中国核证自愿减排量的国际化前景展望-CORSIA篇 （英）

TheInternationalizationoftheChinaGHGVoluntary

EmissionReductionProgram

theCarbonOffsettingandReductionSchemeforInternationalAviation_

CORSIA

2022.12

INTRODUCTION

Thevoluntarycarbonmarket(VCM)isanimportantcomponentofacountry'seffortstoachievecarbonneutralityandpromoteglobalclimategovernance.SincetheChinaGHGVoluntaryEmissionReductionProgram(theCCERprogram1)waslaunchedin2012,thevoluntarycarbonmarkethasmadeapositivecontributiontorealizingcarbonemissionreductiontargetsthroughoutsocietyatlowcostsandservinggreenandlow-carbondevelopment.Intheprocessofbuildingacommunitywithasharedfutureformankindandglobalclimategover-nance,advancingthediversificationandapplicationoftheCCERprogramisaconcreteinitia-tivetocontributeChina'swisdomandstrengthtotheglobalfightagainstclimatechange.

InMarch2020,theCCERprogramwasapprovedasasupplymechanismofEligibleEmis-sionsUnits(EEUs)inthepilotphase(2021-2023)oftheCarbonOffsetingandReductionSchemeforInternationalAviation(CORSIA),akeystepintheinternationalizationoftheCCERprogram.TheCORSIAisaninitiativeproposedandestablishedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)in2016toachievethegoalofzerogrowthininternationalaviationcarbonemissionsfrom2020onwardsthroughmarket-basedmeasures(purchaseofEEUs).TheCCERprogramhasbecomeanEEUsupplychannelinthepilotphaseoftheCORSIA,providinganoffsetoptionforcivilaviationenterprisesacrosstheworldtocontributeonglobalaviationemissionsreduction,bringingopportunitiestoitsownprogramdevelopmentworld-wideandplayingakeyroleindrivingglobalclimategovernanceandinternationalcooperation.Currently,theCCERprogramisnotinvolvedinthere-assessmentoftheeligibilityforEEUsorganizedbyICAOinearly2022forlaterphasesoftheCORSIA.

FromtheperspectiveofimprovingtheCCERprogram,thisreportexploresthedevelopmentoftheCCERprogramagainstthebackdropoftheCORSIAandsystematicallyreviewsthestatusofCCERdevelopmentandthestatusofCORSIAimplementation;andfromtheperspectiveofcontinuingtheCCERprogram'ssupplyofEEUs,itpresentsacomparativeanalysisofthedesign,implementationandotherelementsoftheCCERprogramandtheCORSIA.ThereportalsogivesaprospectoftheintermationalapplicationandinternationalizationprocessofChina'sCertifiedEmissionReductions(CCERs)withthepurposeofservingglobalclimategovernanceandoffersideasandrecommendationsforthefuturedevelopmentoftheCCERprogram.

'ThecreditsgeneratedbyChinaGHGVoluntaryEmissionReductionProgram(CCERprogram)aretheChina'sCerifiedEmissionReductions(CCERs).

AboutTheGuangzhouEmissionsExchange(CEEX)

TheGuangzhouEmissionsExchange(CEEX)wasco-foundedbytheGuangdongProvincialGovemmentandtheGuangzhouMunicipalGovemment,underthepilotEmissionsTradingScheme(ETS)endorsedbythecentralgovernment.ItwasdesignatedasthesoleauctionandtradingplatformforcarbonemissionsallowancesinGuangdongandwasoneofthefirstorganisationscertifiedbytheNDRCasaCCER(ChinaCertifiedEmissionReduction)tradingplatform.CEEXistheonlyorgani-zationwithintheGuangdong-HongKong-MacaoGreaterBayAreaselectedforboththepilotETSandthePilotZoneforGreenFinanceReformandInnovations.

AboutEnvironmentalDefenseFund

Environmental

Defense

Fund

Foundedin1967andheadquarteredinNewYork,Environ-mentalDefenseFund(EDF)isoneoftheworld'sleadingenvironmentalorganizations.AreasthatEDFworksininclude:climateandenergy,oceans,ecosystems,health,etc.Sinceinception,EDFhasbeenguidedbyprinciplesofscienceandeconomicstofindpracticalandlastingsolutionstothemostseriousenvironmentalproblems.

EnvironmentalDefenseFund(EDF)hasbeenworkinginChinasince1991.EDFChinaprogramendeavorstohelpChinaeffec-tivelyachievegoalsforenvironmentalprotectionandlow-car-bondevelopmentthroughmarketmechanism.In2017,EDFregisteredasthefirstforeignNGOunderthesupervisionofChina'sMinistryofEcologyandEnvironment.

CONTENTS

V

ChapterI

V

ChapterIl

OverviewoftheChinaGHGVoluntaryEmissionReduction

Program(theCCERProgram)_

01

I.DevelopmentoftheCCERProgram_

01

II.SignificanceandImplicationsoftheCCERProgram …………

03

ComparisonbetweentheElementsoftheCCERProgram

andtheCORSIA_

04

1.BackgroundoftheCORSIA …………………_

04

II.ElementsoftheCORSIA …………………_

06

vCORSIACoverage_ _

06

vCORSIA'sMRVRules_

08

vTheImplementationStatusofMRVinChina'sCivilAviationIndustry 12

vCORSIA'sOffsettingMechanism ……………

13

√EmissionsUnitCriteria(EUC)_

15

ChapterIII

I.ComparisonbetweentheElementsoftheCCERProgramandRelevant

ElementsoftheCORSIA ………

16

VRegistry_

16

vComplianceMechanism ……

17

▼EligibilityRequirementsforEmissionsReductions ………………_

18

一一一一

ReflectionsontheFutureDevelopmentoftheCCER

Program_

2

I.AcceleratetheReformoftheCCERProgramtoServetheCarbonNeu-

tralityGoal ……………………

23

I.PavetheWayfortheInternationalAccesstoCCERs …………

24

I.EnhancetheRoleofCCERsinPromotingGlobalClimateGovernance

25

2012

CHAPTERI

OverviewoftheChinaGHGVoluntaryEmissionReductionProgram(theCCERProgram)

I.DevelopmentoftheCCERProgram

In2012,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionofChina(NDRC)

issuedtheInterimMeasuresontheManagementoftheGHGVoluntaryEmis-sionReductions(FagaiQihou[2012]No.1668)(the“InterimMeasures”),mark-

ingtheestablishmentoftheChinaGHGVoluntaryEmissionReductionProgram(theCCERprogram).UndertheInterimMeasures,emissionsreduc-tionsgeneratedbyvoluntaryemissionreductionprojectsshouldberegisteredbycompetentnationalauthoritiesinthenationalvoluntaryemissionreductiontradingregistry.TheregisteredemissionsreductionsarenamedasChinaCerti-fiedEmissionsReductions(CCERs),whichcanbetradedinexchangesthathavebeenputonrecord.AllinstitutionsandenterprisesregisteredinChinaareallowedtoparticipateinthetradingofGHGvoluntaryemissionsreductions.

L

InJanuary2015,thenationalvoluntaryemissionreductiontradingregistrywasofficiallylaunched.Forthedevelopmentofemissionsreductions,allenterprisesandlegalpersonsregisteredinChinacanapplyfortheregistrationofGHGvoluntaryemissionreductionprojectsandemissionsreductions.

InMarch2017,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRC)

officiallyreleasedtheAnnouncementonSuspendingtheApplicationsforGHGVoluntaryEmissionReductionTradingMethodologies,Projects,EmissionsReductions/ssuance,ValidationandCertificationBodies,andExchanges,

hitingthepausebuttononthedevelopmentofnewprojectsandtheissuanceofemissionsreductionsundertheCCERprogram.Atpresent,nationalauthori-tiesareactivelypreparingfortheupgradingandrelaunchoftheCCERprogram.

TheCCERprogrampriortosuchsuspensionbasicallyfollowedtheframeworkoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)forthedevelopmentprocess,whichconsistedofsixsteps:projectdocumentdesign,projectvalidation,projectregistration,projectimple-mentationandmonitoring,emissionsreductionsverificationandcertification,andemis-sionsreductionsissuance.Moreover,nationalauthoritiesoncepublished12batchesof200methodologies,whichweredividedintothreecategories:voluntaryemissionreduc-tionmethodologiesforconventionalprojects(109methodologies),voluntaryemissionreductionmethodologiesforsmall-scaleprojects(86methodologies),andvoluntaryemissionreductionmethodologiesforagricultureandforestryprojects(5methodolo-gies).Inthesemethodologies,thereare173derivedfromCDM.

BytheendofAugust2022,theCCERprogramhadpublished2,871validatedprojects,approvedandregistered1,315projectsandissuedmorethan77milliontonnesofCCERsto391projects.ThenationwideaccumulatedtradingvolumeofCCERsisover449milliontonneswhichhadbeentradedmajorlybyagreementtransactionoronlinetrading.Ofthenineexchangesonrecord,thoseinShanghai,Guangdong,BeijingandShenzhendominatedthetradingvolume,withdetailsshowninFigure1-1.

CumumlativeTradingVolumeofCCERsinDifferentCarbonMarketsin

Sichuan,3566,

7.95%

Guangdong,7255.99,16.17%

Shenzhen,2783.796.21%

Tianjin,6516.2214.53%

Beiing,4781.73,10.66%

China(10,000tonnes)

Chongqing,229.27,0.51%

Shanghai,17326.0638.62%

Fujian,1539.48,3.45%

Hubei,862,1.92%

BasedonStatisticsfromLocalExchanges),

Figure1-1TradingVolumeofCCERs(in10,000tonnes)atEachExchange(asattheEndofAugust2022

Atpresent,boththenationalandlocalcarbonmarketsallowtheuseofacertainpercentageofCCERstooffsetemissionallowancesforcompliance.AccordingtotheNationalCenterforClimateChangeStrategyandInternationalCooperation(NCSC)²,around60milliontonnesofCCERshavebeenusedtooffsetemissionallowancesinallowancesinbothnationalandlocalcarbonmarkets.Inthefirstcomplianceperiodofthenationalcarbonmarket,about34milliontonnesofCCERswereretiredforfulfllingthecomplianceobligation.

ChangeTargets"by14,2022)

EnvironmentalDefenseFund

²Source:AMay26postled"High-qualityoluntaryEmissionsReductionsaretheKeytoAchievingCimate

onitsoficialWeChataccount(

/s/sfJYNBuucyeplS5MQPwHkA

,accessedJune

II.SignificanceandImplicationsoftheCCERProgram

Asasupplementaloptionforcomplianceinthenationalandlocalcarbonmarkets,CCERscanhelpenterprisescoveredbycarbonmarketscomplyatlowcosts;allowingtheuseofCCERsforcarbonmarketcomplianceisalsoaflexiblemeasuresofregulatingpricesinthenationalcarbonmarket.CCERsisanimportantoptionforbusinessorsocialactivitiesthatwishestoachievelow-costemissionreductionorcarbonneutrality.Meanwhile,theadditionalfinancialbenefitsgeneratedfromthedevelopmentandtradingofCCERscanalsoincentivizeemissionsreductionsinsectorsnotcoveredbycarbonmarkets,therebypromotingtheapplicationofmorelow-costemissionreductiontechnologiesandprojects,andloweringtheoverallemissionreductioncostsinsociety.

Firstofall,theCCERprogramcanreducethecompliancecostsofenterprisescoveredbycarbonmarkets.CCERsareequivalenttoallowanceswhentheyareusedincarbonmarketsforcompliancepurposes,whichcanincreasethesupplyofcomplianceinstru-ments,reducetheequilibriumprice,andthencutthecompliancecostsofenterprisescoveredbycarbonmarkets.Generallyspeaking,thepricesofCCERsaregenerallylowerthanthoseofallowancesforthesameperiod,thusreducingthecompliancecostsofenterprises.

Second,theCCERprogramcanactasaflexiblemeasuresofregulatingmarketprices.TheoffsettingmechanismdesigncanhelpkeepmarketfluctuationsundercontrolbyregulatingthesupplyofCCERsinadditiontoallowances,thusensuringmarketstabilityandenablingpricesignalstoeffectivelyreflecttheemissionreductioncosts.

Third,theCCERprogramcanspurmoreapplicationoflow-costemissionreductiontech-nologiesandprojects.ThedevelopmentandtradingofCCERsmayincreasethereturnoninvestmentanddevelopmentofemissionreductionprojects,andthereforeboostthepop-ularizationandapplicationoflow-costemissionreductiontechnologies.TheeconomicandtechnologiesstimulusfromthedevelopmentofCCERswillinturnpromotethescaleeffectofemissionreductionprojects,furtherreducethedevelopmentcostsoftheseprojects,facilitateimplementationofmorelow-costemissionreductionprojectsandlowertheoverallemissionreductioncostsinsociety.Inaddition,whileensuringenvironmentalintegrity,theuseofCCERsforcarbonmarketcompliancethroughthecarbonmarketoffsettingmechanismcanstimulateemissionsreductionsinsectorsnotcoveredbycarbonmarketsbutwithloweremissionreductioncosts,furtherreducingtheoverallemis-sionreductioncostsforthewholesociety.

CHAPTERIⅡ

ComparisonbetweentheElementsoftheCCERProgram

andtheCORSIA

1.BackgroundoftheCORSIA

AccordingtotheIPCCreport³,theglobaltransportindustryemittedapproximately8.9billiontonnesofCO₂equivalentin2019,accountingfor15%ofglobaldirectandindirectemissions,andofwhichcarbonemissionsfrominternationalaviationtookuparound7%.TheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)estimated⁴thatGHGemissionsfrominternationalaviationwouldcontinuetogrowrapidly,whichmightriseuptoaround950milliontonnesby2050,about1.6timesthe2019level,posinghugeemissionreductionpressuretotheinternationalaviationindustry.Carbonemissionsfrominternationalaviationinvolvecountriesandregionswithdifferentlawsandstandards.Toeffectivelycurbcarbonemissions,ICAOisattempt-ingtoestablishaninternationalemissionreductionmechanismthattargetstheinter-nationalaviationindustrytomanageandcurbcarbonemissionsfromtheindustryinaunifiedmanner.

04

Dhakal,S.JC.MinxFL.Toth,A.AbdelAziz,MJFgueroaMeza,K.HubacekIGC.Jonckere.Yong-GunKim,GFNemet.S.Pachauri,XC.Tan.TWedmann,2022:EmsionsTrendsandDriversInIPCC,2022:CimateChange2022:MitigationofClimateChange.ContiboutionofWorkingGroupllotheSxthAssessmenteportofhelntergovenmentalPanelonClimateChange[PR.Shukla,J.SkeaR.Slade,A.AKiourdaje,RvanDiemen,D.McColum,MPathak.S.Some,PVas.B.Fradera]M.Belkacemi,A.Hasja,G.Lisboa,S.Liz,J.Mlly(eds.)].CambridgeUniversiyPiess,Cambidge,UKandNewYorkNY,USA.doi:10.1017/9781009157926.004

4ICAOCommitteonAvationEnvironmentalProtection.Repotonthefeasibliyofalong-termaspratonalgoal(LIAG)forinternationalcvilaviationCO₂emissionreductions.2022.

The39thSessionoftheICAOAssemblyin2016adoptedResolutionsA39-2(Consoli-

datedstatementofcontinuingICAOpoliciesandpracticesrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection—Climatechange)andA39-3(ConsolidatedstatementofcontinuingICAOpoliciesandpracticesrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection—GlobalMarket-based

Measure(MBM)Scheme),decidingtoadoptthe“CarbonOffsettingandReductionSchemeforInternationalAviation”(CORSIA).Thisisthefirstglobalmarket-basedmeasureforindustrysector,andaimstoachievethegoalofcarbonneutralgrowth(CNG)ininternationalaviationcarbonemissionsfrom2020onwardsthroughmar-ket-basedmeasures,whichmeansstartingfrom2021,theincreaseincarbonemis-sionsfrominternationalaviationoverthe2020averageshouldbeoffsetbythepurchaseofcorrespondingEEUsortheuseofsustainableaviationfuels(SAF).

InJune2018,ICAOopenedthechannelsforapplyingforCORSIAEEUs.FromJanu-ary1,2019,airlinesworldwidebegantoimplementtheMonitoring,Reporting,andVerification(MRV)ofcarbonemissionsattherequestofICAO,thusbuildingthedatabasisfortheofficiallaunchoftheCORSIA.InMarch2020,CCERprogramwasapprovedasoneoftheemissionreductionmechanismsforthepilotphase(2021-2023)oftheCORSIA(theCORSIAisimplementedinthreephases:apilotphase(2021-2023),afirstphase(2024-2026)andasecondphase(2027-2035)).

The41stSessionoftheICAOAssemblyinOctober2022adoptedResolutionA41-20:

ConsolidatedStatementofICAO'sContinuingPoliciesandPracticesRelatingtoEnviron-mentalProtection-GeneralProvisions,NoiseandLocalAirQuality,andA41-22:Consol-idatedstatementofcontinuingICAOpoliciesandpracticesrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection-CarbonOffsettingandReductionSchemeforInternationalAviation(COR-

SIA).TheresolutionsencouragedICAOandMemberStatestoworktowardslong-termglobalaspirationalgoal(LTAG)ofnet-zerocarbonemissionsby2050,andconfirmthatthebaselineforcalculatingtheCORSIAoffsetsobligationisequaltotheamountofinternationalaviationemissionsin2019for2021-2023,and85%oftheamountofinter-nationalaviationemissionsin2019for2024-2035.Thepercentsectorindustrialinagivenyearissetas100%foroffsetobligationcalculationduringtheperiodof2021-2032,and85%foroffsetobligationcalculationduringtheperiodof2033-2035.

II.ElementsoftheCORSIA

TheCORSIAconsistsofelementssuchascoverage,MRV,eligiblefuels,EEUsandCentralRegistry.

」

CORSIACoverage

ParticipationintheCORSIAissubjecttorequirementsatbothStateandaeroplaneoperatorlevels.TherequirementsforStateparticipationintheCORSIAarelistedinTable2-1.AccordingtoICAO,asofJuly2022,115countriesconfirmedtoparticipateintheCORSIA'spilotphaseinJanuary2023,whileChinahasnotyetannouncedwhetheritwillparticipate.

Table2-1RulesforStateParticipationintheCORSIA

Participants

PilotPhase(2021-2023)

FirstPhase(2024-2026)

SecondPhase

(2027-2035)

States

Voluntary

participation

Voluntary

participation

Conditionsformandatoryparticipation:Statesthathaveanindividualshareofinternationalaviationactivitiesinrevenue-tonne-kilometers(RTKs)inyear2018above0.5%oftotalRTKsorwhosecumulativeshareinthelistofStates(fromthehighesttolowestamountofRTKs)reaches90%oftotalRTKs

Exemptions:LeastDevelopedCountres(LDCs),

SmallIslandDevelopingStates(SIDS),and

LandlockedDevelopingCountries(LLDCs)are

exempt

7

Aeroplaneoperatorsaresubjecttotwotypesofobligations:MRVobligationsandcomplianceobligations,asshowninTable2-2.

Table2-2RulesforAeroplaneOperatorParticipationintheCORSIA

Participants

PilotPhase(2021-2023)

FirstPhase(2024-2026)

SecondPhase(2027-2035)

Aeroplaneoperators

MRV

obligations

Aeroplaneoperatorsthatproduceannualcarbonemissions

morethan10,000tonnesfromtheuseofaeroplaneswitha

maximumtake-offmass(MTOM)greaterthan5,700kg

conductinginternationalflights(withtheexceptionofhumani-tarian,medicalandfirefightingflights)(MRVisrequiredregard-lessofwhethertheiradministeringStateisparticipatingornotintheCORSIA).Inaddition,theCORSIAalsoencouragesMRV

amongAeroplaneoperatorswhodonotmeetthethreshold.

Complianceobligations

(1)TheadministeringStateoftheaeroplaneoperatorsmustparticipateintheCORSIA.

(2)Theemissionssubjecttooffset:increasedcarbonemissionsunderMRVfrominternationalflightsbetweentheStatespartici-patingintheCORSIA,where"increased"meansanyincrease

abovethebaselinelevel.

Note:Newentrantaeroplaneoperatorsofinternationalflightsin2021andbeyondwillbeconsideredforinclusioninmanagementundertheabove-mentionedrulesafterthreeyearsofoperationsorwhentheemissionsfromtheirinternationalflightsexceed0.1%ofthetotalemissionsin2020.

vCORSIA'sMRVRules

MRVisprimarilyusedtocollectthedataonaeroplaneoperators'carbonemissionsfrominternationalaviationforeachyear,andiscomposedofmonitoring,reportingandverification.ICAOhasrequiredallStatestoimplementMRVfromJanuary2019.

TheMRVprocessoftheCORSIAprogram(showninFigure2-1)involves:(1)Aero-planeoperatorsshalldevelopcarbonemissionsmonitoringplanswhicharesubmit-tedtothecompetentauthorityoftheiradministeringStateforapproval;(2)Aeroplaneoperatorsshalldraftannualcarbonemissionsreportsaftermonitoringaccordingtothemonitoringplans;(3)Aftercompletingannualcarbonemissionsreports,aero-planeoperatorsshallsubmitunverifiedreportstocompetentnationalauthorities;(4)Competentnationalauthoritiesorganizecarbonemissionsverificationuponreceiptoftheunverifiedreports;(5)Aeroplaneoperatorsentrustaccreditedthird-partyverifi-cationbodiestoverifytheirannualcarbonemissionsreports,andtheentrustedthird-partyverificationbodiesissueverificationreports;(6)Aeroplaneoperatorsandverificationbodiessubmittocompetentnationalauthoritiesverifiedcarbonemis-sionsreportsandverificationreportsrespectively;(7)Competentnationalauthori-ties,uponreceiptoftheverifiedcarbonemissionsreports,inspectthedatainthecarbonemissionsreportstofilldatagapsandcorrecterrors;(8)CompetentnationalauthoritiescompilethedatainthecarbonemissionsreportssubmittedbyaeroplaneoperatorsandsubmitittoICAO;(9)ICAOnotifiescompetentnationalauthoritiesandaoperatorsofnecessaryinformation,includingemissionbaselines,offsets,etc.

AeroplaneOperators

Developemissionsmonr

toringplansandsubmit

themforreview

AeroplaneOperators

Runcarbonemissions

monitoring,draftannual

cabonemissionsreports

andsubmitunverifiedre

portstocompetentna-

tionalauthorities

CompetentNational

Authorities

Uponreceiptofthere-

ports,organizecarbon

emissionsverification

CompetentNational

Authorities

Uponreceiptoftheveri-

fiedreports,inspectthe

datagapsandcorrect

datainthereportstofll

errors

AeroplaneOperators

Submittocompetentna-

tionalauthoritiestheve-

rifiedcarbonemissions

reportsandverification

reports

Third-party

VerificationBodies

Carryouttheverification

ofthecarbonemissions

reportsandthenissue

verificationreports

CompetentNational

Authorities

Compilethedatafrom

aeroplaneoperatorsand

submitittoICAO

ICAO

Submittocompetentna-

tionalauthoritiestheve-

rifiedcarbonemissions

reportsandverification

reports

Figure2-1TheMRVProcessUndertheCORSIAProgram

1.ApplicabilityofMRV

MRVundertheCORSIAruleshasascopeofapplication,suchasannualcarbonemissionsandflighttypes.SeeTable2-2forspecificconditions.

2.Monitoring

Aeroplaneoperatorsshoulddevelopcarbonemissionsmonitoringplansasrequired.Thesemonitoringplansareimplementedonaper-flightbasisandcover:(1)Aeroplaneoperatoridentification;(2)Fleetandoperationsdata;(3)Methodsofcalculatingemissions;(4)Datamanagement,dataflow,controlsystems,riskanaly-sis,anddatagaps.Forthecalculationofemissions,theCORSIAprogramprovidessixmethods.Fiveofthemethodscalculatecarbonemissionsbyobtainingthefuelconsumptionofeachflight,whichiscommonapproachofcalculatingcarbonemis-sions;therestoneemploysCERT,acarbonemissioncalculationtoolprovidedbytheCORSIA,whichcanonlybeusedtocalculatecarbonemissionsfromaeroplaneoperatorsthatemitlessthan500,000tonnesannually.

3.Reporting(fromAeroplaneOperatorstoCompetentNationalAuthorities)

Afterafullyearofmonitoringaccordingtothemonitoringplans,aeroplaneoperatorsshouldprepareannualcarbonemissionsreports,whichinclude:(1)Aeroplaneoper-atoridentificationandactivities;(2)basicinformationunderlyingtheemissionsreports;(3)fleetandfueltype;(4)fueldensity;(5)emissionsbetweenStatesorbetweenairports;(6)datagapsanddatamanagement.Aftercompletingtheannualcarbonemissionsreports,aeroplaneoperatorsshouldsubmitthereportstocompe-tentnationalauthoritiesassoonaspossibleforverification.CarbonemissionsreportsarepreparedonanannualbasisandarerequiredtobesubmittedbytheendofMayofthefollowingyear.

4.VerificationofCarbonEmissions

Priortotheengagementofthird-partyverificationbodies,aeroplaneoperatorsmayorganizevoluntaryself-verificationbyreferringtothemethodintheverificationguid-anceprovidedbytheCORSIA.Third-partyverificationbodiesshouldcompleteverifi-cationreportsafterverifyingthecarbonemissionsreports.Then,bothaeroplaneoperatorsandverificationbodiesshouldsubmittheverifiedcarbonemissionsreportsandverificationreportsaccordinglytocompetentnationalauthorities,whichshouldbesubmittedbytheendofMayofthefollowingyear.Uponreceiptoftheverifiedcarbonemissionsreports,competentnationalauthoritieswillvalidatethedatainthecarbonemissionsreportstoassessdataintegrity.

Aeroplaneoperatorsshouldentrustthird-partyverificationbodiestocarryoutverifi-cationandtheentrustedthird-partyverificationbodiesshouldbeaccreditedtoISO14065:2013andmeetotherrelevantCORSIArequirements.Thenationalaccredita-tionbody(suchas,ChinaNationalAccreditationServiceforConformityAssessment(CNAS))willassessthird-partyverificationbodiesinaccordancewithConformity

assessment—Generalrequirementsforaccreditationbodiesaccreditingconformityassessmentbodies(ISO/IEC17011).Competentnationalauthoritieswillthensubmit

thelistofaccreditedbodiestoICAO,whichwillputonrecordsandpublishthelist.Aeroplaneoperatorsmaychooseanyoftheaccreditedverificationbodiesandentrustittocarryoutverification.AsofDecember2021,therewere77accreditedthird-partyverificationbodiesworldwide,ofwhichsevenareChina-based.

5.Reporting(fromCompetentNationalAuthoritiestoICAO)

Uponreceiptoftheverifiedcarbonemissionsreportssubmittedbyaeroplaneopera-tors,competentnationalauthoritieswillprepareandcompiledatainacertainformat.DatatobesubmittedtoICAOincludes⁵:(1)thetotalannualcarbonemissions(includingthoseresultingfromtheuseofeligiblefuels)attributabletotheStatebetweeneach“Statepair”;(2)thetotalannualcarbonemissions(thepartsubjecttooff