itbe＋形容词(obvious，possible，strange，natural，important...)＋that从句。(2)Itbe＋名词短语(apity，afact，awonder，ashame，anhonour，nowonder...)＋that从句。(3)Itbe＋过去分词(said，thought，hoped，believed，declared，supposed，reported...)＋that从句。(4)It＋不及物动词(seem，occur，happen...)＋that从句。[即学即练]——完成句子①Itisobviousthatnobodywillliketohavedinnerinsuchadirtyplace.很明显，没有人想在这么脏的地方吃饭。②It'sashamethatwefailedtofulfilthetaskaheadoftime.我们没能提前完成任务，真感到惭愧。③Itisbelievedthatitistheearliestandlargestpaper-makingworkshopsiteeverfoundinancientChina.人们认为这是迄今为止在中国发现的最早的也是最大的造纸作坊。④ItoccurredtomethatIhadleftmyticketathome.我突然想起把票忘在家里了。1．Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally，therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.[分析]句中Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodieoutnaturally为although引导的让步状语从句；atwhichthisisnowhappening为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词rate。[翻译]虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。2．Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs，scientistswhohavestudiedtheissuebelievethatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout.[分析]句中Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs为if引导的条件状语从句；whohavestudiedtheissue为who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists；名词性从句thatuptothreequartersofallspeciesonEarthcoulddieout作动词believe的宾语。[翻译]如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这个问题的科学家们认为，地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。教材高考1.Thistime，humanactivitywillbetoblame.(2021·全国甲卷)It'stheseasidebirdsthatdeserveatleastpartoftheblameforgettingNickBurchillblacklistedattheFairmontEmpressHotelinVictoria，Canada.2.ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarch，includinganimalsandplants.(2021·全国乙卷)Indeed，theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess，...Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Itwassurprisingthatshepassedthedifficultexam.2．Attheriskofbeingblamed(blame)，hedrovehisfather'scartoschool.3．Oilspillsarehavingadevastatingeffectoncoralreefsintheocean.4．Thenumberofteachingstaffmembersinthisschoolhasdecreasedto700persons.5．Tom'slifewasvaried(vary)andpleasantenough，onthewhole.6．Thetsunamithatfollowedengulfedthenortheastandwipedoutentiretowns.7．Manyofouroldcustomsaredying(die)outdaybyday.8．Weneedtoswitchoffthecell-phoneandleavethechildrentoplaybythemselves.9．Thecountryneedsnewleadershipifsheistoplayaroleinfuturedevelopment.10．Thesocietywassetuptopreserveendangered(endanger)speciesfromextinction.Ⅱ.短语填空havearole；doone'spart；dieout；wipeout；betoblame；beatrisk1．Everystudentoughttodohis/herparttomakesteadyprogress.2．Atonestageitlookedasifitmightnothavearoleatall.3．Onlyinthiswaycanwewipeouttheenemytroops.4．Aloneinhisroom，heaskedhimselfwhetherhewastoblamefortheaccident.5．Therearenewusesofwordscominginandoldusesdyingout．6．123，000peoplewereatriskofearlydeathoverthenext20years，thestudysaid.Ⅲ.课文语法填空InourEarth'shistory，therehavebeenfivetimes1.whenlifeonEarthhasalmostended.Thethirdmassextinction2.killed(kill)90%to96%ofallspeciesandthefiftheventcausedthe3.death(die)ofthedinosaurs.Thenaturalreasonsincludevolcaniceruptions，asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace，changesinsealevels，thedecrease4.oftheoxygencontentofthesea5.andglobalwarming.Thistime，manwillbe6.toblame(blame)fortheEarth'ssixthmassextinction.Airandwaterpollution，forestsbeingdestroyed，factoryfarmingandoverfishingarecausingspeciestodieout1，000times7.faster(fast)thannormal.Weoughttotakeactiontoavoida8.sixth(six)extinctionnow，whichmeanswehavetosave9.endangered(endanger)species，changehowweworkandtravelandimproveourfarmingmethodstoreducewater，airandlandpollution.Inshort，ifwewanttosurvive，weneedtostop10.destroying(destroy)theplanetthatweliveonandstarttoprotectit.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句[观察例句]1．Ericsetsailonceagain，thistimewith25ships，ofwhichonly14madeittoGreenland.2．EricreachedGreenlandanddiscoveredthatpeoplecouldliveintheplacewherehelanded.3．BiarniwasthemanwithwhomLeifdiscussedhisplans.4．Byaround900AD，thereweremanyplacesinNorthernEuropewheretheVikingschosetolive.[归纳用法]一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。Shehasfoundthenecklace(that)shelosttwoweeksago.她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。2．非限制性定语从句是先行词的一个补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间用逗号隔开。Hehastwosisters，whoareworkinginthecity.他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1．标点的运用有所不同限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号与主句分开。Whoisthegirlthatisstandingunderthetree?站在树下的那个女孩是谁？Heisateacherofmuchknowledge，fromwhommuchcanbelearned.他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。2．从句的作用不同限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。Thenextday，mybrotherandIwenttothebeachwherewewatchedsomepeopleplayvolleyball.第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。Alicereceivedaletterfromherformerclassmate，whichcameasasurprise.艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。3．关系词的选用不同限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。Yesterdayheboughtanewcar，whichwasmadeinJapan.(which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是日本生产的。Hedidn'tgivethereason，whichexplainedhisabsencefromthemeetingheldlastweek.(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语。此句也可以这样表达，Hedidn'tgivethereason，forwhichhewasabsentfromthemeetingheldlastweek.)4．从句所修饰的先行词有所不同限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。Hewonthefirstprizeinthecontest，whichwasmorethanweexpected.他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。5．关系词的省略不同在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。Istillrememberthedayswespenttogetherincollege.我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which)Sheisnottheone(that)sheusedtobe.她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语)6．英译汉时有所不同译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。WhichisthemachinethatweusedlastSunday?上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？Theconcert，whichwasheldlastweek，wasagreatsuccess.那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。Hemaybelate，inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等句意上意为“这一点”表示“正如……，正像……的那样”Theairqualityinthecity，asisshowninthereport，hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。Aftergraduatingfromcollege