世界经济论坛-ChatWTO：生成性人工智能与国际贸易分析（英）-2024.9

GlobalFutureCouncilonInternationalTradeandInvestment

ChatWTO:

AnAnalysisofGenerativeArtificial

IntelligenceandInternationalTrade

WHITEPAPER

SEPTEMBER2024

Images:GettyImages

Contents

Executivesummary3

Introduction4

1

Overviewofglobalgovernanceefforts5

1.1Internationalefforts5

1.2Domesticlegislativeandregulatoryefforts6

2

Overviewofcurrentinternationaltraderules7

3

UrgentworkisneededontradepolicyandGAI11

Conclusion13

Contributors14

Endnotes15

Disclaimer

Thisdocumentispublishedbythe

WorldEconomicForumasacontributiontoaproject,insightareaorinteraction.

Thefindings,interpretationsand

conclusionsexpressedhereinarearesultofacollaborativeprocessfacilitatedand

endorsedbytheWorldEconomicForumbutwhoseresultsdonotnecessarily

representtheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum,northeentiretyofitsMembers,

Partnersorotherstakeholders.

Thiswhitepaperwasdraftedwiththeaideofseverallargelanguagemodels,includingBard,ChatGPTandCohereGAI.

©2024WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformation

storageandretrievalsystem.

ChatWTO:AnAnalysisofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceandInternationalTrade2

Executivesummary

GenerativeAIneedsglobalgovernancetoavoidfragmentedregulationsand

increasedtradebarriers.

Therapidadvancementofgenerativeartificial

intelligence(GAI)haspushedAItounprecedentedlevelsofdevelopmentandsophistication.Its

swiftadoption,drivenbylargelanguagemodels(LLMs),requiresinternationaldialoguetoaddresstheethicalandpoliticalchallengesinthedomainoftradepolicy.

Inrecentyears,internationalAIdiscussionshave

focusedonsharedvalues,ethicalguidelinesand

safety,withgovernmentsrapidlyimplementing

theseprinciplesintonationalregulations.However,thesenationalefforts,drivenbyvaryingpriorities,

haveledtofragmentedanddivergentrequirementsthatarelikelytocreatecross-bordertradefrictionsandunderminegovernmentalobjectives,creatingbarrierstotheuseofGAI.

TheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)isoneofthe

feweffectiveglobalplatformsthatcanfacilitateinter-governmentalconversationsonGAIandharmonizeitsregulation.Whileexistinginternationaltradelawsprovidesomeguidance,furtherevaluationisneededtoaddressGAI’suniquechallengesandimpacts.

Keyfindings

Globalspreadandethicalconcerns:GAIis

spreadingrapidlyworldwide,bringingissuessuchasintellectualpropertyrights,privacyviolations

andcybersecuritytothefore.Examplesincludetheunauthorizeduseoftrademarkednamesandviolationsofnationalsecuritylawsduetocross-borderdatatransfers.

Efficiencybenefitsandadoption:BusinessesareadoptingGAIforitsefficiency,withstudiesshowingsignificantreductionsintaskcompletiontimesandimprovementsinoutputquality.Thisadoptionis

accompaniedbychallengesrelatedtothetechnicalandenergycostsofoperatingthesemodels.

Regulatoryefforts:Internationalbodieslike

theOrganisationforEconomicCo-operation

andDevelopment(OECD),theUnitedNations

Educational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

(UNESCO),andtheGroupofSeven(G7),alongwithnationalgovernments,aredevelopingprinciplesandregulationstomanageGAI’srisks.Theseeffortsaim

tobalanceinnovationwithpublicsafety,privacyandethicalconsiderations.

Internationaltradeimplications:GAI’scross-

bordernaturenecessitatestheapplicationof

internationaltraderules.TheWTOandother

tradebodiesshoulduseexistingframeworksto

addressGAI’suniquecharacteristics,encouragingdiscussionsonitsimpactontrade.

Transparencyandbias:Ensuringrobust

transparencyandcybersecuritystandardsiscrucialforbuildingtrustinGAI.Mistrustduetomisinformationisasignificantrisk,highlightingtheneedforclearguidelinesandinternationalcooperation.

Employmentandenvironmentalimpact:GAI’simpactonjobsisuncertain,withpotentialjob

displacementbeingacriticalconcern.Additionally,thesubstantialenergyrequirementsforGAI

operationsposeenvironmentalchallenges.

Recommendations

–Educationalinitiatives:HostsessionstoeducateWTOmembersonGAI,itsbenefitsandrisks.

–Legislativetransparency:EncouragememberstopresenttheirGAIlegislationforbetterglobalunderstandingandalignment.

–Reviewandadaptation:AssesscurrenttraderulesforGAIapplicability,identifyinggapsanddevelopingnewguidelineswherenecessary.

–Biasandfairness:DevelopstandardstotacklebiasinGAI,ensuringequitableandresponsibleuse.

–Collaborativedevelopment:Workwith

internationalbodiestocreatecoherent

guidelinespromotingsafeandsecureGAIuse.

EstablishingcommongroundrulesattheWTOiscrucialtoensuringGAIisdevelopedinafairandsafemannerthatbenefitsindividualsandcommunitiesglobally.

ChatWTO:AnAnalysisofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceandInternationalTrade3

.Researchers

atMITfoundthatusingChatGPT

reducedtask

completiontime

forwriting-focusedworkersby40%

andimprovedoutputqualityby18%.

Introduction

TheadventandspreadofgenerativeAIhavemajorimplicationsforinternationaltrade;policyguardrailsareneeded.

ThelaunchbyOpenAIofChatGPTinNovemberof2022demonstratedthatgenerativeartificial

intelligence(GAI)hadreachedanewlevelof

developmentandsophistication.AIcanbedefinedasacomputerperforminghuman-liketasks,1

whileGAIisarelativelyrecentsubfieldwithinAI

thatfocusesondevelopingalgorithmstogeneratenewcontentbasedonasetoftrainingdata.2GAIhasleapttotheforefrontofAI(andcurrentculture)

inlargepartduetotheabilityoflargelanguage

models(LLMs)torespondtospeechlikeahumanbeing.Thesemodelsoperateby“guessing”the

nextwordbasedonasetoftrainingdata.3

Theyoftenrequiretremendouscomputingpowertooperatebecausetheymustassessanentire

trainingdataset(whichcanbeevenlargerthanacopyoftheentireWorldWideWeb)torespondtoaparticularrequest.4

SeveralexampleshighlightthecriticalneedforinternationalorganizationsliketheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)toconsidertheintersectionofAIandtradepolicy.

ThefirstexampleisayoungfilmmakerinAustraliawhositsdowntoworkonadraftofherlatest

script.ShelogsintoChatGPTandentersthe

prompt,“CreateashortfictionalstoryaboutNelsonMandelafightingclimatechangein2023”.She

lovesthestoryChatGPTcreatesanddecidestoincludeitinherupcomingsurrealistfilm.However,theNelsonMandelabrandnameistrademarked,andneithertheGAInorthefilmmakersecuredtherightstousethatnamebeforeproducingthefilm,violatingintellectualproperty(IP)rules.

Alternatively,considertheboardofasuccessful

telecommunicationscompanyinDenmarkthat

isreviewingproposalstomakeoperationsmore

efficient.Themostinterestingitemfordiscussion

involvesanAIchatbotpoweredbyCohere(a

CanadianLLMprovider)torespondtocustomer

servicecalls,whichisestimatedtoreducecosts

by30%.Theboardapprovestheproposalandnowthechieftechnologyofficeristaskedwithpurchasing

acomputercapableofhandlingthetremendous

amountofincomingandoutgoinginformationthe

newchatbotwillcreate.ThechieftechnologyofficerreviewsproposalsfromseveralprovidersanddecidestopurchaseacomputerfromaChineseprovider.ThecomputerandthenewsoftwareimproveefficiencyatthecompanybutalsoviolateanewEuropeanUnion(EU)lawthatbarstheuseofAIproductsfromChinaduetonationalsecurityconcerns.

Theseexamplesdemonstratehowthespreadof

GAItechnologycreatesnumerousethical,tradelawandpolicyissues.ChatGPTbecamethefastest-

growingconsumerapplicationinhistorywhenit

reached100millionusersjusttwomonthsafteritslaunch.5BusinessesarerapidlyadoptinggenerativeAIforitsefficiencybenefits.Researchersatthe

MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)foundthatusingChatGPTreducedtaskcompletiontimeforwriting-focusedworkersby40%andimprovedoutputqualityby18%.6

However,therearelimitationstothegrowthand

efficacyofGAI.First,therearelarge-scaletechnicalandenergycostsrequiredtopowerthestorageandcomputingrequirementsofthesemodels.7AnotherpotentiallimitationonGAI’sgrowthisaccesstolargeenoughdatasetsforsufficienttraining.Forexample,nearly20%ofthetop1,000websitesintheworld

currentlyblockGAIcrawlerbots,whichresults

inGAIproviderspurchasingdatasetsfromweb

publisherstofeedanddifferentiatetheirofferings.8Theseexclusivedealstoaccessinformationraiseconcentrationandcompetitionrisks.

TherearealsoseriousrisksassociatedwithGAI.

Misinformation,disinformation,manipulation,bias,IPtheft,personalprivacyviolationsandcybersecurityissuesareallforeseeableproblems.Theimpactof

GAIonjobsisuncertain,withestimatessuggestingitcouldaffectanywherefromzeroto300million

jobsworldwide.9TheideathatGAImightdecideto“cuthumansoutoftheloop”orengageinharmfulactionsisunlikelyintheshorttermbutmaybecomeaconsiderationinthelongerterm.10

ChatWTO:AnAnalysisofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceandInternationalTrade4

1

Overviewofglobalgovernanceefforts

EffortstogovernAIgloballyfocuson

balancinginnovationwithmanagingriskslikebias,privacyandcybersecurity.

WhileGAIcreatesbenefitsandopportunities,

policy-makersaroundtheworldhavefocused

onmitigatingpossiblenegativeconsequences

ofGAIsuchaspublicsafety,bias,privacyand

otherhumanrights,andcybersecurity.Workhasbeenongoinginseveralforumsandcountries,beginningasabroaderarticulationofethicalor

value-basedprinciplesandmovingintomore

detailedandprescriptivenationalregulationor

legislation.Countrieshavefollowedinternationallyagreedprinciplesbuthaveregulatedbasedon

nationalprioritiesandlocalculturalnorms,creatingregulatorydiversitythatwillleadtofrictionand

cross-borderchallenges.

1.1

Internationalefforts

TheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationand

Development’s(OECD)

AIPrinciples

,createdin

2019andsupportedby47countries,werethe

firstsignificantAIpublicpolicyrecommendations.

DesignedtoguideAIactorsonthevaluesand

actionsneededtodeveloptrustworthyAIand

effectiveAIpolicies,theprinciplesincludefivevaluesandfivegovernmentpolicyrecommendations.TheAIPrincipleswereupdatedinMay2024toreflect

recentdevelopmentsandincludemoredetailed

guidance.TheOECDalsocreatedthefirstsetofcommondefinitionsandotherstandardsthathavebeenrelieduponbytheUnitedNations(UN)andnationalgovernmentsinsubsequentwork.

TheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)releasedthe

RecommendationontheEthicsofArtificial

Intelligence

inNovember2021toaddresstheethicalrisksassociatedwithAI.11With193

countriesassignatories,thereportidentifies

11areasoffocustolimitreal-worldbiasesand

discrimination,lowerdivisionsandconflicts,and

preventinfringementsonhumanrights.Thereportalsoincludesrecommendationsformonitoringandenforcementofanypotentialethicalviolations.In

additiontotheworkatUNESCO,theUNSecretary-Generalhasannounceda32-memberHigh-LevelAdvisoryGrouponAI.12OtherUNagenciesare

lookingatsectoralramifications,suchasthe

WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)andInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion’s(ITU)jointfocusgroupontheintersectionofAIandhealth.13

TheUKgovernmentconvenedofficials,scientists

andotherexpertsatanAISafetySummitand

releasedthe

BletchleyDeclarationforAI

tojumpstart

internationalcollaborationonthesafetyand

regulationof“frontier”AI.TheBletchleypolicypaperexplicitlyrecognizedthatmanyoftherisksfromAIarecross-borderandinternationalinnature,and

globalcoordinationiscritical.TalkshavecontinuedwithmeetingsinSouthKoreainMay2024and

futuremeetingsplannedinFranceinFebruary2025.

InDecember2023,theJapanGroupofSeven

(G7)Presidency’s

HiroshimaAIProcess

detailedAIprinciplesandacodeofconduct(AIP&CoC),whichbuildsupontheworkoftheOECD,UNESCO,

BletchleyParkandseveralnationalefforts.14TheseprinciplesfocusonthedevelopmentofresponsibleAIusingarisk-basedapproachandinclude

provisionsonthedevelopmentandtestingofnewAIapplicationsaswellasrobustsecuritycontrols.Whilenon-binding,theAIP&CoCoutlinesspecificactionsthatcanbeundertakentoimplement

theprinciples.Areasforfurtherresearchand

developmentwerealsoidentified.G7members

pledgedtoimplementtherecommendationsandtostronglyencourageuptakeintheirprivatesectors.Anopenquestionremainsonhowgovernments

willimplementtherecommendationswhileavoidingfragmentationordivergencethatcouldunderminetheirobjectivesforresponsibleAI.Futureworkin

theG7willbeongoing,withcontinuedworkonvariousissuesincludingdefinitionsandsecureinformationsharingonAIsystemvulnerabilities.

ChatWTO:AnAnalysisofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceandInternationalTrade5

1.2

oFragmentationwillcreateand

exacerbate

vulnerabilities

thatmayundercutcountries’intendedgoalsofsafety

andsecuritywhilecreatingunevenplayingfields.

InMay2024,theCouncilofEuropeadoptedaninternationaltreatyonAI.15Thetreatyincludes46CouncilofEuropememberstates,theEuropeanUnionand11non-memberstates.Itfocuses

ontheuseofAIsystemsbyboththepublicand

privatesectors,andcreatestransparencyand

oversightrequirements.Thetreatyalsoadoptsmeasuresrelatedtotheprotectionofdemocraticinstitutionsandexemptsnationalsecurity-relatedissuesfromitscoverage.

Domesticlegislativeandregulatoryefforts

SeveralcountrieshavebeguntheprocessorpasseddomesticlegislationorregulationrelatedtoAI.Canada(2017)16andSingapore(2019)wereearlymoversinthespaceaswell.China’s

ANextGenerationArtificial

IntelligenceDevelopmentPlan

,releasedin2017,

calledfortheestablishmentoflaws,regulations

andethicalframeworkstohelpgovernAI,includingthrough“internationalrules”andcooperation.BrazilisalsoclosetocompletingitsAIlegislation.17

IntheUS,theNationalArtificialIntelligenceInitiativeActof2020isthemosttangiblepieceoflegislationpassedonAI,andmuchofitsfocusisontheuseofAIindefence,nationalsecurityandintelligence.18InOctober2023,theBidenAdministrationreleasedthegroundbreakingexecutiveorder(EO)

Safe,Secure,

andTrustworthyDevelopmentandUseofArtificial

Intelligence

.TheEOoutlinedprinciplesthatwill

guideAIgovernanceintheUSandrequiredvariousUSgovernmentagenciestodevelopadditional

workonspecifictopicssuchasimpactonworkers,civilrights,patentsandmore.TherewasnoexplicitinclusionofinternationaltradeorinstructionstotheUSTradeRepresentative.TheBidenAdministrationalsosecuredvoluntarycommitmentsfromseven

majorAIcompaniesinJuly2023.19TherehavebeenseveralbillsproposedintheUSCongressonAI,butnonehavebecomelaw.20Moreover,25stateshaveproposedlegislationin2023relatedtoAI.21

TheEuropeanParliamentpassedthemost

comprehensivelegalframeworkrelatedtoAI,

knownastheAIAct,on13March2024.TheEU

beganworkin2019andsoughtextensiveinput

astheydesignedthelegislativeproposal.22The

EUAIActisacomprehensiveframeworkforAI

thatattemptstoencourageAIinnovationwhile

upholdingcitizens’rights;itwillbephasedin

startinginlate2024.23Itwasoriginallyconstructedaroundspecific-usecasesandratedtheirrisks

fromminimaltohigh,butlawmakersreviseditto

includeGAI,whosegeneral-purposecapabilities

didnotfitwithinthepreviouslydefinedrisks.The

finallegislationincludedtransparencyrequirementsforGAI,aswellasathoroughevaluationprocessforhigh-impactGAIthatcouldposesystemicrisks.

TheAIActalsoincludesseveralprovisionsthat

specificactionstakenshouldbeinlinewiththeEU’sinternationaltradecommitments.24

Sixbilateraltradeagreementsalreadyinclude

provisionsonAI,includingfiveagreements

betweenSingaporeandotherpartiesandthe

AfricaFreeTradeArea.25TheUS-EUTradeandTechnologyCouncil(TTC)addressedseveral

emergingtechnologyissuesincludingGAI,26

creatingatransatlanticAIroadmapandacodeofconduct.TheEUandIndiahavecreatedtheGlobalPartnershiponArtificialIntelligence,whichaimstocreateamemorandumofunderstandingonthetopicbySeptember2023.27Additional

conversationsarestarting,withChinapushingspecificallyforfutureAIgovernancetalks

withtheUS.

Thereisalsoagreatdealofcurrentregulatory

actionintheAIspacewith600regulatory

developmentstargetingAIprovidersjustsince

January2023.28Manyregulatorshavealsousedexistingprivacyandconsumerprotectionlaws

toinvestigateAIapplications.Forexample,

ChatGPTwasbannedinItalyonprivacygroundsin2023.29ChinahasapplieditsspeechrulesonobjectionableGAI-generatedcontent.IntheUS,thelackofcomprehensiveAIlegislationisleadingregulatorstobegintoact,30andtheUSFederalTradeCommissionhasopenedaninvestigationintoChatGPTlookingatsecurityandconsumerharm.31SectoralregulatorshavealsotakendirectactiononGAI.InSingapore,throughProject

Veritas,theMonetaryAuthorityofSingapore

hassoughttostrengthencoreprinciplesinGAIapplications.TheUKhasappliedconsumerdutyandexistingbank-modelriskmanagementrulestoAIapplications.

Allthisnationalactivity–legislative,regulatory

andbilateral–isimportanttoprotectcitizensandsocietiesfromtherisksofGAI.Italsoraisesnewquestionsabouthowdifferentruleswillimpactthecross-borderproduction,useanddisseminationofGAI.Fragmentationwillcreateandexacerbatevulnerabilitiesthatmayundercutcountries’

intendedgoalsofsafetyandsecuritywhilecreatingunevenplayingfields.Reviewingthesedifferencesconsideringtheexistinginternationaltraderuleswillhelpeducatepolicy-makersonthecurrentstateofplay,helpidentifyareaswheredifferencesexist,andpinpointadditionalneededwork.

ChatWTO:AnAnalysisofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceandInternationalTrade6

2

Overviewofcurrent

internationaltraderules

DomesticlegislationcreatesvariedrulesforGAI,causingregulatoryfragmentationandpotentialtradebarriersininternationalmarkets.

DiscussionoftheinternationaltradeimplicationsforGAIisatanascentstage.Asreviewedin

previoussections,domesticlegislationand

regulationshavealreadycreateddifferentrulesthatwillimpacttheinternationaltradeofGAI,resultinginloopholesthatunderminethemanagementof

GAIrisks.Whilegovernmentshavecometogethertooutlinecommonprinciplesandvalues,countrieshaveprioritizeddifferentaspectsoftheseprincipleswhencraftinglocallaws.Somecountriesaretakingamarketapproach,encouraginginnovation.Othercountriesaretakingastate-drivenapproach,

ensuringAIdevelopmentisinaccordancewithpublicsafetyandotherstatepriorities.Afinal

approachisarights-drivenapproach,where

citizens’fundamentalrightsmustberespected.

Thesethreedifferentapproachesarecreating

fragmentationandfrictionforAIdevelopers

andusersandmaycreatetrade-distortingor

discriminatoryregimesthatunderminetherulesoftheWTO.Internationaltraderulesarebasedonafewcoreprinciples,including:

–Treatinglocalandforeignfirmsandproductsasequals(non-discrimination)

–Progressiveliberalizingbasedonacountry’slevelofeconomicdevelopment

–Creatingpredictabilityandtransparency

–Promotingfaircompetition

Thesegeneralprinciplesareappliedviavarious

provisionsinbilateral,regionalorglobalagreementsandwouldalsoprovidealevelplayingfieldfor

countriesgrapplingwithGAI.

Thereare,however,seriousgapswhenattemptingtoapplytheexistingrulesinthetradingsystem

totherapidinnovationsinGAI.CanGAIsecure

acopyrightinonecountrythatcanbeupheld

internationally?Ifacountrybanstheuseofits

citizens’datatotrainGAI,aretheretradelawsthatmightbeimplicated?DidtheGeneralAgreement

onTradeinServices(GATS)negotiatorsagreeto

allowunbridledtradeinGAIwhentheycommittedtoliberalizingcomputingservices,whichatthetimewaslimitedtobusinesssoftwareapplications?

Giventhenumberofcomplexinternationaltrade

andinvestmentissuesthatapplytoGAI,aswell

asthenew,technicalknowledgerequiredby

tradenegotiatorstounderstandtheissuesaroundGAI,theWTOshouldbegin:1)learningsessions

todiscussGAIanditsuniquecharacteristics,2)

informationonexistinginternationalandnational

rulesonGAI,and3)reviewsofWTOrulesthat

wouldapplytoGAI.OncetheWTOidentifieshow

currentrulescoverGAIandpotentialgaps,theWTOshouldbeginthinkingaboutthenextsteps.Given

therapiddevelopmentofadvancesinGAI,theseeffortsshouldtakeplaceatanacceleratedpace.

Thecross-cuttingnatureofGAIwillimpactmanyWTOprovisions.BelowwefocusonspecifictradeprovisionsthatofficialsshouldreviewandconsiderfortheirimpactonGAI:

GATS

ThenatureofGAImakesitchallengingtoclassifyitsusecase(mode)orlocation(origin),whicharetechnical,underlyingquestionsthatimpactthe

treatmentofGAIundertheexistingGATSrules.GATSschedulesincludeasectionon“computerandrelatedservices”,butmemberscouldprovethattheyneverenvisionedGAIwhentheymadethosecommitments.32Moreover,ifcompanies’

operationsorproductsincludeGAI,forexampleintheoperationsofafinancialservicecompanyoramultimediacompany,wouldtheobligationsoffinancialservicesormediaservicesapplyto

theoutput?Thesearequestionsthatdonot

havestraightforwardanswersbuthavesignificantimpactswithregardtotheenforcementof

internationaltraderules.

GAIcouldqualifyundermultiple“modes”of

supplythatmayrequirefutureconsiderationof

anewmodeforAIservices.Mode1isdefined

asthesupplyofaservicefromtheterritoryof

oneWTOmemberintotheterritoryofanyother

WTOmember(cross-borderorremoteprovision

ofservices)However,intermsofconsumerGAI

products,typicallytheuserlogsontoawebsite

operatedbytheGAIserviceproviderandentersaquery,whichcouldarguablybeamode2service,i.e.theconsumertravelledabroadtothe“location”oftheGAIserviceprovider.Thisdistinctionis

ChatWTO:AnAnalysisofGenerativeArtificialIntelligenceandInternationalTrade7

OGAIislikelyto

acceleratethe

creationofnew

patentableideas

withoutspecific

humanintervention,raisingquestions

aboutthelegal

frameworkfor

patentableideasdevelopedbyGAI.

importantascountriesmadedifferentcommitmentsin1994basedonthetypeofmode,aswellasthetypeofserviceprovided.

AsAIdeveloperscontemplatethestructureoftheiroperations,tradeofficialswillneedtoconsider

howtodefinetheoriginoftheserviceoftheGAI.

Willitbethelocationofserversandalgorithms,

thelocationoftheheadquarters,orthelocation

oftheuser?IfanenergycompanyusesGAIand

combinesitwiththetheirowndatatocreate

novelusecases,istheoriginthecountrywhere

theenergycompanyislocatedorwheretheGAI

servicecomesfrom?OrshouldtheLLMproviderberesponsiblefordownstreamusecases?

Finally,iftheGATSweretoapplytoaparticularGAIserviceprovision,thereareexceptionsthatcountriesmayclaimtolimittheapplicationoftheGATS,suchasthenationalsecurityexception.GAIisadual-

usetechnology,andcompaniesmaychallenge

nationalsecurityexceptionsasoverlybroadand

discriminatory.33InthecaseofbansorlimitationsonGAIusebasedondataprotectionconcerns,

governmentsmayclaimanexceptiontoprotect

privacy.CountriescouldalsoraisepublicmoralsorculturalexceptionstojustifyrestrictionsonGAIuseintheproductionofcertainimagesorspeech.

AgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(TRIPS)

Since2022,severallawsuitshavehighlightedthe

challengesassociatedwithGAIandIP.InNovemberof2022,agroupofsoftwareprogrammersfileda

USclassactionlawsuitagainstMicrosoft,OpenAIandGitHub,arguingthattheGitHubCoPilot

product(whichcangeneratecode)violated

copyrightlawbyscrapingcopyrightedcode.34GettyImagesfiledalawsuitagainstStabilityGAIintheUKallegingunlawfulcopyingofmillionsofcopyrightedimages.35IfandhowcompaniescantrainGAIon

copyrightedortrademarkedmaterialsisimportantasthebreadthanddiversityofdataareessentialtocreatingresponsibleGAI.

MeanwhileintheUS,copyrightprotectionhas

beeninplaceforGAIworkssince1988,withthecopyrightownedbywhoevercreatedtheGAI

system.InAugust2023,aUSdistrictcourtjudgeruledthatGAI-generatedartworkisnotprotectedundercopyrightlaw,36raisingquestionsaboutthefutureprotectionofGAI-createdwork.

Th