欧洲和中亚 - 2023 年粮食安全和营养区域概览（英文）

2023

EUROPEANDCENTRALASIA

REGIONALOVERVIEWOFFOODSECURITYANDNUTRITION

STATISTICSANDTRENDS

Requiredcitation:

FAO.2023.EuropeandCentralAsia:RegionalOverviewofFoodSecurityandNutrition2023–Statisticsandtrends.Budapest.

/10.4060/cc8608en

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)concerningthelegalordevelopmentstatusofanycountry,

territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Thementionofspecificcompaniesor

productsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,doesnotimplythatthesehavebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.

ISBN978-92-5-138365-0©FAO,2023

Somerightsreserved.ThisworkismadeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike3.0IGOlicence(CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO;

/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode

).

Underthetermsofthislicence,thisworkmaybecopied,redistributedandadaptedfornon-commercialpurposes,providedthattheworkis

appropriatelycited.Inanyuseofthiswork,thereshouldbenosuggestionthatFAOendorsesanyspecificorganization,productsorservices.TheuseoftheFAOlogoisnotpermitted.Iftheworkisadapted,thenitmustbelicensedunderthesameorequivalentCreativeCommonslicence.Ifatranslationofthisworkiscreated,itmustincludethefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththerequiredcitation:“ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO).FAOisnotresponsibleforthecontentoraccuracyofthistranslation.Theoriginal[Language]editionshallbetheauthoritativeedition.”

DisputesarisingunderthelicencethatcannotbesettledamicablywillberesolvedbymediationandarbitrationasdescribedinArticle8ofthelicenceexceptasotherwiseprovidedherein.TheapplicablemediationruleswillbethemediationrulesoftheWorldIntellectualProperty

Organization

/amc/en/mediation/rules

andanyarbitrationwillbeconductedinaccordancewiththeArbitrationRulesoftheUnitedNationsCommissiononInternationalTradeLaw(UNCITRAL).

Third-partymaterials.Userswishingtoreusematerialfromthisworkthatisattributedtoathirdparty,suchastables,figuresorimages,areresponsiblefordeterminingwhetherpermissionisneededforthatreuseandforobtainingpermissionfromthecopyrightholder.Theriskofclaimsresultingfrominfringementofanythird-party-ownedcomponentintheworkrestssolelywiththeuser.

Sales,rightsandlicensing.FAOinformationproductsareavailableontheFAOwebsite(/publications)andcanbepurchased

throughpublications-sales@.Requestsforcommercialuseshouldbesubmittedvia:/contact-us/licence-request.Queriesregardingrightsandlicensingshouldbesubmittedto:copyright@.

COVERPHOTOGRAPH©FAO/AlbertGonzalezFarran

LUGANSK,UKRAINE.AnastasiyaKovalchukfeedingherchickens.

2023

EUROPEANDCENTRALASIA

REGIONALOVERVIEWOFFOODSECURITYANDNUTRITION

STATISTICSANDTRENDS

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

Budapest,2023

CONTENTS

FOREWORDv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSvii

ABBREVIATIONS

viii

CHAPTER1

SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOAL2.1:UNDERNOURISHMENTANDFOODINSECURITY1

1.1

Prevalenceofundernourishment2

1.2

PrevalenceoffoodinsecuritybasedontheFoodInsecurityExperienceScale5

CHAPTER

2

SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOAL2.2:MALNUTRITION12

2.1

Stuntingamongchildrenunder5yearsofage12

2.2

Wastingamongchildrenunder5yearsofage14

2.3

Overweightamongchildrenunder5yearsofage16

2.4

Anaemiaamongwomenaged15to49years18

CHAPTER

3

ADDITIONALWORLDHEALTHASSEMBLYNUTRITIONINDICATORS21

3.1

Adultobesity22

3.2

Prevalenceofexclusivebreastfeedingduringthefirstsixmonthsoflife24

3.3

Prevalenceoflowbirthweight27

CHAPTER

4

UPDATESTOTHECOSTANDAFFORDABILITYOFAHEALTHYDIET30

ANNEXES

35

Annex1:Datatables35

Annex2:Definitionsofindicators59

Annex3:Notes61

Annex4:Countrygroupings62

NOTES63

REFERENCES

64

FIGURESANDTABLES

FIGURES

1

Prevalenceofundernourishmentbysubregion2

2PrevalenceofundernourishmentinEuropeandCentralAsia,selectedcountriesandsubregions4

3Prevalenceoffoodinsecuritybysubregion5

4Numberofseverelyfood-insecurepeoplebysubregion7

5Numberofmoderatelyorseverelyfood-insecurepeoplebysubregion8

6Prevalenceofmoderateorseverefoodinsecuritybycountryandsubregion9

7Prevalenceofmoderateorseverefoodinsecuritybysexandsubregion,202210

8Prevalenceofstuntingamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebysubregion13

9Prevalenceofstuntingamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebycountryandsubregion14

10Prevalenceofwastingamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebysubregion,202215

11Prevalenceofwastingamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebycountryandsubregion,latestyear

availablefrom2015to202215

12Prevalenceofoverweightamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebysubregion17

13Prevalenceofoverweightamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebycountryandsubregion18

14Prevalenceofanaemiaamongwomenaged15to49yearsbysubregion19

15Prevalenceofanaemiaamongwomenaged15to49yearsbycountryandsubregion20

16Prevalenceofobesityamongadultsbysubregion22

17Prevalenceofobesityamongadultsbycountryandsubregion23

18Prevalenceofexclusivebreastfeedingamonginfants0–5monthsofagebysubregion25

19Prevalenceofexclusivebreastfeedingamonginfants0–5monthsofagebycountryandsubregion26

20Prevalenceoflowbirthweightbysubregion27

21Prevalenceoflowbirthweightbycountryandsubregion28

22ChangeinthecostofahealthydietinEuropeandCentralAsiabysubregion32

23Changeinthenumberofpeopleunabletoaffordahealthydietbysubregion33

24Percentageofpeopleunabletoaffordahealthydietbycountryandsubregion34

TABLES

1Prevalenceofundernourishmentbysubregion,percent3

2Numberofundernourishedpeoplebysubregion,millions3

3Prevalenceoffoodinsecuritybysubregion,percent6

4Numberofseverelyfood-insecurepeoplebysubregion,millions7

5Numberofmoderatelyorseverelyfood-insecurepeoplebysubregion,millions8

6Prevalenceoffoodinsecuritybysexandsubregion,percent10

7Prevalenceofstuntingamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebysubregion,percent13

8Prevalenceofwastingamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebysubregion,percent16

9Prevalenceofoverweightamongchildrenunder5yearsofagebysubregion,percent17

10Prevalenceofanaemiaamongwomenaged15to49yearsbysubregion,percent19

11Prevalenceofobesityamongadultsbysubregion,percent24

12Prevalenceofexclusivebreastfeedingamonginfants0–5monthsofagebysubregion,percent25

13Prevalenceoflowbirthweightbysubregion,percent29

14Costofahealthydietbysubregion32

15Numberofpeopleunabletoaffordahealthydietbysubregion33

A1.1Prevalenceofundernourishment,percent35

A1.2Numberofundernourishedpeople,millions37

A1.3Prevalenceoffoodinsecurity,percent39

A1.4Numberoffood-insecurepeople,millions41

A1.5Prevalenceoffoodinsecuritybysex,percent43

A1.6Prevalenceofstuntingamongchildrenunder5yearsofage,percent45

A1.7Prevalenceofwastingamongchildrenunder5yearsofage,percent46

A1.8Prevalenceofoverweightamongchildrenunder5yearsofage,percent47

A1.9Prevalenceofanaemiaamongwomenaged15to49,percent48

A1.10Prevalenceofobesityamongadults,percent50

A1.11Prevalenceofexclusivebreastfeedingamonginfants0–5monthsofage,percent52

A1.12Prevalenceoflowbirthweight,percent53

A1.13Affordabilityofahealthydiet55

A1.14Costofahealthydiet,PPPdollarsperpersonperday

57

|v|

FOREWORD

The2023RegionalOverviewofFoodSecurityandNutritioninEuropeandCentralAsiaistheninth

EuropeandCentralAsia(ECA)reportmonitoringregionaltrendsandprogressmadetowardsreachingSustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)2foodsecurityandnutritiontargets.SDG2,oftenreferredtoasthe“ZeroHunger”goal,aimstoendhunger,achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutrition,andpromotesustainableagriculture.

SevenyearsarelefttoachievetheSDG2goalsofendinghunger,foodinsecurityandallformsof

malnutritionby2030.TheECAregionismostlyontracktoachievehungerandfoodsecuritytargetsdespiteseriouschallengesexperiencedinthepastcoupleofyears.In2022,foodsecurityandnutritionthroughouttheworldandintheECAregionwerechallengedbytheongoingCOVID-19pandemicandthestartofwarinUkrainealongsideadverseweathereventsstemmingfromclimatechange.Inadditiontotheseoverlappingshocks,theECAregionalsoexperienceddevastatingearthquakesinTürkiye,aseveredroughtinthe

RepublicofMoldovaandthelargedisplacementofpeopleescapingthewarinUkraine.Theseshockshaveledtohigherfoodandenergyprices,increasedcostsofagriculturalinputsandproduction,hightariffsof

transportationandtransition,reducedpurchasingpower,andincreasedcostofliving.Manyofthesecostsreachedall-timehighlevelsinmid-2022.

Whiletheshockshaveadverselyaffectedeffortstoendhungerandimprovefoodsecurityandnutrition,

themostrecentestimatesfor2022generallyrevealalowprevalenceofhungerandfoodinsecurityintheECAregioncomparedtotheworldaverage.In2022,theestimatednumberofmoderatelyorseverelyfood-insecurepeoplelivingwithoutaccesstosafe,nutritiousandadequatefooddeclinedby4.7million.

ProgresshasbeenmadeinmostcountriesoftheECAregioninreducingvariousformsofmalnutrition,includingchildstunting,childwastingandlowbirthweight.However,theregionisinaworseposition

overallregardingtheprevalenceofchildhoodoverweightandadultobesity.In2022,theprevalenceof

overweightchildrenunder5yearsofageintheECAregionwas7.1percent,higherthantheglobalestimate

of5.7percent.AdultobesityisontheriseinallsubregionsandallcountriesintheECAregionandconsistentlyhasbeenabovegloballevels.

Healthydietsthatcontainbalanced,diverse,nutritiousandappropriatelyselectedfoodsinfluencehealthandnutritionandpromotethepreventionofcommonnon-communicablediseases.This2023editionof

theRegionalOverviewofFoodSecurityandNutritioninEuropeandCentralAsiaprovidesupdatesonthe

costandaffordabilityofahealthydietfor2021intheregion.Theanalysisshowsthattheaveragecostof

ahealthydiethasincreasedintheECAregionandalmostallitssubregionsbecauseofrisinginflation.

Nevertheless,thenumberofpeoplewhocannotaffordahealthydiethasdeclinedby25.7million.Thiscanbeexplainedbyincreasedincomesamongthepopulationin2021comparedtothepreviousyear,when

purchasingpowerdeclineddrasticallyduetotheeconomicimpactsoftheCOVID-19pandemic.

WhileECAcountriesareworkingtoachievetheSDGs,thepromotionofhealthydietshasbeenchallenging.Ashighlightedintheeightheditionofthisreportin2022,thiswouldrequireanagrifoodsystem

transformationthatplacestherepurposingoffoodandagriculturalpoliciesatthecentreofaddressing

challengesrelatedtofoodsecurity,nutritionandhealth;thelivelihoodsoffarmersandothersconnectedtotheagriculturesector;andenvironmentalsustainability.

Sustainable,resilient,inclusiveandefficientagrifoodsystemsthatsupportandpromoteaffordablehealthydietsforallrequireadequatepolicyoptionsandclosecollaborationandcoordinationamongmultiple

sectorswithinandoutsideofagrifoodsystems.Theneedsofvulnerablegroupssuchassmall-scalefamily

|vi|

farmers,womenandyouthmustbethefocusofregionalandnationalprogrammesandprojectsdirected

toagrifoodsystemstransformation.Theseprogrammesandprojectsalsoshouldcontributetoreducingtheenvironmentalfootprintofagrifoodsystemsandtomakinghealthydietsmoreaffordable.

AswithpreviouseditionsoftheRegionalOverviewofFoodSecurityandNutritioninEuropeandCentral

Asia,wehopethatthisreportprovidesvaluableinformationthatcancontributetoeffectiveintersectoral

collaboration,includingwithcivilsocietyorganizationsandtheprivatesector,toaccelerateprogress

towardsachievingtheSDG2goalofahunger-free,food-secureandhealthyEuropeandCentralAsia.Strongpoliticalwillandconsiderableeffortsfrommanystakeholdersareneededtotransitiontoagrifoodsystems

thathelpprovidebetterproduction,betternutrition,abetterenvironmentandbetterlivesforall,leavingnoonebehind.OurOrganizationstandsfirmlycommittedandreadytosupportgovernmentsintheireffortsatregionalandnationallevels.

GodfreyMagwenzi

DirectorofCabinet

Officer-in-Charge

RegionalOfficeforEurope

andCentralAsia

FAO

|vii|

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

TheRegionalOverviewofFoodSecurityandNutritioninEuropeandCentralAsia2023was

preparedbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsRegionalOfficeforEuropeandCentralAsiainclosecooperationwiththeFAOAgrifoodEconomicsDivision(ESA)andtheFAOStatisticsDivision(ESS).

SeniorPolicyOfficerTamaraNanitashvilicoordinatedthepreparationofthedocumentandleditsproductionundertheoverallsupervisionandguidanceofRaimundJehle,RegionalProgramme

Leader.VladimirRakhmanin,formerFAOAssistantDirector-GeneralandRegionalRepresentativeforEuropeandCentralAsia,providedvaluableoversighttotheproductionofthereport.

EconomistChengFang,thepreviouscoordinatorofthereport,providedvaluablesuggestionstothepreparatoryworkandcoordinationrequiredforthispublication.

MáximoToreroCullenandJoséRoseroMoncayofromFAOheadquartersprovidedguidanceintermsofthestructureandcontentofthereport.OlivierLavagned'Ortigueprovidedsupport

fordatavisualization.GiovanniCarrascoAzzini,ValentinaConti,AnneKepple,OlivierLavagned’Ortigue,HernánMuñoz,AbdulSattar,TrudyWijnhovenandFirasYassinprovidedvaluable

commentsandinputs.

AttheFAORegionalOfficeforEuropeandCentralAsia,VictoriaKalininandIrinaTarakanova

coordinatedthepublishingprocess,withvaluablesupportfromcolleaguesatFAOheadquarters

inRome.SpecialthanksgotoMatthewAndersonforhiseditorialsupport,totheNeotech

companyfortranslatingthedocumentintoRussian,andtoJoseIgnacioRamirezforgraphicdesignandlayout.

|viii|

ABBREVATIONS

BMI

CIS

ECA

EFTA

EU

FAO

FIES

IFAD

PoU

PPP

SDG

UNICEFWFP

WHO

bodymassindex

CommonwealthofIndependentStatesEuropeandCentralAsia

EuropeanFreeTradeAssociationEuropeanUnion

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsFoodInsecurityExperienceScale

InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopmentPrevalenceofundernourishment

purchasingpowerparity

SustainableDevelopmentGoalUnitedNationsChildren’sFund

WorldFoodProgramme

WorldHealthOrganization

|1|

CHAPTER1

SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOAL2.1:

UNDERNOURISHMENTANDFOODINSECURITY

Keymessages

nTheworldwideprevalenceofundernourishment(PoU),whichremainedrelatively

unchangedfrom2021to2022,affectedabout9.2percentoftheworldpopulationin

2022.ThePoUintheEuropeandCentralAsia(ECA)regionhasbeenbelow2.5percentsince2000.

nThePoUhasremainedbelow2.5percentformorethanadecadeinallECAsubregionsotherthanCentralAsia,whereitwas3percentin2022(althoughthisislowerthan

in2021).TheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland(EU-27andtheUnitedKingdom)andtheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation

(EFTA)countrieshadaPoUbelow2.5percentfrom2000to2022.

nIntheECAregion,111.1millionpeople,or11.9percentofthepopulation,wereestimatedtobemoderatelyorseverelyfoodinsecurein2022.Thisisdownfrom

12.4percent(theequivalentof4.7millionfewerpeople)in2021,whiletheglobaltrendremainedunchangedforthesecondyearinarow.About2.8percent(26.2million

people)oftheECA’spopulationwerefacingseverefoodinsecurityin2022,anincreaseof0.1percentagepointsinoneyear.

nIn2022,foursubregionshadahigherprevalenceofmoderateorseverefoodinsecuritythantheregionalaverage:thegroupofcountriesincludingIsraelandTürkiye,at

35.8percent;CentralAsia,at17.4percent;theWesternBalkans,at16.9percent;andtheCaucasus,at14.7percent.

nSex-disaggregatedestimatesacrosstheECAregionshowthatmoderateorsevere

foodinsecuritywasexperiencedslightlymorebywomen(12.5percent)thanbymen(10.7percent)in2022.Thistrendisconsistentatthegloballevelandacross

allsubregions.

|2|

CHAPTER1

SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTGOAL2.1:UNDERNOURISHMENTANDFOODINSECURITY

1.1PREVALENCEOFUNDERNOURISHMENT

TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)PoUindicatorisderived

fromofficialcountrydataonfoodsupply,foodconsumptionanddietaryenergyneedsinthe

population,consideringsuchdemographiccharacteristicsasage,sexandlevelofphysical

activity.Designedtocaptureastateofchronicenergydeprivation,itdoesnotreflecttheshort-livedeffectsoftemporarycrisesoratemporarilyinadequateintakeofessentialnutrients.FAOstrivesalwaystoimprovetheaccuracyofthePoUestimatesbyconsideringnewinformation;

theentirehistoricalseriesisupdatedforeachreport.Forthisreason,onlythecurrentseriesofestimatesshouldbeused,includingforvaluesinpastyears(FAOetal.,2019).

Inthepasttwodecades,countriesintheECAregionhavemadesignificantprogressincombatingundernourishment,mostnotablyfrom2000to2011.In2000,thePoUintheentireregionwas

3.1percent,andithasbeenbelow2.5percentsince2004(FIGURE1,TABLE1).

AllECAsubregionsexceptCentralAsiashowPoUlevelsbelow2.5percentsince2012(TABLE1).

In2020,duringtheongoingCOVID-19pandemic,thePoUintheCentralAsiasubregionreached

3.2percent,anincreaseof0.5percentagepointsfromthepreviousyear.However,thePoUin

CentralAsiadeclinedfrom2021to2022,droppingto3.0percent.ThePoUinallsubregionswasstilllowerthantheworldaverageof9.2percentin2022.》》

FIGURE1

Prevalenceofundernourishmentbysubregion

PERCENTAGE

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

20

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

2022

0

EuropeandCentralAsiaCaucasus

CentralAsia

CISEuropeandUkraine

WesternBalkans

NOTES:Thevaluesfor2020to2022areprojections.NumbersarenotreportedwhenthePoUislowerthan2.5percent.FAOdoesnotconsidernational-levelPoUestimateslowerthan2.5percenttobesufficientlyreliableforreportingduetostatisticalmarginsoferroraroundtheparametersusedtocalculatethe

PoU.TheestimatedPoUhasbeenbelow2.5percentofthepopulationinEuropeandCentralAsiasince2004,inCISEuropeandUkrainesince2005,intheWesternBalkanssince2010,andintheCaucasussince2012.

SOURCE:AdaptedfromFAO.2023.SuiteofFoodSecurityIndicators.In:FAOSTAT.Rome.[CitedJuly2023].

/faostat/en/#data/FS

|3|

REGIONALOVERVIEWOFFOODSECURITYANDNUTRITIONINEUROPEANDCENTRALASIA-2023

TABLE1

Prevalenceofundernourishmentbysubregion,percent

2000

2010

2014

2019

2020

2021

2022

WORLD12.7

8.6

7.7

7.9

8.9

9.3

9.2

EuropeandCentralAsia

3.1

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

Caucasus18.3

3.0

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

CentralAsia14.4

6.6

4.4

2.8

3.3

3.2

3.0

CISEuropeandUkraine4.9

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

EFTAcountries<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

EU-27andthe

UnitedKingdom

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

Other<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

WesternBalkans4.4

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

<2.5

NOTE:Thevaluesfor2020to2022areprojections.

SOURCE:AdaptedfromFAO.2023.SuiteofFoodSecurityIndicators.In:FAOSTAT.Rome.[CitedJuly2023].

/faostat/en/#data/FS

TABLE2

Numberofundernourishedpeoplebysubregion,millions

2000

2010

2014

2019

2020

2021

2022

WORLD781.7

597.8

563.9

612.8

701.4

738.8

735.1

EuropeandCentralAsia

26.6

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

Caucasus2.9

0.5

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

CentralAsia8.1

4.2

3.0

2.0

2.5

2.4

2.3

CISEuropeandUkraine10.4

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

EFTAcountriesn.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

EU-27andthe

UnitedKingdom

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

Othern.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

WesternBalkans0.8

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

n.r.

NOTE:Thevaluesfor2020to2022areprojections.n.r.=notreported,astheprevalenceislessthan2.5percent.

SOURCE:AdaptedfromFAO.2023.SuiteofFoodSecurityIndicators.In:FAOSTAT.Rome.[CitedJuly2023].

/faostat/en/#data