英语学术论文写作类型

Lecture1:TypesofWritingandGeneralIntroduction

ForthepostgraduatesMainContents1)Whatisanessay?2)TypesOfWriting

A)DescriptiveEssayB)NarrativeEssayC)ExpositoryEssayD)ArgumentativeEssay2)Researchpaper

A)TermPaperB)ThesisC)DissertationMainContents4)Whatisinvolvedinresearchpaperwriting?

A)Pre-writingStageB)WritingStageC)Post-writingStage5)Lay-outoftheLecturesinthisTerm

Whatisanessay?“Anessayisashortliterarycompositiononaparticularthemeorsubject”.Itcanalsobedefinedas“ananalyticorinterpretativeliterarycompositionusuallydealingwithitssubjectfromalimitedorpersonalpointofview”.StructureofanEssayAnEssayhasthreemianparts:anintroduction,abodyandconclusion.DiagramDescriptiveEssay描写

NarrativeEssay叙述

ExpositoryEssay说明

ArgumentativeEssay议论

DescriptionDescriptionispaintingapictureinwordsofaperson,place,objectorscene.“adescriptionessayisgenerallydevelopedthroughsensorydetails,ortheimpressionsofone’ssenses–sight,hearing,taste,smell,andtouch.Examples:person“ChouEn-laiarrivedattheguesthouseforstatevisitorsat4:30.hisgaunt,expressivefacewasdominatedbypiercingeyes,conveyingamixtureofintensityandrepose,ofwarinessandcalmself-confidence.HeworeanimmaculatelytailoredgrayMaoTunic,atoncesimpleandelegant.Hemovedgracefullyandwithdignity,fillingaroomnotbyhisphysicaldominance,butbyhisairofcontrolledtension….”Examples:PlaceWithashoppingbaginmyhand,Ienteredthegateifthefreemarketnearmyhome.SuddenlyaterriblesmellreachedmynoseandIcouldnothelpfeelingnauseated.LookingaroundIfoundthatthefoulsmellcamethepoultrystallsontheleftsideofthestreet.There,everystallcagewaspackedwithfourorfivechickens.Occasionally,thechickenscrowedsadlyasiftheyknewtheyweregoingtobecooked.Thefeedstankunderthehotsummersun.Iputahanker-chieftomynoseandhurriedaway.Examples:sceneThetyphooncameoutoftheseaasadeephollowroar.Thenitappearedasamonstrousblackcloud.Thecloudseemedathingalive,shapingitselfthiswayorthat,tornbycontendingwinds.However,itmightstretchtorightorleft,itcontinuedtospreadupwardandreachtowardeastandwest.Thedaydarkenedtotwilightandthedreadedroarofsoundcamerushingtowardmefromoutofthedepths.Icrouchedbehindmyrockandwaited.NarrationTonarrateistogiveanaccountofaneventoraseriesofevents.Initsbroadestsense,narrativewritingincludesstories,realorimaginary,biographies,histories,newsitems,andnarrativepoems.Example:narrationThemostimportantdayIrememberinallmylifeistheoneonwhichmyteacher,AnneMansfieldSullivan,cametome.Iamfilledwithwonderwhenconsidertheimmeasurablecontrastsbetweenthetwoliveswhichitconnects.ItwasthethirdofMarch,1887,threemonthsbeforeIwassevenyearsold.Example:narrationOntheafternoonofthateventfulday,Istoodontheporch,dumb,expectant.Iguessedvaguelyfrommymother’ssighsandfromthehurryingtoandfrointhehousethatsomethingunusualwasabouttohappen,soIwenttothedoorandwaitedonthesteps.Example:narrationTheafternoonsunpenetratedthemassofhoneysucklethatcoveredtheporch,andfellonmyupturnedface.Myfingerlingeredalmostunconsciouslyonthefamiliarleavesandblossomswhichhadjustcomeforthtogreetthesweetsouthernspring.Ididnotknowwhatthefutureheldofmarvelorsurpriseforme.Angerandbitternesshadpreyeduponmecontinuallyforweeksandadeeplanguorhadsucceededthispassionatestruggle.ExpositionExpositionmeansexpoundingorexplaining.Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecauseofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblem.Example:expositionThegradingsystemalsocontainspenaltiesandrewards,butthat’swhatmakespeopletick.Wouldanystudentwriteatempaper,readatextbook,orattendalectureinafieldoutsidehisinterestifhewerenotmotivatedbygrades?Becausestudyingandlearningarehardwork,studentsneedpenaltiesandrewards.Ofcoursethisresultsinpressure.Certainly,thisproducescompetition.Butwithoutthem,fewpeoplewouldstrivetolettheirlearningexceedtheirintellectualreach.Ohyes,thereareafewstudentswhoarehighlyself-motivatedandaregenuinelyinterestedinlearning.Butmoststudentwouldratherseeabasketballgame,rapintheGrill,orwatchamovie.Let'sfaceit—that’swhyweneedthepresentgradingsystem.Anythingelsewouldresultinaloweringofthestandardsandafifth-rateuniversity.ArgumentationAnargumentativeessaytriestomakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyoracourseofactionthatitproposes.DifferencebetweenexpositionandargumentationExpositionTotell,toinformMakesomethingknownandmakethereaderunderstandNarrationToconvince,topersuademakethereaderagreewithitspointofviewandsupportit,topersuadehimtochangehismindorbehavior,andtoapproveapolicyorcourseofactionArgumentationisactuallyexpositionwiththeadditionalpurposeofconvincingorpersuading.

Basicfeatures1)Adebatablepoint:Itisimperativethatthepapershouldhaveadebatablepoint,thatis,somethingwhichcanbeviewedfrommorethanoneangleandisthereforeopentodispute.Whatshouldbeavoided1)Chinesedoctorsuseacupunctureanesthesiatoperformcertainoperation(merestatementsoffacts)Acupunctureanesthesiashouldreplaceconventionalanesthesiainalloperations(debatablepoint)Whatshouldbeavoided2)WilliamFaulknerismyfavoriteAmericanwriter(statementsofpersonalpreference)WilliamFaulkneristhegreatestChinesewriterinthe20thcenturyAmericanliterature(disputablepoint)Whatshouldbeavoided3)Noisepollutionisharmfultopeople’shealth(Viewpointsthataregenerallyaccepted):Noisepollutionisthemostharmfulofallenvironmentalpollution(disputablepoint).Basicfeatures2)sufficientevidence:Youarerequiredtoprovidesufficientevidencetoconvincethereader.Itincludes:a)commonknowledge;b)specificexamples;c)hardevidence,orfacts,notyourpersonalopinions.d)expertandauthoritativeopinions,quotationsfromauthoritiesBasicfeatures3)Goodlogicandclearlogic

Goodlogicisevenmoreimportanttoargumentationthantoanyothertypesofwriting.Allthefactsandreasonsthataregivenasevidenceshouldbelogicallyconnectedwiththesisstatementandconclusion.Basicfeatures3)Goodlogicandclearlogicclearlogicmeansthatatypicalargumentativeessayusuallyconsistsofthreeparts:anintroductionwhichidentifiestheissuetobediscussedandexplainstheimportanceofsuchadiscussion;abody(toomuchcomplicatedanddifficult)whichpresentstheevidence;andaconclusioninwhichthepropositionisreaffirmed.ThethreeBasics论点：[argument;thesis;proposition]论述中的确定性意见及支持意见的理由。论据：[groundsofargument;basisofanargument;contention;datum]证明论题的判断；在一个推论中,充当理由根据,以便推衍出结论的部分。论证：[demonstrate;proof]∶用论据证明论题的真实性[testify;expoundandprove]∶根据个人的了解或理解证明WhatisresearchpaperAresearchpaper(sometimescalledaliterarypaperoratermpaperorathesis)isusuallyaformal,fairlylongandwell-documentedcompositionthatexplores,discusses,oranalyzesacertainfactualortheoreticalissue,anditshouldbecharacterizedbylucidandcoherentexposition.Commonlyadoptedforms1)Bookreport;2)Termpaper;3)Reviewarticle;4)Thesis;

5)DissertationTermpaperThenametermpaperreferstoaprojectthatsummarizesordemonstratesmasteryoftheworkofatermorsemester.Dependingonthecourse,atermpapermayormaynotincludeformalresearch.Thesis

Thewordthesiscommonlyreferstoasubstantialresearchproject.Asthewordimplies,athesisshoulddrawanoriginalconclusionbasedoninformationderivedfromresearch.InAmericanusage,itisgenerallyreservedfortheMaster’spaperortheundergraduatehonorspaper.dissertationAdissertationisaresearchpapersubmittedbyacandidateforthedoctoraldegree.Thispaperrequiresmoreresearchandmoreextensivedevelopmentofideasthanamaster’sthesis.（博士学位）论文，（专题）论文，学术演讲长而正式的论文，尤指大学里由博士学位攻读者所写的论文；学位论文Whataboutitswritingprocess?Theprocessofwritingaresearchpaperisgenerallydividedintofivestepsorstages:1)choosingatopic2)collectinginformation3)analyzingtheinformation,organizingideas,andworkingoutanoutline;4)writingthefirstdraft5)revisingthedraftandfinalizingitProcessofwritingaresearchpaper1)choosingatopic2)collectinginformation3)analyzingtheinformation,organizingideas,andworkingoutanoutline;4)writingthefirstdraft5)revisingthedraftandfinalizingita,Documentation

b,Languagec,Style

Lay-OutofTheLectures

forThisTermPre-writingStage:Lecture1:AGeneralintroductionoftheWritingcourse;Lecture2:howtonegotiateatopic,gathermaterialsandformapreliminarybibliography;Lecture3:howtotakenotesandavoidplagiarism;Lecture4:howtoformulateathesisstatementandworkoutanoutline;Lay-OutofTheLectures

forThisTermWritingStage:Lecture5:Howtowritetheintroductoryparagraphandconcludingparagraph;Lecture6:Howtogainunityandcoherenceforthebody;Lecture7:Howtorevisetheessay;Lecture8:Howtodealwiththefinaldraftandproofread.Lay-OutofTheLectures

forThisTermPost-WritingStage:Lecture9:Howtoeditanddocumentthepaper(MLAstylecentered);

Lecture1