北师大版高中英语必修二第9讲：Unit6-Design-语法篇(教师版)

Unit6Design语法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1、介词的种类及常用介词。2、常见介词短语及易混淆介词的用法辨析。介词和介词短语介词(preposition)又叫前置词，通常至于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词的用法比较灵活，搭配比较复杂。近几年高考常考介词的词义辨析，介词与名词的搭配，介词与动词的搭配及习惯表达中的介词。介词的种类英语中最常用的介词可分为以下几类：简单介词。如：through,towards,at,in,of,by,about,for,from,except,since,near,with,above,across,after,against,among,around等。复合介词。如：within,inside,outside,onto,into,throughout,without,asto等。介词短语。如：infrontof,bymeansof,onbehalfof,inspiteof,bywayof,infavorof,inregardto,accordingto,becauseof,onaccountof等。双重介词。如：fromamong,frominside,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter等。由分词变来的介词。如：including,considering,concerning,following等。常用介词at=1\*GB3①主要表示方向，场所，时间的某一点。如：atthecornerofthestreet,atdinner,atsixmilesanhour,pointat等。=2\*GB3②表示动作，感情的原因，意思是“因…而；一听到（看到，想到）…就”。Attheboy’sremark,thebooksellerlookedathimcuriously.听到男孩的话，卖书人好奇的看着他。=3\*GB3③固定搭配：atdaybreak,atonetime,atthebeginningof,atthepostoffice,attheairport,atdawn,attheweekend,attheageof,atthesametime,atbirth,atpresent,atanytime,atatime等。on=1\*GB3①表示在上面，根据，有关或涉及的方面，某天。ontheday,onSunday,onyourbirthday等。一般带有宗教色彩的节日名词前面用at，如圣诞节atChristmas,复活节atEaster等。=2\*GB3②on+名词，动名词结构可表示“一…就”。Onarrivinghome,Idiscoveredtheyhadgone.我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。=3\*GB3③固定搭配：ondoingsth.,ontheafternoonofOctober1,onTuesdayevening,onfoot,hitsb.onthehead,ontheleft/right等。to=1\*GB3①主要表示方向，程度，结果，关系和位置。amovetotheleft,fromfirsttolast等。=2\*GB3②与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”。toone’ssurprise/joy/astonishment/delight/annoyance/shame等。=3\*GB3③固定搭配：keyto…,comeupto,addupto,beopento,tothepoint,thanksto,suit…to…,referto,danceto,objectto等。with=1\*GB3①和，带有。withtheirfamily,amanwithasuitcase.=2\*GB3②表示方式，伴随，原因等。withtimepassing,withhereyesclosed,withfear=3\*GB3③固定搭配：withyournoseintheair,withpride等。by=1\*GB3①表示时间，程度，数量，方式等。byteno’clock,bythreeinches,byship,bythepound=2\*GB3②表示“按照…”或“根据…”的意思。Bymywatch,thetimeishalfpasteleven.按我的表，现在是十一点半。=3\*GB3③固定搭配：byoneself,bychance,byhand,bythen等。of=1\*GB3①表示部分与全体的关系，所有关系，来源和所用的材料。afriendofmine,awallofstone=2\*GB3②与抽象名词连用，表示的意义相当于对应的形容词。of+great/much+抽象名词=very+形容词；of+no+抽象名词=not+形容词。agreatof,ofnouse等。Itisofgreat/muchvalue.=Itisveryvaluable.=3\*GB3③固定搭配：robsb.ofsth.,befondof,makefunof等。介词短语介词短语的构成=1\*GB3①介词+名词/代词，如：Theheadmasterlivesneartheschool.校长住在学校附近。=2\*GB3②介词+动名词短语或其复合结构，如：Heisinterestedinswimming.他对游泳感兴趣。=3\*GB3③介词+从句，如：WearediscussingabouthowtostudyEnglishwell.我们在讨论怎样学好英语。介词短语在句中的成分=1\*GB3①作主语/表语/宾语，如：Thedogcameoutfrombehindthetree.狗从树后出来。=2\*GB3②作定语/补语/状语，如：Sheisawomanofstrongcharacter.她是位性格坚强的女人。易混介词的用法辨析on,at与in的区别三个介词如果指时间概念，on可以用在具体的某一天的前面，at用在具体的时刻前面，in用在时间段的前面。besides与except的区别besides表示“除…外（还有）”；except表示“（只有）除外”；exceptfor“除了…”，表示排除的部分与前面内容是不同类别的。exceptthat后跟从句。=1\*GB3①Weenjoyedthepartyfortheloudmusic.除了音乐嘈杂了点，我们在聚会上玩的很开心。=2\*GB3②Therearethreemorevisitorsbesidesme.除了我之外，还有三位游客。in,to与on的区别表示在某范围之内用in，表示在某范围之外用to，表示“相邻，接壤”时用on.across,through,past,over与along的区别across指从一个平面上“横穿”或“在…对面”。through指从人群或物体内部穿过，或抽象意义上的通过。past表示“从…旁边经过”。over指从物体的上方“横越”或“跨越”。along表示“沿着”线，道路，小道等前行。for与of表示不定式复合结构的逻辑主语=1\*GB3①Itis+adj.+ofsb.todosth.=Sb.+be+adj.+todosth.当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质，特征时，用of。常见的形容词有：kind,good,nice,clever,stupid,foolish,considerate,polite,impolite,cruel等。It’skindoftheteacherstohelpsupportthepoorstudents.资助那些贫困生的老师们真善良。=2\*GB3②Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.当形容词说明不定式的性质时，用for。常见的形容词有：important,necessary,possible,impossible等。Itisquiteimportantforustoprotectourenvironment.对我们来说，保护环境很重要。6，about,on,of关于on多用于慎重的，正式的语言交际场合。常见于学术上的“论文”或“演说”等题目。about表示内容多为普遍的，不那么正式的。of作“关于”讲，表示提及，涉及某人（事），常与动词know,hear,learn,speak,talk,think,tell等连用。常见介词短语accordingto根据，按照asaresultof由于，作为…的结果asfaras就…而论atthemercyof任由…摆布atthesightof看到bymeansof用，依靠，借助于bywayof途径becauseof因为，由于dueto由于inadditionto除了…之外（还）incaseof如果，假设incelebrationof为庆祝inneedof需要insearchof寻求，试图发现inplaceof代替inchargeof主管，掌管inspiteof尽管intimeof在…时刻inastateof处于…状况中infavorof赞同inhonorof向…表示敬意insteadof代替inmemoryof为纪念…inrelationto关于，涉及onaccountof因为，由于owingto因为thanksto多亏underthenameof以…的名义underthecontrolof在…的支配下withinthereachof在…力所能及的范围内例1.Itwasarealrace_____timetogetprojectdone.Luckily,wemadeit.overbyforagainst解析：句意：完成这项工程真的是与时间在赛跑。幸运的是，我们成功了。本题考查介词辨析。over在…上面；by被，由，经由；for支持，赞成；against反对，违背。答案：D。例2.Ihaveanappointment_____Dr.Smith,butIneedtochangeit.tooffwithfrom解析：句意：我和Smith博士有一个约会，但是我需要改一下。haveanappointmentwithsb.与某人有一个约会。答案：C。例3.Youcanchangeyourjob,youcanmovehouse,butfriendshipismeanttobe_____life.ofontofor解析：句意：你可以换工作，可以搬家，但友谊却是受益终生的。考查介词辨析。forlife意为“医生，终生”。其余三项却不符合语境。答案：D。例4.Nothingissoeasyas_____parenttoraisetheirexceptionoftheirchildrentoohigh.A.ofB.toC.byD.for解析：句意：父母很容易对自己的孩子产生很高的期望值。for表示“对于”，和句型Itis+形容词+forsb.todo…中的介词for用法相同。答案：D。例5.（2015北京朝阳高三二模）Itwascoldoutsidebutthedoorwouldn’tstayshut,soIputachair_____it.A.againstB.aboveC.behindD.near解析：句意：外面很冷，但是门关不住，所以我用椅子抵住了门。against意为“依，靠”，符合语境，即可推断出正确答案。答案：A。基础演练一，介词填空。Heaskedmewhetherthestorywasbased__________arealperson.TheBeckhamstravelled__________Chinalastyear.Thesemoderncarsareusedall__________theworld.—Wherearegoodpotatoesgrown?—Goodpotatoesaregrown__________NorthChina.5.—What’sthisbottlemade___________?—It’smade__________China,ChinastartedtobemadeinChina.6.Wearebusypreparing__________theexam.7.Anewbridgewasbuilt__________theriver.8.Hecameintotheclassroom__________abook__________hishand.9.Thereisalamp__________thedesk.10.Autumnisthebestseason__________thetearinBeijing.Keys：一，1.on 2.in3.around 4.in5.of,of 6.for7.over 8.with,in9.on 10.of巩固提高单句改错。TheriverflowsacrossLondon.____________________________________________________________________.Shelivestoherparents.____________________________________________________________________.IsatdowninJohnandDiana.____________________________________________________________________.TaiwanisontheeastofFujian.____________________________________________________________________.Myfatherbegantoworkforabusdriverwhenhewastwentyyearsold.____________________________________________________________________.Keys：1.across---through 2.to---with 3.in---between4.on---to 5.for---as选词填空。Mybrotheroftenthoughtofhisfriendswhohadhelpedhim__________(on/since/through)thetoughtime.__________(As/Since/With)salesofcarsupby30％lastyear,thetrafficinBeijinghasbecomeincreasinglyterrible.—I’mgoingtohavelunch.Doyoumindtalkingaboutyourplan__________(after/before/over)lunch?—Notatall,I’llwaithereintheoffice.Sheoftensmokeswithnothought__________(for/to/at)otherpeoplearoundher.Shelooked__________(for/at/in)herhandbag,butherkeyswerenothere.Onedoesn’thavetolookfartorealizethedirectconnection__________(with/to/between)smokingandcancer.JohnbecameafootballcoachinSealionMiddleSchool___________(on/with/at)thebeginningofTheSmithsarepraised__________(from/by/at/for)thewaytheybringuptheirchildren.TheBostonMarathonbombingskilled3people,includingaChinesecitizen__________(in,from,across,to)Shenyang.March.二，用in,on,at填空。Hegotmarried__________theageof25.Helefthere__________theafternoononMay5.WewatchTV___________theevening.三，用across,over,through填空。过马路时要左右看。Lookkleftandrightbeforeyougo_________thestreet.他穿过大厅。Hepassed__________thehall.她翻过墙去。Sheclimbed__________thewall.Keys:1.through 2.With 3.after 4.for 5.in 6.between 7.at 8.for 9.from二，1.at 2.on 3.in三，1.across 2.through 3.over__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________一，单项选择。Brucehadfailedtwice,buton_____secondthought,hedeterminedtotry_____thirdtime./,a B./,/ C.the,/ D.the,aTomsteppedinsidethedoorwithhiseyes_____uponKate;therewas_____inhiseyesthatshecouldnotreadandhishands_____.fixed,anexpression,trembledfixed,expression,tremblingfixing,anexpression,tremblingfixing,expression,trembledHewillcometounderstandyoureffortssoonerorlater.It’sjustamatterof______.luck B.value C.time D.factAnagreementseemstobeimpossiblebecausethemajorityofthecommitteemembersare_____it.against B.for C.to D.withHeforbadehischildrenfromeatingsweetsbecausehedidn’twanttheirteethto_____.ruin B.beruined C.break D.bebrokenThe_____ofthisnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,nottomakeitmoredifficult.title B.purpose C.system D.featureSorry,Idon’tunderstandwhatyousaidjustnow.Canyouexplain_____?inparticular B.indetail C.inreturn D.ingeneralThelecture,_____at7:00pmlastnight,wasfollowedbyanobservationofthemoonwithtelescopes.starting B.beingstarted C.tostart D.tobestartedDuringhislifetime,hedevelopedthetraditionof______poetry______painting.connecting,to B.relating,to C.combining,with D.putting,inSusanwantedtobeindependentofherparents.Shetired_____alone,butshedidn’tlikeitandmovedbackhome.living B.tolive C.tobeliving D.havinglivedWhattheteachersaid_____hisillusioncompletely.damaged B.destroyed C.ruined D.broke（北京西城高三第一学期期末）Thereare12lampshanging______theceilingintherestaurant.on B.in C.from D.around（北京东城高三第一学期期末）Mostonlineclassesletstudentslearn_____theirownpace.at B.to C.from D.by（北京石景山高三第一学期期末）Theunemploymentratehasdecreased______2％to5.4％,comparedwith7.4％lastyear.by B.from C.with D.on（北京顺义高三第一学期期末）—MayIspeaktoMrJamesMiller?—JamesMiller?Thereisnoonehere_____thatname.by B.of C.with D.in二，写作。 假设你是新华中学的学生李华，不久前在学校举办的英语竞赛中获得一等奖。校报请你写一篇稿件刊登在英文版面上，介绍你课外学习英语的经验。请根据以下提示用英语写一篇短文：参加英语角的益处坚持写英语日记的作用英语阅读网站（EnjoyReading）对你的帮助。注意：1.词数：120-1502.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。_________________________________________________