英语合同点特分析解析

1英语合同文体点特分析及翻译孟繁谊2英语合同结构英文商务合同内容大致可分成三个部分:约首(thehead)约首包括合同标题和前言;本文(thebody)(可分为要约和责任两个部分)本文包括要约部分(即对标的物的描述和要求)和双方的责任、义务(对双方的责任要求以及违约应承担的责任);3约尾(thetail)。约尾则包括合同份数、文字效力、合同附件的效力以及签名、盖章等条款。4一、Preamble开头词语（1）开头词语,是用在国际商务合同文件的前言部分,表明行文的背景、目的、依据、原因等内容的合同用语。5ThisagreementismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenthepartiesconcernedonSeptember20,1992inQingdao,Chinaonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefittodevelopbusinessontermsandconditionsmutuallyagreeduponasfollows:本协议于1992年9月20日在中国青岛由有关双方在平等互利基础上达成，按双方同意的下列条件发展业务关系:6ThiscontractismadeandenteredintoinGuangzhou,Chinaonthis20thdayofSep.2000,byandbetweenACompany,acorporationdulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsofP.R.Chinawithitsdomicileat#222St.Huangshi(E),Guangzhou,China(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA),andBCompany,acompanyincorporatedandexistingunderthelawsofUSAwithitsdomicileatFl5thShinyCenterNY,USA(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyB)7ThiscontractismadeandenteredintoinGuangzhou,Chinaonthis20thdayofSeptember,2000,byandbetweenACompany,acorporationdulyorganizedandexistingunderthelawsofP.R.Chinawithitsdomicileat#222St.Huangshi(E),Guangzhou,China(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA),andBCompany,acompanyincorporatedandexistingunderthelawsofUSAwithitsdomicileatFl5thShinyCenterNY,USA(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyB)本协议由按照中国法律合法注册的,注册地点是(公司地点)中国广州环市东路222号的A公司,以下简称甲方,与在美国合法注册,公司注册地点是美国纽约阳光大厦五层的B公司以下简称乙方于2000年9月20日在中国广州签署。8Thetwopartiesdesiretoenterintothiscontractthroughfriendlyconsultationunderthetermsandconditionsasfollows:...双方通过友好协商达成如下协议:9(2)“鉴于(Whereas)”、“叙述(Recital)”或“背景(Background)”部分该部分主要是介绍合同的相关情况，具体有如下内容:a)合同双(各)方的背景情况介绍，如各方所从事的行业:b)明确指明合同双(各)方愿意签订本合同。10WITNESSETHTHAT鉴于条款WHEREASPartyAhasbeenaleadingtradingcompanyinthefieldofthesaidproductsandiswillingtoarrangethemanufacture,assemblyandmarketingofthesaidProducts,and,鉴于:甲方是本产品生产领域内的主要生产商，甲方愿意生产，安装并销售本产品;11WHEREASbothpartiesaredesiroustoestablishajointventurecompanytomanufacture，assembleandmarketthesaidproducts.鉴于:双方愿意注册合资公司生产，安装并销售本产品。12NOW,THEREFORE,inconsiderationofthepremisesandmutualcovenantshereincontained,thepartiesheretoagreeasfollows:为了实现双方共同利益，达成如下协议13NOWTHEREFORE,forvaluableconsideration,thereceiptandadequacyofwhichareherebyacknowledged,thePartiesherebyagreeasfollows:双方经过（真实充分）认真细致地考虑,达成以下协议（合同）条款。14二、正文部分主要包含以下条款1.定义(Definition)条款该条款是对合同中的某些词语的进行定义,确保各词语在合同中的含义统一，以免发生歧义。这些词语可分成两大类：第一类是英文合同中的常用词语，如附属机构(Affiliate)、财务报表(FinancialStatements)等；15第二类是本合同中使用的具有特定含义的词语。1.1.1.1“Contract”meanstheContractAgreement,theseConditions,theEmployer’sRequirements,theTender,andthefurtherdocuments(ifany)whicharelistedintheContractAgreement.1.1.1.1“合同”系指合同协议书、本条件、雇主要求、投标书和合同协议书列出的其他文件（如果有）。161.1.1.5“PerformanceGuarantees”and“ScheduleofPayments”meanthedocumentssonamed(ifany),asincludedintheContract.1.1.1.5“履约保函”和“付款计划表”系指合同中包括的具有上述各称的文件（如果有）。17三、要约部分1.Name,SpecificationsandQualityofCommodity货物名称、规格和质量2.Quantity:数量5%moreorlessallowed允许百分之五的溢短装3.UnitPrice:单价184.TotalAmount总值5.(TermsofDelivery)FOB/CFR/CIF交货条件:FOB/CFR/CIF（三选一）6.CountryofOriginandManufacturers原产地国与制造商7.Packing:包装及标准:Thepackingofthegoodsshallbepreventivefromdampness,rust,moisture,erosionandshock,andshallbesuitableforoceantransportation.TheSellershallbeliableforanydamageandlossofthegoodsattributabletotheinadequateorimproperpacking.Themeasurement,grossweight,netweightandthecautionssuchas“Donotstackupsidedown”,“Keepawayfrommoisture”,“Handlewithcare”shallbestenciledonthesurfaceofeachpackagewithfadelesspigment.20货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装,由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心轻放”等标记。218.ShippingMarks:唛头:9.TimeofShipment:装运期限10.PortofLoading:装运口岸11.PortofDestination:目的口岸22四.责任与义务本部分是相对固定的，其内容基本符合同类型合同。如:责任与义务部分–违约、解除合同、索赔、仲裁、起诉等(1)“责任限制（LimitedLiabilityorLimitationofLiability）”条款该条款是合同双（各）方对其在本合同项下的责任上限进行的约定。23(2)“保密（Non-disclosureorNoPublicity）”条款根据该条款,合同双(各)方对本合同内容以及在本合同协商、签订、履行过程中所得知的其他各方的信息要承担保密义务。(3)“合同终止（Termination）”条款该条款是合同双（各）方对本合同在何种情况下可以提前终止进行约定。24(4)“权利放弃（Waiver）”条款在该条款中,合同双（各）方声明任何一方如果没有行使其权利,并不意味着其放弃该权利。(5)“合同变更（AmendmentorModification）”条款在该条款中,合同双（各）方可以约定合同不得修改或者合同修改的方式。25(6)转让(AssignmentorSuccessorsandAssignment）条款在该条款中,合同双（各）方可约定合同不可转让或者合同转让的程序,同时,还可以约定,如果合同转让,则合同对受让方有完全约束力。26(7)通知（Notice）条款该条款是对合同双(各)方在履行合同过程中相互送达信息的方式以及视为送达的条件进行约定。一般来讲,要写明合同双(双)方的通信地址、传真号、联系电话、联络人以及送达成功的具体条件。27(8)“适用法律（GoverningLaworApplicableLaw）”条款SubmissiontoJurisdiction该条款是有关合同解释、争议解决所适用法律的约定。(9)“争议解决(DisputeResolution)”条款该条款是有关合同相关或与合同有关的争议解决方式的约定,可以选择诉讼,也可以选择仲裁。28(10)“条款效力独立（SeverabilityorSurvivalofterms）”条款根据该条款的约定,合同的任一条款如果无效,也不影响其他任何条款的效力。(11)“没有其他业务关系”条款在该条款中,合同双（各）方声明彼此之间除了合同关系之外没有其他任何法律关系。(12)“不可抗力（ForceMajeure）”条款该条款是有关不可抗力构成要件及其具体情形,以及在发生不可抗力事件的情况下如果处理的约定。2912.Insurance:保险InsuranceshallbecoveredbythePartyAfor110%oftheinvoicevalueagainstAllRisksandWithParticularAverage（W.P.A.）AdditionalRisks.由甲方按发票金额110%投保一切险和水渍险附加险。3013.TermsofPayment:付款条款(1)LetterofCredit:TheBuyershall,30dayspriortothetimeofshipment/afterthisContractcomesintoeffect,openanirrevocableLetterofCreditinfavoroftheSeller.TheLetterofCreditshallexpire60daysafterthecompletionofloadingoftheshipmentasstipulated.信用证方式:买方应在装运期前/合同生效后30日，开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证,信用证在装船完毕后60日内到期。31(2)DocumentsAgainstPayment:(兑现;提取)Aftershipment,theSellershalldrawasightbillofexchangeontheBuyeranddeliverthedocumentsthroughSeller’sbankandBankofChinatotheBuyeragainstpayment,i.eD/P.TheBuyershalleffectthepaymentimmediatelyuponthefirstpresentationofthebill(s)ofexchange.付款交单:货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，按即期付款交单(D/P)方式，通过卖方银行及中国银行向买方转交单证,换取货物，以换取货款。32(3)DocumentsagainstAcceptanceAftershipment,theSellershalldrawabillofexchange,payable30daysaftertheBuyersdeliversthedocumentthroughSeller’sbankandBankofChinatotheBuyeragainstacceptance(D/A7days).TheBuyershallmakethepaymentondateofthebillofexchange.承兑交单:货物发运后，卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票，付款期限为提示的话、提示单证文件后30日，按即期承兑交单(D/A7日)方式，通过卖方银行及中国银行，经买方承兑后，向买方转交单证，买方在汇票期限到期时支付货款。33(4)Cashondelivery(COD):TheBuyershallpaytotheSellertotalamountwithin7daysafterthereceiptofthegoods(ThisclauseisnotappliedtotheTermsofFOB,CFR,CIF).货到付款：买方在收到货物后7天内将全部货款支付卖方（本条款不适用于FOB.CRF、CIF支付方式）。3414.DocumentsRequired:(所需)单据TheSellershallpresentthefollowingdocumentsrequiredtothebankfornegotiation/collection:卖方应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收:35(1)Fullsetof

cleanonboardOcean/CombinedTransportation/LandBillsofLadingandblankendorsedmarkedfreightprepaid/tocollect;标明通知收货人/受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白背书并注明运费付讫/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单。36(2)SignedcommercialinvoiceinthreecopiesindicatingContractNo.L/CNo.(TermsofL/C)andshippingmarks;标有合同编号、信用证号(信用证支付条件)及装运唛头的商业发票正本一式三份;37(3)Packinglist/weightmemointhreecopiesissuedbyPartyA；由甲方出具的装箱单或重量单一式三份；(4)CertificateofQualityinthreecopiesissuedbyPartyA；由甲方出具的质量证明书一式三份；(5)CertificateofQuantityinthreecopiesissuedbyPartyA；由甲方出具的数量证明书一式三份；38(6)Insurancepolicyinonecopy(TermsofCIF)；保险单正本一式一份(CIF交货条件)；(7)CertificateofOrigininthreecopiesissuedbyPartyA；甲方签发的原产地证一式三份；39(8)ShippingAdvice:TheSellershall,within48hoursaftershipmenteffected,sendbycouriereachcopyoftheabove-mentioneddocumentsNo.1to7.装运通知:卖方应在交运后48小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第1-7项单据副本一式一套。4015.TermsofShipment装运条款(1)FOB交货方式TheSellershall,30daysbeforetheshipmentdatespecifiedintheContract,advisetheBuyerbycourieroftheContractNo.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,grossweight,measurement,andthedateofshipmentinorderthattheBuyercancharteravessel/bookshippingspace.IntheeventoftheSeller’sfailuretoeffectloadingwhenthevesselarrivesdulyattheloadingport,allexpensesincludingdeadfreightand/ordemurragechargesthusincurredshallbefortheSeller’saccount.TheSellershall,30daysbeforetheshipmentdatespecifiedintheContract,advisetheBuyerbycourieroftheContractNo.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,grossweight,measurement,andthedateofshipmentinorderthattheBuyercancharteravessel/bookshippingspace.IntheeventoftheSeller’sfailuretoeffectloadingwhenthevesselarrivesdulyattheloadingport,allexpensesincludingdeadfreightand/ordemurragechargesthusincurredshallbefortheSeller’saccount.42卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天,以特快专递方式通知买方合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期,以便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后,如卖方不能按时装船,发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。43卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天,以特快专递方式通知买方合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期,以便买方安排租船/订舱。TheSellershall,30daysbeforetheshipmentdatespecifiedintheContract,advisetheBuyerbycourieroftheContractNo.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,grossweight,measurement,andthedateofshipmentinorderthattheBuyercancharteravessel/bookshippingspace.44装运船只按期到达装运港后,如卖方不能按时装船,发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。IntheeventoftheSeller’sfailuretoeffectloadingwhenthevesselarrivesdulyattheloadingport,allexpensesincludingdeadfreightand/ordemurragechargesthusincurredshallbefortheSeller’saccount.45(2)CFR:CFR交货方式TheSellershallshipthegoodsdulywithintheshippingdurationfromtheportofloadingtotheportofdestination.UnderCFRterms,theSellershalladvisetheBuyerbyfaxoftheContractNo.,commodity,invoicevalueandthedateofdispatchtwodaysbeforetheshipmentfortheBuyertoarrangeinsuranceintime.卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。以CFR交货方式时，卖方应在装船前2天以传真方式通知买方合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期，以便买方安排保险。4616.ShippingAdvice:装运通知TheSellershall,immediatelyuponthecompletionoftheloadingofthegoods,advisetheBuyeroftheContractNo.,namesofcommodity,loadingquantity,invoicevalues,grossweight,nameofvesselandshipmentdatebyfaxwithin48hours.卖方应在装载完毕48小时内以传着方式通知买方合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名及启程日期等。4717.QualityGuarantee:质量保证TheSellershallguaranteethatthecommoditymustbeinconformitywiththequality,specificationsandquantityspecifiedinthisContractandLetterofQualityGuarantee.Theguaranteeperiodshallbethreemonthsafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,andduringtheperiodtheSellershallberesponsibleforthedamageduetothedefectsindesigningandmanufacturingofthemanufacturer.48货物品质规格必须符合本合同及质量保证书之规定,品质保证期为货到目的港三个月内。在保证期限内,因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖方负责赔偿。4918.Inspection:检验:（1）TheSellershallhavethegoodsinspectedby7daysbeforetheshipmentandhavetheInspectionCertificateissuedbyAmericanInspectionBureau.TheBuyermayhavethegoodsreinspectedbyChinaInspectionBureauafterthegoods,arrivalatthedestination.卖方须在装运前七日委托美国检验检疫局对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买方委托中国检验检疫局进行检验。50(2)Themanufacturersshall,beforedelivery,makeapreciseandcomprehensiveinspectionofthegoodswithregardtoitsquality,specifications,performanceandquantity/weight,andissueinspectioncertificatescertifyingthetechnicaldataandconclusionoftheinspection.Afterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,theBuyershallapplytoChinaCommodityInspectionBureau(hereinafterreferredtoasCCIB)forafurtherinspectionastothespecificationsandquantity/weightofthegoods.Ifdamagesofthegoodsarefound,orthespecificationsand/orquantityarenotinconformitywiththestipulationsinthisContract,exceptwhentheresponsibilitieslieswithInsuranceCompanyorShippingCompany,theBuyershall,within30daysafterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,claimagainsttheSeller,orrejectthegoodsaccordingtotheinspectioncertificateissuedbyCCIB.Incaseofdamageofthegoodsincurredduetothedesignormanufacturedefectsand/orincasethequalityandperformancearenotinconformitywiththeContract,theBuyershall,duringtheguaranteeperiod,requestCCIBtomakeasurvey.(2)Themanufacturersshall,beforedelivery,makeapreciseandcomprehensiveinspectionofthegoodswithregardtoitsquality,specifications,performanceandquantity/weight,andissueinspectioncertificatescertifyingthetechnicaldataandconclusionoftheinspection.Afterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,theBuyershallapplytoChinaCommodityInspectionBureau(hereinafterreferredtoasCCIB)forafurtherinspectionastothespecificationsandquantity/weightofthegoods.52发货前,制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面的检验,出具检验证明书,并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后,买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验,53Ifdamagesofthegoodsarefound,orthespecificationsand/orquantityarenotinconformitywiththestipulationsinthisContract,exceptwhentheresponsibilitieslieswithInsuranceCompanyorShippingCompany,theBuyershall,within30daysafterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,claimagainsttheSeller,orrejectthegoodsaccordingtotheinspectioncertificateissuedbyCCIB.54如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符,除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外,买方得在货物到达目的港后30日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。55Incaseofdamageofthegoodsincurredduetothedesignormanufacturedefectsand/orincasethequalityandperformancearenotinconformitywiththeContract,theBuyershall,duringtheguaranteeperiod,requestCCIBtomakeasurvey.56在保证期内,如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时,买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。57发货前,制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面的检验,出具检验证明书,并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后,买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验,如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符,除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外,买方得在货物到达目的港后30日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内,如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时,买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。19.Claim:索赔TheBuyershallmakeaclaimagainsttheSeller(includingreplacementofthegoods)bytheFurtherInspectionCertificateandalltheexpensesincurredtherefromshallbebornebytheSeller.TheclaimsmentionedaboveshallberegardedasbeingacceptediftheSellerfailtoreplywithin7daysaftertheSellerreceivedtheBuyer'sclaim.买方凭其委托的检验机构出具的复检证明书向卖方提出索赔(包括换货)，由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负担。若卖方收到上述索赔后七天未予答复，则认为卖方已接受买方索赔。5920.LatedeliveryandPenalty迟交货与罚款ShouldtheSellerfailtomakedeliveryontimeasstipulatedintheContract,withtheexceptionofForceMajeurecausesspecifiedinClause21ofthisContract,theBuyershallagreetopostponethedeliveryontheconditionthattheSelleragreetopayapenaltywhichshallbedeductedbythepayingbankfromthepaymentundernegotiation.60Therateofpenaltyischargedat1%forevery3days,odddayslessthan3daysshouldbecountedas3days.Butthepenalty,however,shallnotexceed5%ofthetotalvalueofthegoodsinvolvedinthedelayeddelivery.61IncasetheSellerfailtomakedelivery30dayslaterthanthetimeofshipmentstipulatedintheContract,theBuyershallhavetherighttocanceltheContractandtheSeller,inspiteofthecancellation,shallneverthelesspaytheaforesaidpenaltytotheBuyerwithoutdelay.ThebuyershallhavetherighttolodgeaclaimagainsttheSellerforthelossessustainedifany.62除合同第21条不可抗力原因外,如卖方不能按合同规定的时间交货,买方应同意在卖方支付罚款的条件下延期交货。罚款可由议付银行在议付货款时扣除,罚款率按每3天收1%,不足3天时以3天计算。但罚款不得超过迟交货物总价的5%。如卖方延期交货超过合同规定30天时,买方有权撤销合同,此时,卖方仍应不迟延地按上述规定向买方支付罚款。买方有权对因此遭受的其它损失向卖方提出索赔。6321.ForceMajeure:不可抗力TheSellershallnotberesponsibleforthedelayofshipmentornon-deliveryofthegoodsduetoForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheprocessofmanufacturingorinthecourseofloadingortransit.64TheSellershalladvisetheBuyerimmediatelyoftheoccurrencementionedaboveandwithinthreedaysthereaftertheSellershallsendanoticebycouriertotheBuyerfortheiracceptanceofaCertificateoftheAccidentissuedbythelocalChamberofCommerceunderwhosejurisdictiontheaccidentoccursasevidencethereof.65UndersuchcircumstancestheSeller,however,arestillundertheobligationtotakeallnecessarymeasurestohastenthedeliveryofthegoods.IncasetheaccidentlastsformorethansevendaystheBuyershallhavetherighttocanceltheContract.66凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任。在发生上述情况时,卖方应立即通知买方,并在三天内,给买方特快专递一份由当地商会签发的事故证明书。在此情况下,卖方仍有责任采取一切必要措施加快交货。如事故延续七天以上,买方有权撤销合同。6722.Arbitration:仲裁（争议的解决）AnydisputearisingfromorinconnectionwiththeContractshallbesettledthroughnegotiation.Incasenosettlementisreached,thedisputeshallbesubmittedtoChinaInternationalEconomicandTradeArbitrationCommission(CIETAC),ShenzhenCommission,forarbitrationinaccordancewithitsrulesineffectatthetimeofapplyingforarbitration.Thearbitralawardisfinalandbindinguponbothparties.68凡因本合同引起的或与本合同有关的任何争议应协商解决。若协商不成,应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会深圳分会,按照申请时该会当时施行的仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方均有约束力。69四、约尾部分:(附加说明部分)(1)“标题”（headings）条款在该条款中,合同双（各）方约定合同中的各个小标题（一般以黑体字显示）是为了在合同中提及的方便,不构成对合同内容的解释、修改、补充。(2)“合同有效期（Term）”条款该条款是有关合同生效日期、方式以及有效期的条款。70(3)“所有协议（EntireAgreement）”条款Integration在该条款中,合同双(各)方要声明本合同构成双(各)方就合同主题事宜达成的最终的、唯一的协议,除非明确指明,在此之前的所有约定,无论是口头的,还是书面的,均无效力。(4)“传真签订生效(ExecutionbyFax)”条款合同双(各)方可以在该条款中约定,双(各)方可通过传真方式签订合同并使其生效。(5)“语言（Language）”条款该条款是有关合同适用语言的约定。71(6)“合同文本（Counterparts）”条款该条款是对合同的份数以及各份合同的效力进行约定。(7)“歧义（Ambiguities）”条款在该条款中,合同双(各)方要约定主合同与其附件之间、主合同与其补充协议之间、主合同各语言文本之间如果发生意思歧义如何处理。(8)“币种（Currency）”条款该条款是对合同项下的货币种类进行约定。7223.Notices:通知Allnoticeshallbewrittenin