新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U2

oreurriculum新时代核心英语教程写作22UNITPrewriting—assessingthepurposeandaudiencePrewriting—assessingthepurposeandaudienceaudience读者person人称pointofview立场，视角KeyTermspurpose（写作）意图tone语气MainContentsDeterminingyourpurposeConsideringyouraudienceGettingstarted—choosingatopicEstablishingyourpointofviewSettingyourtone2.UnderstandhowtosetyourtoneDifficultPoints1.ConsideryouraudiencecarefullyGettingstarted—choosingatopicGettingstarted—choosingatopicWhatyouwritedependsonwhatyouchoose.Thetopicyouchooseoftendetermines,tosomedegree,howsuccessfulyourwritingwillbe.Gettingstarted—choosingatopicAnideamakesapointorstatesanopinionaboutatopic.Lookforanidea,notjustforatopicLookforanidea,notjustforatopicWhenyoudecidetowriteaboutchildrenandtheirparents,youmaystartwiththefollowingideas.Children’sbehavioroftenreflectstheirparents’attitudes.Childrenneedpersonalspace.Thegrowthprocessofchildrenisalsothatoftheirparents.Discoverideasabouttopicsthatyouknowalotabout.Examineyourownexperiencesandareasofknowledge.Yourbackgroundknowledgemayenableyoutowritein-depthessays.LookforfamiliartopicsandideasFocusonsomethinginterestingandimportanttoyou.Whatsubjectsorproblemsattractyourattention?Whatcurrenteventsorissuessparkyourinterest?Youwilllikewritingbetterandwillwritemoresuccessfullythisway.LookfortopicsandideasthatinterestyouChoosemanageabletopicsDeterminewhetherthetopiccanbeeffectivelydealtwithinanessayoflimitedlength.Ifitistoonarrow,youwon’thaveenoughtosay.Ifitistoobroad,youwillhavetoomuchtosay.Thewordlimitisusuallybetween300wordsand500wordsincollegewriting.ChoosemanageabletopicsConsiderthefollowingexamplesofhowtonarrowdownatopicthatistoobroad.Broadtopic:Greatsportsstars

Revised:YaoMingBroadtopic:ClassicalChineseliterature

Revised:ADreamofRedMansionsBroadtopic:Impressionism

Revised:ClaudeMonet’spaintingsActivity11.TravelAtourinSingapore2.EducationForeignstudentsinJilinUniversity3.FamiliesMymother4.ShoppingShoppingonlineNarrowdownthefollowingtopicstospecificones.Activity15.HospitalsHospitalfee6.WinterHarshwinterweather7.FilmsMyfavoritefilmNarrowdownthefollowingtopicstospecificones.Activity18.SportsJogging9.CollegelifeExtracurricularactivitiesinourcollege10.CultureChinesefoodcultureNarrowdownthefollowingtopicstospecificones.DeterminingyourpurposeDeterminingyourpurposeAclearpurposeshouldguideyourefforts.Generally,theessaysyouwritemainlyhavefourpurposes.toinformreaderstopersuadereaderstoexpressyourselftoentertainreadersDeterminingyourpurposeInpractice,however,severaldifferentwritingpurposesareoftencombinedinanessay.Havingaspecificpurposeassistsyouateverystageofthewritingprocess.DeterminingyourpurposePresentinginformationorfactsisoneofthemostcommonwritingpurposes.ToinformreadersToinformreadersConsidertheseexamples.Ifyouwritetotellhowtotreatararedisease,youplaytheroleofadoctortopresentmedicalinformation.Aresearcherwhosummarizestheresultsofaninvestigationofwaterresourcesalsopresentsvaluableinformation.Youprobablyhavestrongviewsonsomeissues.Theseviewsmaysometimesdriveyoutotrytoswayyourreaderstoyourside.TopersuadereadersTopersuadereadersConsiderthisexample.Youmightwritetothepresident’soffice,arguingforextendingtheopeninghoursofthecollegelibrary.Anessaythatexpressesyourselfcaninvitereaderstoconsiderthewriter’sfeelingsonaparticulartopic.Thereadersmaycometoseeinsuchessaywhatthewritersensedaboutthetopic.ToexpressyourselfToexpressyourselfConsidertheseexamples.diaryentrieslyricpoetrylyricproseAmusereadersinordertopleasethem.Addinteresttoyourwriting.Helpyourreadersabsorbdullordifficultmaterial.ToentertainreadersReadthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Acommunityisaseainwhichpeopleswimunconsciously,likefish.Wefailtorecognizeourneighborsasfellowhuman,andtheyshowthesamelackoffellow-feelingsforus.Acompletelackofconcernforoneanotherisevidentintoday’scomplexsociety.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Whatisacommunity?Isitaplant?Abuilding?Aplace?Astateofbeing?Knowingwhatitis,wecanseeifsuchaplaceexists.Toknowacommunity,onemustrealizewhoheorsheis.Identityofapersonisthefirststepinestablishingacommunity.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity21.Doestheparagraphhaveaclearpurpose?Whyorwhynot?No,itdoesn’t.Thewritercan’tdecidewhataspectofcommunitytodealwith.Theopeningsentenceattemptsadefinition,butthenexttwoshifttotheshortcomingsofpeopleinthemoderncommunity.Theauthor’sthoughtsdriftaimlessly.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Thevaguebeginningsentencedefinescommunityasasea,butthelaterquestion“Whatisacommunity?”contradictsthisopening.Also,ifacommunityisaplant,abuilding,oraplace,whymustwerealizewhoweareinordertoknowit?Thiscontradictoryandillogicalparagraphrevealsawritergropingforapurpose.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity22.Givesuggestionsastohowtoimprovetheparagraph,andthenwriteaparagraphonthesametopicwithaclearpurpose.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Suggestionsastohowtoimprovetheparagraph:(1)Bydevelopingthefirstsentence,thewritermightshowsomeinterestingsimilaritiesbetweenacommunityandaseasothatinsteadoftakingacommunityforgranted,readerscanseeitinanewlight.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2(2) Bypursuingtheideainthesecondandthirdsentences,thewritermightshowthecruelnatureofmodernsocietytoencouragereaderstoactmorehumanely.(3) Thelasttwosentencesmightleadtoastatementontherelationshipbetweenanindividualandacommunityinordertoovercomethecommonviewthatthetwoareinconflict.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Hereisaparagraphthatdevelopsthesecondandthirdsentences:Acommunityissupposedtobeaplacewherethepeopleofaneighborhoodcanmeetforsportingactivities,educationclasses,socialoccasions,andsoon.Butintoday’scomplexsociety,thecommunityischaracterizedbyacompletelackofconcernforoneanother.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Ithasbecomeavastseainwhichpeopleswimunconsciously,likefish.Theyfailtorecognizetheirneighborsasfellowhumans,andshowthesamelackoffellow-feelingsfortheirneighbors.Livinginsuchaplaceisaboringexperience.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Hereisanewparagraphoncommunity:Peopleindifferentprofessionsgetalongwellinourcommunity.Ifyouworktoolatetotakecareofyourchild,thenyoucansendyourchildtoaretiredteacher’shouseuntilyoucomeback.Readthefollowingparagraphandthencompletethetasksbelow.Activity2Whenthelightinyourhousedoesn’twork,youcanrelyonyourneighbor,anelectrician,tofixitforyouimmediately.Andifyourcomputercrashes,don’tgetmad.Yourneighborwillvolunteertoinstallitforyou.Thisisourcommunity.Peopleherearewarm,versatile,andhelpful.ConsideringyouraudienceConsideringyouraudienceExperiencedwritersconsidertheirreaderscarefully.Everywritercanbenefitfromthinkingcarefullyabouttheaudience.ConsideringyouraudienceYouneedtoknowinadvancethefollowingthingstoattractyouraudience.Whoisyouraudience?Whatdotheyalreadyknowaboutyoursubject?Whatisyouraudience’sbackground?Whatareyouraudience’sinterestsandvalues?Whatisyouraudience’sattitudetowardyourtopic?Whatisyourrelationshipwiththeaudience?ConsideringyouraudienceThinkingsystematicallyaboutyouraudiencewillhelpyoudecideonwhatsortoforganizationalplantofollowandwhatinformationtoincludeorexclude.Thewordsawriterchoosesandthefactsheorsheselectsarealsolargelydeterminedbywhowillreadthematerial.ConsideringyouraudienceComparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity31.Poseidon,lordofthesea,wasamoodyandviolentgod.Hisfierceblueeyespiercedthehaze,andhissea-bluehairstreamedoutbehindhim.HewascalledtheEarthshaker,forwhenhestruckthegroundwithhistrident,theearthtrembledandsplitopen.Comparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity3Whenhestruckthesea,wavesrosemountainshighandthewindshowled,wreckingshipsanddrowningthosewholivedontheshores.However,whenhewasinacalmmood,hewouldstretchouthishandandstilltheseaandraisenewlandsoutofthewater.Comparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity32.Poseidon,whoisequaltohisbrotherZeusindignity,thoughnotinpower,andofasurly,quarrelsomenature,atoncesetaboutbuildinghisunderwaterpalaceofAegaeinEuboea.Comparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity3Initsspaciousstableshekeepswhitechariothorseswithbrazenhoovesandgolden,andagoldenchariotattheapproachofwhichstormsinstantlyceaseandsea-monstersrise,friskingaroundit.Comparethedifferencesincontent,style,anddictionbetweenthefollowingtwoparagraphsabouttheseagodPoseidon,andthendecidetowhataudiencetheyarewrittenrespectively.Activity3Paragraph1isaimedatapre-teenageaudience.Itislimitedinscopeanddepthofanalysiswithsimplersentencestructures.Paragraph2isaimedatadults.SettingyourtoneSettingyourtoneThetoneofthewritingreferstothegeneralfeelingorattitudeexpressedinthewriting.Inwriting,twomethodsareusedtosetyourtone.sentencestructurewordchoiceSettingyourtoneSentencestructurereferstothewaysentencesareorganized.SentencestructureSentencestructure1.Thisparagraphestablishesaneutral,objectivetone.Duringthe1960s,manyAmericaninner-cityminoritiesconsideredthepoliceanoccupyingforceandanoppressiveagentofcontrol.Asaresult,violencegrewagainstpoliceinpoorerneighborhoods,asdidthenumberofresidentskilledbythepolice.Sentencestructure2.Thisparagraphsetsadramaticandalmostalarmingtone.Anoccupyingforce.Anagentofcontrol.Anoppressor.That’showmanyAmericaninner-cityminoritiesinthe1960sviewedthepolice.Violenceagainstthepolicesoared.Policekillingsofresidentsmounted.Wordchoicealsoplaysaroleinestablishingthetoneofanessay.Yourwordsmustconveytheintendedtoneclearly;otherwise,themeaningislost.WordchoiceWordchoiceInthefollowingexample,theserioustoneisrevealedintheuseofformalterms.Whentwoormorepeoplecommunicatewitheachotherinspeech,wecancallthesystemtheyuseacode.WordchoiceInthefollowingexample,theserioustoneisrevealedintheuseofformalterms.Weshouldalsonotethattwospeakerswhoarebilingual,thatis,whohaveaccesstotwocodes,andwhoforonereasonoranothershiftbackandforthbetweentwolanguagesastheyconversebycode-switching,areactuallyusingathirdcode,onewhichdrawsonthosetwolanguages.WordchoiceInthefollowingexample,theserioustoneisrevealedintheuseofformalterms.Thesystemitself(orthegrammar,touseawell-knowntechnicalterm)issomethingthateachspeaker“knows,”buttwoveryimportantissuesforlinguistsarejustwhatthatknowledgecomprisesandhowwemaybestcharacterizeit.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity41.Itishardtobelievethatthisexhaustingcampaignisfinallyover.Theballotsfortheseniorclasspresidenthavebeentallied.Ilost.IfeltthatIhadagoodchanceofwinningandtriedtocapitalizeonthat.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity4Istartedearly,chosemeaningfulissuesasmyspeechmaterial,andmanagedtoreceiveexcellentcampusexposure.However,itwasjustnotenough.Thepeoplehavespoken,andnowImustlisten.However,fornow,Ijustwanttoenjoyawell-deservedrest.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity41.Thetoneintheparagraphisoneofreliefandacceptance.Wordsandphrasessuchasexhausting,finally,nowImustlisten,andwell-deserved

restgivehints.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity42.Howcouldthecampaignhaveendedlikethis!Theballotsfortheseniorclasspresidenthavebeencounted—twice.ThecommitteesaysIlost.I’mstillinshock.WasIeverwrongtothinkthatstudentsonthiscampuswantedahardworkingrepresentative,onewhodiscussedimportantissuesandmadehispresencefeltthroughoutthecampus?Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity4Obviously,thestudentsdidn’ttakethiselectionseriously.Well,thesepeoplehavespoken,andnowtheymustlivewiththeconsequences.Identifythetoneofeachofthefollowingtwoparagraphsandthensupportyourpointwithspecificevidencefromeachparagraph.Activity42.Thetoneoftheparagraphisoneofdisappointment,disbelief,andanger.Thewriterusestheexpressionscountedtwice,shock,wasIeverwrong,didn’ttakethiselectionseriously,andmustlivewiththeconsequences.EstablishingyourpointofviewEstablishingyourpointofviewThepointofviewinwriting,alsocalledthestandpoint,referstothepositionfromwhichwhatiswrittenisobservedorconsidered.Itisalsocloselyrelatedtoverbtense.EstablishingyourpointofviewItcanalsoindicatethewriter’srelationshipwiththeactionasaparticipantorasanobserver.thefirst-personpointofviewthesecond-personpointofviewthethird-personpointofviewWhichonetochoosedependsonthesubjectandtheaudienceofyourwriting.EstablishingyourpointofviewItisusedtoobserveandreportactioninwhichthewriterparticipated.Itisthemoststronglyindividualizedpointofview.AppropriateinnarrativesanddescriptiveessaysothertypesofessayssuchascauseandeffectanalysisThefirst-personpointofviewItisusuallyusedinconversationaltypesofwritingsothatthewritercanspeakdirectlytotheaudience.Itsimplifiesstyleandinvolvesreadersinamorepersonalway.Thesecond-personpointofviewPreferredindirectionalprocessanalysisessaysintheformofimperativesentencesNotappropriateinmanycollegeessayswheremoreformal,lessconversationalwritingiscalledforThesecond-personpointofviewItisusedtoreportactionperformedbypeopleotherthanthewriterortheaudience.Itisthe“thirdperson”oranoutsider.Itisbyfarthemostcommoninacademicwriting.Thethird-personpointofviewThethird-personpointofviewMaintainingconsistentpersonisessentialtocoherence,otherwiseyourreaderswouldgetconfused.Inconsistent:

Togetthemostfromalecture,astudentshouldlistencarefullyandtakenotes.Youshouldnot,however,trytorecordeverythingyourinstructorsays.Limityournotestotheimportantpointsofthediscussion.Thethird-personpointofviewMaintainingconsistentpersonisessentialtocoherence,otherwiseyourreaderswouldgetconfused.Revised:

Togetthemostfromalecture,listencarefullyandtakenotes.Don’ttrytorecordeverythingyourinstructorsays,however.Limityournotestotheimportantpointsofthediscussion.Revisethefollowingpassagetoeliminateerrorsinthepointofview.Activity5Ireallybelievethatonecanbeasuccessfulcookifyouhavegoodinventivenessandimagination,becauseIamjustanexample.Duringthelastwintervacation,Itakechargeofmyfamily’smealsandinventedmanydeliciousdishesthatwerewelcomedbyallmyfamilymembers.OneofthedisheswhichIamespeciallyproudofisfriedchickenbreastwithtomatosauceandgreenpeas.HereishowIcookedit.Revisethefollowingpassagetoeliminateerrorsinthepointofview.Activity5Ireallybelievethatonecanbeasuccessfulcookifhehas

goodinventivenessandimagination,becauseIamjustanexample.Duringthelastwintervacation,Itook

chargeofmyfamily’smealsandinventedmanydeliciousdishesthatwerewelcomedbyallmyfamilymembers.On