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Parallelism

平行构造

Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseup...Ihaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsof…IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi…Ihaveadream….Ihaveadreamtoday…Ihaveadreamthatoneday…Ihaveadreamtoday…Ihavedreamthatoneday…-Dr.MartinLutherKing--IhaveadreamGeneralFunctionmake

the

speech

effective

and

forceful

make

the

speech

clear

and

logical

make

the

speech

more

rhythmical

and

emotional

ContentofparallelismDefinitionUsagesFunctioncontractDefinitionA

parallelism

is

a

figure

of

speech

that

uses

similar

structures

in

separate

sentences

to

express

related

ideas

and

with

which

the

sentence

is

emphatic

and

forceful.

In

parallel

structure

it

is

necessary

to

balance

word

for

word,

phrase

for

phrase,

clause

for

clause

and

sentence

for

sentence.平行构造就是把构造相同、意义并重、语气一致旳词或词组或句子排列成串，形成一种整体。其特点是：构造上整齐匀称，读起来铿锵有力Parallelism,byclarifyingtherelationshipbetweenawriter’sideas,orbetweenpartsofasingleidea,hasarhetoricaleffect.Itisthecomponentofliterarystyle,inwhichcoordinatesingleideasarearrangedinphrases,sentences,andparagraphsthatbalanceoneelementwithanotherofequalimportanceandsimilarwording.---------frombookInaparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordwithword,phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentenceswithsentences.Thatistosay,thegeneralrhetoricalprincipleofparallelismis:similarideasareexpressedbysimilargrammaticalforms.

-------frombookusagesAseriesofwordsAgroupofphrasesArowofclausesAsetofsentencesAseriesofwords

Theywaitedfourhoursattheairport,readingandsleeping.(action)Theyoungactorwastall,dark,andhandsome.Galileostudied,thought,andexperimented.------frombookAn

Englishman

thinks

seated;

a

Frenchman,

standing;

an

American,

pacing;

an

Irishman,

afterward.

(O'

Malley)

英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。Agroupofphrases

Shetraveled

byland,bysea,

andbyair.Tosupporthisfamily

andto

puthimselfthroughcollege,

heworkedseveralhoursaday.Buyingacar

andbeginningherjob

werethenextstepsinherlife.------frombookStudies

serve

for

delight,

for

ornament,

and

for

ability.

(Francis

Bacon:

Of

Studies)

读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。Arowofclauses

Ateacherwhospendstimewithhisstudentsandwhothoughtfullyanswerstheirquestionswillberespectedandloved.Ifyouwriteorifyoutelephone,waitfortwoweeksuntilIreturnfromChina.-------frombookAsetofsentences

Thereisnoreasonforustobeenemies.

Neitherofusseekstheterritoryoftheother;neitherofusseeksdominationovertheother;neitherofusseekstostretchoutourhandsandruletheworld.---------frombookWe

will

never

parley.

We

will

never

negotiate

with

Hitler

or

any

of

his

gang.

(W.

S.

Churchill)

我们决不谈判，我们决不与希特勒或者他旳任何帮凶协商。functionParallelismservestobeoneofthemeanstoachievecoherenceinasentencesandoftenresultsinlinguisticbrevity,structuralbalance,andpleasantrhythm.Ifawriterdevelopedthehabitoffrequentlyexpressinghimselfintermsofparallelform,s/hewouldtakeamajorsteptowardproducingeffectiveessays.contractRepetition:It’stheprofitnow,nottheproduct.Halfthetime,wecheat

theforemen,

theforemen

cheatthemanagement,

themanagement

cheats

thecustomer.

A