汽车车架设计(中英翻译)

汽车设计----车架设计第二种是汽车车架的单体结构。这种设计到目前为止在现代汽车上是最常活塞顶部还是燃烧室的组成部分。工作条件：活塞在高温、高压、高速、润滑不良的条件下工作。活塞直接与高温气体接触，瞬时温度可达2500K以上，因此，受热严重，而散热条件又很差，所以活塞工作时温度很高，顶部高达600~700K,且温度分布很不均匀；活塞顶部承受气体压力很大，特别是作功行程压力最大，汽油机高达3～5MPa,柴油机高达6～9MPa,这就使得活塞产生冲击，并加速磨损，还会产生附加载荷和热应力，同时受到燃气的化学腐蚀作用。为动力传动系统驱动轮上带有独立悬架的汽车中有一个牢固地附加在车身大梁或发动机上悬架系统用。每当轮胎不与路面接触或汽车开始打滑时，汽车的控制力(动力、转向力、制动力)就会减弱甚至丧失。了连杆装置而使汽车的性能得到了改善。悬架结构的改进是随着路况的改善和驾驶员的需要而进行改进的。大多数前置发动机，后轮驱动的汽车都采用一个简单的从属性后悬架。但后轮驱动的独立悬架结构复杂得多，而且成本极高，因而只用于少数客车上。对于前置发动机前轮驱动的车辆，通过把传动装置移至前部，后悬架仅用来调节驾驶控制力和刹车时的反作用。这就导致了简化的非独立的悬架机构，半独立的悬架机构和独立的后悬架机构的应用，后者大量应用于新型车辆的结构设计汽车驾驶员通过对转向齿轮的控制汽车前轮的方向。现代的转向齿轮有两个主要的部分组成，转向杆和齿轮组。转向杆有一个被支撑的轴，它把驾驶员的方向盘与齿轮组连在了一起。齿轮组可将汽车驾驶员的转向力增大，以带动转向连杆装置。后轮驱动汽车的前轮在一个心轴上转动。心轴是转向节的一部分。该转向节与带有球接头的前悬横梁相互连接。球接头在前悬架上下移动时可以进行转向。前轮驱动的汽车的轮毂在转向节里的轴承内的空心轴短轴杆上传动。汽车方向盘控制转向齿轮装置。它依次通过转向连杆装置使转向节开始移动。现在使用两种转向齿轮的结构，即齿轮齿条式结构以及循环球式结构。现代汽车设计了对速度敏感的转向结构。因此当汽车慢速行驶时需要较大的力才能使汽车转向。于是在很多汽车上装备了助力转向装置。由于助力转向装置起了主要作用，所以转向比降低了，这样就能够轻微转动方向盘使得汽车转向。助力转向齿轮类似于标准的转向齿轮。它有承压面，液体压力加在其上，以增加汽车驾驶员的转向力。齿轮齿条式转向结构和循环球齿轮结构都有了动力辅助装置。转向齿轮的动力是由发动机从动泵提供的。该泵使动力转向液体流过一个由阀体控制的系统。该控制阀能感知汽车驾驶员的转向力。把液体压力加到转向系统的承压面上。该液体压力承接了一些使汽车转向的力。现在汽车的转向杆有很多个部件组成。它被用来分散、抵消汽车碰撞力以保护驾驶员的切身安全。在有些汽车上转向杆还可以倾斜和伸缩来调节方向盘的位置使驾驶员感觉更加舒适。为了减少驾驶员汽车被盗的机会，还安装有一个转向齿轮的保险锁。很多汽车还有一个变速器保险锁。因为处在驾驶员很容易触及的范围内，所以转向杆上还可以带有变速器换挡控制滑杆，转向信号开关，前大灯和变光开关，刮水器开关，紧急闪烁器开关和速度控制器。使用中的制动器应能起到制动住车辆的作用。制动器能使汽车滑行时能防止行驶速度过快，在斜坡上制动时能将汽车停在适当的位置上。汽车刹车的设计应使驾驶员能调节制动力以控制汽车。汽车的控制不仅受悬架和转向系统影响，而且也受汽车刹车影响。制动系统的故障可导致汽车刹车时车轮滑脱。要修理悬梁系统，也可能需要将制动系统的部件拆卸开。为此本文将讨论制动系统。制动系统应给予汽车驾驶员提供均匀平稳的制动力。刹车板上所需的力不应太大，而使车轮不至于被瞬间刹死。为满足这些汽车刹车的要求，对于汽车制动已有了最低限度的刹车标准。轴法兰之间。当汽车刹车块的直径膨胀至使汽车刹车片与汽车刹车表面相接触AutomobileDesign----Framelinkagepartsattach.Avehiclewillneitherstflexible.Arigidframestanddurability,aswellasthelevelsofbothnoiseandvibration.Manufacturersuseseveraldifferenttypesofconstructionontheithese,separatebodyandframeconstructionItisstillusedinlargevans,pickups,andtrucks.Inthistypeofconstruction,theengine,driveline,runninggear,andbodymounttotheframethroughinsulatfromgoingintothepassengeAsecondtypeofconstructionistmostpopularinmodernvehicles.Theunitizeddesignhasalightweightstructuretherequiredstrength.Tnthistypeofconstaspartofthebodystructure.Bodypanelsaddstrengthtotheframepieces.Therunninggearanddrivelinearemountedtotheunitizedbodythrosyntheticrubberinsulators.Theinsulatorsminimizethetransferofnoiseandvibrationmovement.Thismovement,calledcompliance,affectsvehiclehandlingandcontrol.Iftheinsulatorsaretoohard,theywillnotinsulatenoiseandvibrationastheyshould.Themanufacturercarefullydesignstheinsulatorsandputsthemwheretheyavehiclewithlownoiseandvibrationtransfeel.Insulatorpropertieschangewithage,changingoriginalcharacteristicAthirdtypeofconstruItusesastubframefromthebulkheadfoManufacturersselectwhileprovidingthenoise,vibration,andridframeconstruction.Thenewer,smallThemachinepistonconnectinThepistonconnectingrodsetiscompin,connectingrod,connectingreffect:Theeffectofthepistonistobcopingisstillapartoftheburnconditionofheat,highpressure,highcontactswiththeheatair.Thetemoment.Thepistonisheatedseverely,buttheconditionofspreadingthebad.Sowhilethepistonworks,thetemperatureisveryhighanthe600-700Ks:Andthetemperaturedistributesasymmetrically;Thepibearsgreatairpressure,especia6-9MPas.Thismakesthepistonproducepound,andbearthefunctionofthesidepressure.Therefore,thepistonheatingarea,,strengththecopingdescend.ThepistonmoveschemicalcorrosivepoweroftheburninggasInordertodescendtheinertialdintoftheconditionoftheheat,highpressure,highspeed(theaveragespeedcanamou2)Transmitheatwell,bearthehighpres3)thequantityissmall,theweightislight,descendtheinertiashape,position,sizearerelevanttotheconcretefromoftheburnableroom.Theyareisgoodtoimprovetheprocessexchangingtheffectofpushingthegasorextendtheratioofcompressing.ConveThepistonreferstothefirstpistonwreathtothepartabovethepistonpin.Ithasthreewreathslotsgenerally,whicharetwoslots.Atthebottomofoiflowwhichisspreadfromthepistoncopingtothefirstgaswreacaloriesfromapistonwreathspread,thuseasingthehotburdenofthefirstgasOnsomeenginessmallwcylinderwallsfrombitingtomatchwhenitworkinthecwallthroughthepistonwreathtoleakproofdepwater.Inaword,thefuncwallthroughthepistonwrThepistonskirtdepartmentreferstothepartsfromthebottomoftheoilwreathecylinder,andbearthesideprthesizeandthepistondiameterofthesidepressure.Theso-calledsidepinthecompressionrouteoftravelandmakeroutcomponentofthegaspressurewhpistontotheaircylinderwall.Compresstherouteoftravelandmakethesidepressuredirectionoftheefficacyrouteoftravelairexactlytheopposite,becauseofintherouteoftravelofefintherouteoftravelpressure.Twoonthesidesthmutuallyperpendiculardirectionofthestalklinewithpistonup.fromtheengine,theother.TheenginetoduringbrakingplaceloadsonthesuspDuringsuspensionrepair,itmaybeessarytodisassemblepartsofthedriveline.basicunderstandingofdiworkingknowledgesothatyoucandosuspensionrdriveintooneassembly.Thisisalsoassemblyiscalledatransaxle,Shorthalf-shaftswithuniversaljointsconnectbetweenthetransaxleandthewheels.Theseshaftscarrydrivetothewheelsevenwhenthesuwheel.Thisallowsthedrivewheels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