RadiographicExaminationProcedure射线检验工艺规程

射线照相检验工艺规程PreparedBy编制:Date日期:ReviewedBy审核:Date日期:ApprovedBy批准:Date日期:Scope范围Thisprocedureisprovidedforx-rayradiographicexaminationtechniquesinaccordancewiththerequirementsofASMECodeSectionⅠ,VIIIDivision1,latestapplicableeditionandaddenda.本规程适用于按照ASME规范第Ⅰ卷、第Ⅷ卷第一分册最新版本及增补的要求进行的X射线检测。ThisprocedureisintendedforexaminationoftheweldedjointsinASMECodevesselsfabricatedwithsteel.本规程适用于ASME规范产品钢制容器的对接焊缝。Thisprocedureshallbesupplementedbytheexaminationinstructionwhichdefinesthevariablemorespecificforthejobtobeexamined.本规程应由具体详细的检测工艺文件的做补充。QualificationofNDEPersonnel检测人员资格AnyNDEpersonnelconcerningwiththisexaminationshallbequalifiedasradiographicexaminerinaccordancewithWrittenPracticeforQualificationandCertificationofNondestructiveExamination(NDE)Personnel(QCD-08-01),whichconformstotherequirementsofSNT-TC-1A(2006)andASMECodeSectionⅠ、VIIIDivision1.从事射线检测的人员必须按本公司《无损检测人员培训考评及认证实施细则》（文件号：QCD-08-01）进行资格评定和认证，此实施细则符合SNT-TC-1A（2006）及ASME规范第Ⅰ卷、第Ⅷ卷第一分册的要求。Equipment,ToolsandMaterials检测设备、器材LevelIIexaminershallselecttheequipment,toolsandmaterialsincompliancewiththefollowingconditionandtherequirementsoftheexaminationinstruction.Ⅱ级人员所选用的设备、器材应能保证符合下列条件和RT工艺卡的要求。RadiationSource射线源OneofthefollowingequipmentlistedinTable1shallbeused.Theeffectivesourcesizeshallbeverifiedandbewithinthespecifiedlimitation.应选用表1中列出的设备之一，应当核对有效焦点尺寸，确认在规定范围内。Table1X-RayEquipment表1X-射线设备Manufacturer制造厂家Brand型号Max.Voltage最大管电压(KVP)TubeCurrent管电流(mA)SourceSize焦点尺寸(mm)大冶泰发电子有限公司DAYETAIFATELECOMMUNICATIONINSTRUCMENTCO.LTDXXG3205320KV5mＡ×大冶泰发电子有限公司DAYETAIFATELECOMMUNICATIONINSTRUCMENTCO.LTDXXG3205320KV5mＡ×Films胶片ThefilmlistedinTable2shallbeused:应选用表2中列出的胶片。Table2Films表2胶片Brand类型Manufacturer制造厂家Designation标号T３爱克发（无锡）影像有限公司AGFAIMAGINGPRODUCTIONSCO.,LTDAGFAC7IntensifyingScreens增感屏Thefollowingthicknessofleadfoilintensifyingscreensshallbeused:铅箔增感屏的厚度应在表3中选择：Table3IntensifyingScreens表3增感屏WorkVoltageofX-Ray管电压ThicknessofScreen铅箔厚度(mm)Front前屏Back后屏150~320kv320~400kvDensitometers黑度计ThedensitometerusedformeasuringthefilmdensityisofTD-210A.Thedensitometershallbecalibratedinaccordancewith4ofthisProcedure.应选用TD-210A黑度计测定射线底片密度。黑度计应按照第4条的要求校验。IQI像质计（IQI）ASMEwiretypeIQIcomplyingwiththerequirementsoralternatesallowedinSE-747andasshowninTable4shallbeused.ThedesignatedwirediameterofawiretypeIQIshallbeselectedfromTable5.ThewiretypeIQIshallbemadeofcarbonsteelorType300seriesstainlesssteelforuseonallcarbonsteels,alllow-alloysteels,allstainlesssteels,manganese-nickel-aluminumbronze(Superston).ASME线型像质计应符合SE-747的要求，并且应在表4中选用。线型像质计的标明线径应表5中选取。像质计的金属丝应为碳钢或300系列不锈钢用于所有碳钢，所有低合金钢、不锈钢、镁-镍-铝铜合金（高强度耐蚀青铜）的检测。Table4WireIQIDesignation,WireDiameterandWireIdentity表4线型像质计名称,线径及线号SetASetBWireDiameter,in.(mm)线径WireIdentity线号WireDiameter,in.线径WireIdentity线号 (0.08)12345667891011SetCSetDWireDiameter,in.(mm)线径WireIdentity线号WireDiameter,in.线径WireIdentity线号111213141516161718292021Table5IQISeletion表5像质计选用NominalSingle–WallMaterialThicknessRange单壁标称材料厚度范围IQISourceSide射线源侧FilmSide胶片侧in.mmWire-TypeEssentialWire应显示的线号Wire-TypeEssentialWire应显示的线号≤≤546576879810911101211Forweldswithreinforcements,thethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbasedisthenominalsinglewallthicknessplustheestimatedweldreinforcementnottoexceedthemaximumpermittedbythereferencingCode.对有余高焊缝，像质计放置处的厚度是标称单壁厚度加上不超过ASME规范中允许的最大余高估计值。Forweldswithoutreinforcements,thethicknessonwhichtheIQIbasedisthenominalsinglewallthickness.没有余高的焊缝，像质计放置处的厚度是标称单壁厚度。BackingringorstripsarenottobeconsideredaspartoftheweldthicknessinIQIselection.在选取像质计时，衬环或衬带均不作为焊缝厚度的一部分来考虑。“B”Marker“B”标记Lead“B”markerwithminimumdimensionsof1/2"(13mm)inheightand1/16"(1.6mm)inthickness,shallbeattachedtothebackofeachfilmholderduringexposuretodetermineifbackscatterradiationisexposingthefilm.每个胶片暗盒后背应贴附一个至少高13mm，厚的铅标记“B”，以验证曝光过程中是否有背散射作用到胶片上。LocationMarkersandIdentificationMarkers位置标记与识别标记Theleadarrowshallbeusedaslocationmarkersandplacedontheparttoshowboundaryoftheareaofinterest.在许可时标记的位置应当永久地标在被透照的零件表面上，或标在一张图上，使射线照片上表示的被检区域在射线照相要求的保存期内能在工件上精确的定出位置。Theletters,numbersandmarkersusedtoidentifythefilmshallbeprovidedinaccordancewithFig.1.andthecontentsofmarkersshallbespecifiedintheexaminationinstructions.TheletterR1orR2orR3shallfollowtheidentificationmarkerstoshowaradiographofarepairareaandnumberofrepair.应按照图1及检验工艺上规定的标记内容使用字母、数字及标记来识别胶片。字母R1、R2或R3应与说明返修区域及返修号的胶片上的识别标记一致。FacilitiesforViewingofRadiographs观片设备Viewingroomshallprovidesubduedbackgroundlightingofanintensitythatwillnotcausetroublesomereflections,shadows,orglareontheradiograph.Theviewingequipmentshallprovideavariablelightsourcesufficientforthedesignatedwiretobevisibleforthespecifieddensityrange.Masksshallbeavailabletoexcludeanyextraneouslightfromtheeyesoftheviewerwhenviewingradiographssmallerthantheviewingpartortocoverlowdensityareas.观片室应提供柔和的背景光线，光线亮度不得在底片上产生有干扰作用的反射、阴影或眩光。观片设备应具有一个足够强的可变光源，以便能在规定的黑度范围内看到线状透度计的编号线。当底片小于观片灯屏尺寸或存在低黑度区域时，应遮挡多余光线。Calibration校验ThedensitometersshallbecalibratedbyLevelIIIexamineratleastevery90daysduringuseasfollows:黑度计使用期间应由Ⅲ级检验人员至少每90天作如下校验：Anationalstandardsteptabletorastepwedgecalibrationfilm,traceabletoanationalstandardsteptabletandhavingatleast5stepswithneutraldensitiesfromatleast1.0through4.0,shallbeused.Thestepwedgecalibrationfilmshallhavebeenverifiedwithinthelastyearbycomparisonwithanationalstandardsteptablet.应使用国家标准阶梯黑度模片或可追踪到国家标准阶梯黑度模片的阶梯黑度片校正。～4.0的5种阶梯黑度。阶梯黑度校正片应至少在最近的1年内通过与国家标准阶梯黑度母片的比较进行校验。Thedensitometermanufacturer’sstep-by-stepinstructionsfortheoperationofthedensitometershallbefollowed.黑度计的操作步骤应遵循黑度计制造单位的操作说明。Thedensitystepsclosestto1.0,2.0,3.0,and4.0onthenationalstandardsteptabletorstepwedgecalibrationfilmshallberead.应读出国家标准黑度片或校验黑度片上最接近黑度1.0、2.0、3.0和4.0的读数。Thedensitometerisacceptableifthedensityreadingsdonotvarybymorethan±0.05densityunitsfromtheactualdensitystatedonthenationalstandardsteptabletorstepwedgecalibrationfilm.假如黑度读数与国家标准黑度片或阶梯校验黑度片上的实际读数的变化不超过±0.05，则该黑度计验收合格。Periodiccalibrationverificationchecksshallbeperformedasdescribedin4.1atthebeginningofeachshift,after8hrofcontinuoususe,orafterchangeofapertures,whichevercomesfirst.Thedensitometerisacceptableifthedensityreadingsarewithin±0.05ofthecalibrationreadingsdeterminedin4.1c).在每班工作开始，连续使用8小时后，测量光圈改变时，无论上述哪一种情况首先发生，黑度计均应按照4.1中规定进行周期检验。假如黑度读数与4.1c）中校验黑度片的实际读数的变化不超过±0.05，则该黑度计验收合格。Densitometercalibrationreadingsrequiredby4.1c)shallberecordedinanappropriatecalibrationlog.Periodicverificationreadingsrequiredby4.2donothavetoberecorded.按照4.1c）的要求进行的黑度计校验读数应记录在校验日志上，4.2要求的周期校检验读数不要求记录。ExaminationProcess检验SurfacePreparation被检表面检查Priortostartofradiographicexamination,LevelIIexaminershallcheckandverifythatthesurfacestoberadiographedsatisfythefollowingconditions.射线透照检测前，RTⅡ级检验人员必须检查或验证被检表面是否满足下述条件：Thefinishedsurfaceofallbutt-weldedjointsmaybeflushwiththebasematerialormayhavereasonablyuniformreinforcementnottoexceedthatspecifiedintheCodeSectionVIIIDivision1(UW-35)asTable6-1andSectionI(PW-35)asTable6-2.对接焊缝接头的完工表面可以与母材齐平，或可以有合理而均匀的隆起，这种余高不得超过ASME规范第Ⅷ卷第一分册（UW-35）表6-1及第Ⅰ卷（PW-35）表6-2的规定。Table6-1MaximumReinforcement(UW-35)表6-1最大余高（UW-35）MaterialNominalThickness材料公称厚度（mm）MaximumReinforcement最大余高（mm）CategoryB&CButtJointsB类、C类对接焊缝OtherWelds其他焊缝4.8~1313~2525~51551~766476~10266102~12766＞12766Table6-2MaximumReinforcement(PW-35)表6-2最大余高（PW—35）NominalThickness公称厚度（mm）MaximumReinforcement最大余高（mm）CircumferentialJointsinPipeandTubing钢管环焊缝OtherWelds其他焊缝≤3＜3≤5＜5≤13＜13≤25＜25≤50＜50≤75*＜75≤100*＜100≤125*＞125**：Thegreaterof6mmor1/8timesthewidthoftheweld.取6mm与1/8焊缝宽度的较大值。Anysurfaceirregularities,suchasweldripples,undercutandsurfaceroughnessonboththeinside(whereaccessible)andoutsideshallberemovedtoadegreethatthesurfaceirregularitiescannotmaskorbeconfusedwithdiscontinuities.任何表面不规则状态，如焊波、飞溅、咬边、表面粗糙不得掩盖缺陷影象或与之相混淆。Set-upforExposure透照布置LevelIorLevelIIexaminershallsettheequipment,toolsandmaterialsforexposureinaccordancewiththisprocedureandexaminationinstructions.Theset-upinformationshallberecordedasdescribedinparagraph8ofthisprocedure.Examinerwhoperformstheexposureshallinsertthespecifiedfilmintocassetteandattachthe“B”markertothebackofcassette.Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级人员应该根据本规程与RT工艺卡布置透照的设备、器材，使之满足射线照相的所有要求。应按第8条的要求正确记录布置数据。曝光操作者应将指定的胶片仔细插入暗盒，并在暗盒后背面贴上“B”标记。Film,IQIandmarkersshallbeplacedasspecifiedinFig.1.Identificationmarkersandlocationmarkershallbeplacedatleast1/8in.(3.2mm)fromtheedgeofweldandthesemarkersshallbeappearedasradiographicimagesonradiographfilms.Inanycase,thisinformationshallnotobscuretheareaofinterest.按图1所示放置胶片、像质计与标记。识别标记与位置标记应放置于距离焊缝边缘至少（1/8in.）的位置且显现在射线照片上。在任何情况下，这些标号都不能遮蔽被检的区域。图1Fig.2Fig.2LocationMarkers位置标记Thelocationmarkers,whicharetoappearasradiographicimagesonthefilm,shallbeplacedinaccordancewithFig.2onthepart,notontheexposureholderorcassette.Theirlocationsshallbepermanentlymarkedonthesurfaceofthepartbeingradiographedwhenpermitted,oronamap,inamannerpermittingtheareaofinterestonaradiographtobeaccuratelytraceabletoitslocationonthepart,fortherequiredretentionperiodoftheradiograph.在照片上，还要像射线照的影像那样，显示有位置标记（见图2）。位置的标记应在工件上，而不能放在曝光暗袋或暗盒上。在许可时标记的位置应当永久地标在被透照的零件表面上，或标在一张图上，使射线照片上表示的被检区域在射线照相要求的保存期内能在工件上精确地定出位置。Wheninaccessibilityorotherlimitationspreventtheplacementofmarkersasstipulatedinpar.5.2.3a),adimensionedmapoftheactualmarkerplacementshallaccompanytheradiographstoshowthatfullcoveragehasbeenobtained.如果由于不能靠近，或是由于其他限制妨碍按照5.2.3a)所述方式放置位置标记时，则随同射线照片一起，要有一张标有尺寸，并包括实际的标记位置的几何布置图，并应表明，检验已经覆盖了所有的范围。PlacementofIQIs像质计（IQIs）的放置TheIQIshallbeplacedonthesourcesideofthepartbeingexamined,exceptthatwhereinaccessibilitypreventshandplacingtheIQI(s)onthesourceside,itcanbeplacedonthefilmsideincontactwiththepartbeingexamined.WhenfilmsideIQIisused,aleadletter“F”shallbeplacedadjacenttotheIQI.像质计应放在被检工作的源侧，除了不能用手将像质计置于源侧的情况，在这种情况下，像质计应置于与被检验工件接触的胶片侧，在像质计旁边或在它上面放一个铅字“F”。TheIQIshallbeplacedontheweldsothatthelengthofthewiresisperpendiculartothelengthoftheweld.Alltheidentificationmarkersandletter“F”shallnotbeintheareaofinterest,exceptwhengeometricconfigurationmakesitimpractical.焊缝检验时，像质计应放在焊缝上，像质计的长度方向应与焊缝长度方向垂直。识别号码和铅字“F”不应将它们放在被检区域，但几何形状做不到的情况除外。NumberofIQIS像质计的数量Whenoneormorefilmholdersareusedforanexposure,atleastoneIQIimageshallappearoneachradiographexceptasoutlinedinb)andc)below.对于一次曝光使用一个或一个以上暗盒的工件，每张照片上至少要有一个像质计的影像，以下b）、c）中所述除外；Forcylindricalvesselwherethesourceisplacedontheaxisoftheobjectandoneormorefilmholdersareusedforasingleexposureofacompletecircumference,atleastthreeIQIsshallbespacedapproximately120apart.Wheresectionsoflongitudinalweldsadjoiningthecircumferentialweldareradiographedsimultaneouslywiththecircumferentialweld,anadditionalIQIshallbeplacedoneachlongitudinalweldattheendofeachsectionmostremotefromthejunctionwiththecircumferentialweldbeingradiographed.对圆筒形容器，射线源位于工件的轴线上当整圈环缝用一个或一个以上胶片盒进行一次曝光射线照相检验时，应至少采用三个像质计，彼此相隔成120°左右面。环缝与纵缝的交界处可随同环缝同时进行射线照相，另外一个像质计应放在该段环缝远离与被检环缝交接的每条纵缝上。Forcylindricalvesselswherethesourceisplacedontheaxisoftheobjectandmorethanonefilmholdersareusedforasingleexposureofasectionofthecircumference,atleastthreeIQIs,withoneshallbeplacedintheapproximatecenterofthesectionexposed,andoneateachend.Whenthesectionofthecircumferenceexposedexceeds240therulesofb)aboveapply.AdditionalfilmlocationsmayberequiredtoobtainnecessaryIQIspacing,otherwiseatleastoneIQIimageshallappearoneachradiograph.对圆筒形容器，射线源位于工件的轴线上，当使用一个或一个以上胶片盒对环焊缝的一节进行一次曝光射线照相检验时，应至少放置三个像质计，一个在射线照相跨度的大约中心位置，另外照相跨度两端各放置一个。在上述b）的情况下，当环焊的一段在全长240°以上的跨度时需要另加胶片位置以得到必要的像质计间距，每张底片应至少有一个像质计影像。Foranexposure,usuallyatleastoneIQIimageshallappearoneachradiographandthedensityofradiographshallbewithin–15%or+30%ofthedensityadjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQI.Wherethedensityoftheradiographthroughtheareaofinterestvariesbymorethan–15%or+30%fromthedensityadjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQI,withintheminimumandmaximumallowabledensityrangesspecifiedinTable7,thenanadditionalIQIshallbeusedforeachexceptionalareaorareasandtheradiographretaken.对一次曝光，每张底片应至少有一个像质计影像，像质计的规定线邻近区域的黑度应在-15%至+30%的范围内。若被检区域的任一处黑度变化与它们相比超出表7中规定黑度的-15%或+30%时，则在每个超差区域或几个超差区域应另加一个像质计并重新拍片。Table7AllowableDensity表7合格的最小和最大黑度MethodofViewing观片方法DensityofFilm底片黑度Min.Max.SingleFilmViewing单片法CompositeViewing(SingleFilm)双片法RadiographicTechnique射线照相技术Thefollowingexposuremethodsshallbeused.Foranytechniqueadequatenumberofexposureshallbemadetodemonstratethattherequiredcoveragehasbeenobtained.应采用以下射线照相技术。无论哪种技术，为了能证实充分覆盖，应进行足够次数的曝光。Single-WallTechnique单壁透照技术Wheneverpractical,asingle-walltechniqueshallbeusedforradiography.在任何可实施的情况下，应当采用单壁透照技术。Double-WallTechniqueSingle-WallViewing双壁透照技术Whenitisnotpracticaltouseasingle-walltechnique,thedouble-walltechnique,inwhichtheradiationpassesthroughtwowallsandonlytheweldonthefilm-sidewallisviewedforacceptance,shallbeused.Whencompletecoverageisrequiredforcircumferentialwelds,aminimumofthreeexposurestakenat120toeachothershallbemade.当不能实施单壁透照技术时，可采用双壁透照法技术，使射线通过焊缝双壁，但仅在放胶片处的焊缝侧成像的方法。当要求环缝全部覆盖时，至少进行3次互成120°的曝光。Double-WallTechniqueDouble-WallViewing双壁透照技术双壁观察Whencomponentis3-1/2in.(89mm)orlessinnominaloutsidediameter,thistechniquemaybeused,andtheweldofbothwallsisviewedforacceptanceonthesameradiograph.OnlyasourcesideIQIshallbeusedandtherequiredgeometricunsharpnessisnotexceeded,otherwiseasingle-wallviewingshallbeused.对外径小于等于89mm（3-1/2in.）的零部件焊缝，应采用双壁观察，射线通过其双壁并使两壁的焊缝在同一张底片上进行观察。对双壁观察来说，只能将透度计放在源侧，而且要求不能超过规定的几何不清晰度。如果不能满足几何不清晰度要求，那么应使用单壁观察。Aminimumoftwoexposurestakenat90toeachothershallbemadewhentheradiationbeamisoffsetfromtheplaneoftheweld.当要求射线束偏离焊缝平面时，每个接头至少要进行二次互成90°的曝光。Aminimumofthreeexposurestakenateither60or120toeachother,shallbemadewhentheradiationbeamispositionedsoasthesuper-imposetheimageofbothwalls.当将射线束置于某个位置对焊缝进行射线照相，使两壁的影像重叠在一起时，每个接头至少要进行3次互成60°或120°的曝光。ExposureGeometry曝光几何条件Thedistancefromsourcetofilmshallmeettherequirementofgeometricun-sharpness(Ug)specifiedinTable8.射源至胶片最大距离应满足表8中规定的几何不清晰度(Ug)的要求。Table8GeometricUn-sharpness表8几何不清晰度UgMaterialThickness材料厚度,in.(mm)GeometricUnsharpness,Max.几何不清晰度Ug的最大值in.(mm)＜2（50）0.020(0.51)2~3(50~75)0.030(0.76)＞3~4(75~100)0.040(1.02)＞4(100)0.070(1.78)Note:MaterialthicknessisthethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbased.注:材料厚度是指选用像质计所依据的厚度。Geometricun-sharpnessoftheradiographshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith:射线底片的几何不清晰度由下式确定：Where: Ug=geometricun-sharpnessF=sourcesize:themaximumprojecteddimensionoftheradiatingsource(oreffectivefocalspot)intheplaneperpendiculartothedistanceDfromtheweldorobjectbeingradiographed,in.D=distancefromsourceofradiationtoweldorobjectbeingradiographed,in.d=distancefromsourcesideofweldorobjectbeingradiographedtofilm,in.式中，Ug——几何不清晰度；F——射源尺寸，射源(或焦点)在离被检焊缝或工件距离D的垂直面上的最大投影尺寸；d——被检焊缝或工件的射源侧表面至胶片的距离；D——射源与被检焊缝或工件表面的距离。ExposureCondition曝光条件TheradiationenergyemployedforanyradiographictechniqueshallachievethedensityandIQIimagerequirementsofthisprocedure.任何射线照相技术所使用的辐射能量必须达到本规程要求的黑度和像质计图像的要求。FilmProcessing胶片处理LevelIorLevelIIexaminersshallprocesstheexposedfilmsinaccordancewithStandardGuideforRadiographicTestingSE-94item22、23、25、26ofarticle22.NDEⅠ级、Ⅱ级应按照射线照相检验标准指南中第22章中23节至26节的要求处理胶片。EvaluationofRadiographs射线照片的评定LevelIIorLevelIIIexaminershallevaluatethedevelopedradiographsinaccordancewiththereferencingCodeSections.Theresultshallberecordedasdescribedinparagraph8ofthisprocedure.NDEⅠ级、Ⅱ级应按照ASME规范相关的卷篇对完成的射线照片进行评定，评定结果应按本规程第8条的要求记录下来。QualityofRadiographs底片质量Allradiographsshallbefreefrommechanical,chemical,orotherblemishestotheextentthattheycannotmaskorarenotconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuityintheareaofinterestoftheobjectbeingradiographed.Suchblemishesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:所有射线底片，都不应当有机械、化学或其他的污损，以避免对被透照工件的受检区域产生遮蔽或混淆任何缺陷的影像。所谓污损，包括下列各种，但不限于这些：Fogging;灰雾；Processingdefectssuchasstreaks,watermarks,orchemicalstains;处理时产生的缺陷，如条纹、水迹或化学污斑等；Scratches,fingermarks,crimps,dirtiness,staticmarks,smudges,ortears;划痕、指纹、摺皱、脏物、静电痕迹、黑点或撕裂等；Falseindicationsduetodefectivescreens.由于增感屏有缺陷产生的伪显示。DensityLimitation黑度范围ThetransmittedfilmdensitythroughtheradiographicimageadjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQIandareaofinterestshallbewithinthelimitationspecifiedinTable8.通过线型像质计相应编号线的邻近区域和受检区域的底片透射黑度应在本规程表8中规定的范围内。Markers标记Allthenecessarymarkersincludingidentificationmarkers,locationmarkersshallbeprovidedandnotmasktheareaofinterest.所有要求的标记都要显示在底片上包括识别标记、位置标记，且不能遮蔽被检区域。“B”Marker“B”标记Ifalightimage“B”appearsonadarkerbackgroundoftheradiograph,theradiographshallbeunacceptable.Adarkerimage“B”onalighterbackgroundisnotcauseforrejection.若在底片较暗背景上出现明亮的“B”标记的较淡影像，此底片为不合格。若在淡背景上出现“B”的暗影，则不能作为底片判废原因。IQI像质计ThedesignatedwireofawireIQIshallappearontheradiographs.像质计规定的应识别线应出现在底片上。AcceptanceStandards合格标准Indicationswithamaximumlengthofthreetimesthewidthorlessontheradiographsaredefinedasroundedindication.射线底片上最大长度等于或小于三倍宽度的显示定义为圆形显示。FullRT(SectionⅠandVIIIDivision1)全部RT（第Ⅰ卷与第Ⅷ-1卷）Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfectionsareunacceptanceunderthefollowingconditions:焊缝射线底片上属于瑕疵性质的显示在下列情况下为不合格：Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneofincompletefusionorpenetration;焊缝的任何显示特征为裂纹或未熔合或未焊透区域；Anyotherelongatedindicationontheradiographwhichhaslengthgreaterthan:射线照相底片上任何其他条型显示长度大于：1/4in.(6mm)fortupto3/4in(19mm);1/3tfortfrom3/4in.(19mm)to2-1/4in.(57mm);3/4in.(19mm)fortover2-1/4in.(57mm).Where:t=thethicknessoftheweldexcludinganyallowablereinforcement.Forabuttweldjoiningtwomembershavingdifferentthicknessattheweldtisthethinnerofthesetwothicknesses.Ifafullpenetrationweldincludesafilletweld,thethicknessofthethroatofthefilletshallbeincludedint.其中：t为除去允许的焊缝余高后的焊缝厚度。对两不等厚零件的对接焊缝，t等于两者中的较薄者，若全焊透焊缝包含角焊缝，则该角焊缝的厚度应计t内。Anygroupofthealignedindicationsthathaveanaggregatelengthgreaterthantinalengthof12t,exceptwhenthedistancebetweenthesuccessiveimperfectionsexceeds6L,whereListhelengthofthelongestimperfectioninthegroup;任何一群成一直线分布的显示，在12t的长度内累计长度大t于值，但相邻缺陷间的间距超出6L者除外。这里L为该群显示内最长缺陷的长度。RoundedindicationsinexcessofthatspecifiedbyacceptancestandardsgiveninAppendix4ofSectionVIIIDivision1andA-250ofSectionⅠ.圆形显示超过附录4（ASME规范第Ⅷ-1卷）及A-250（ASME规范第Ⅰ卷）中合格标准所规定者。SpotRT(SectionVIIIDivision1)RT抽检（ASME规范第Ⅷ-1卷）Buttweldjointswhicharetobespotradiographedshallbeexaminedlocallyasprovidedherein.需要抽样射线检测的对接焊接接头应按以下所述进行检验。Minimumextentofspotradiographicexamination.抽样射线检测的最小范围：Onespotshallbeexaminedoneachvesselforeach50ft.(15.2m)incrementofweldorfractionthereof.Foridenticalvessels,eachwithlessthan50ft.(15.2m)ofweld,50ft.(15.2m)incrementofweldmayberepresentedbyonespotexamination.每一容器中的每m（50ft.）或其余下不足m（50ft.）的焊缝应作一处抽样检测。对相同容器或部件，每台焊缝长度均不足m（50ft.），每m（50ft.）焊缝的累计长度，可用一处抽样检测来代表。Foreachincrementofweldtobeexamined,asufficientnumberofspotradiographsshallbetakentoexaminetheweldingofeachwelderorweldingoperator.Underconditionswheretwoormoreweldersorweldingoperatorsmakeweldlayersinajoint,oronthetwosidesofdouble-weldedbuttjoint,onespotmayrepresenttheworkofallweldersorweldingoperators.对每个需待检测的增加的焊缝，应拍足够的抽检底片，以便检查每个焊工或焊接操作的焊接质量。当两个或两个以上的焊工或焊接操作工在一个接头分别施焊多层焊道、或双面对接焊接头的两面时，一处抽样检测可代表所有焊工或焊接操作工的焊接工作的质量。Eachspotexaminationshallbemadeassoonaspracticableaftercompletionoftheincrementofweldtobeexamined.ThelocationofthespotshallbechosenbytheAuthorizedInspectoraftercompletionoftheincrementofweldingtobeexamined,exceptthatwhentheAuthorizedInspectorhasbeennotifiedinadvanceandcannotbepresentorotherwisemaketheselection,theNDELevelIIIpersonnelmayexercisehisownjudgmentinselectingthespots.待检测的焊缝增加量在焊接完成后，抽检应尽可能随即进行。检测部位应由检验师在待检的焊缝增加量焊完后选定，除非检验师在事前收到正式通知而不能如期到场或不能用其他的方式选定检测位置时，此时制造商可自行选定检测位置。Radiographsrequiredatspecificlocationstosatisfytheotherrequirementsshallbemadeinaccordancewithapplicablestandards.满足其他要求的特殊位置的射线检测应按相应的标准规范进行。StandardsforSpotRadiographicExamination抽样射线检测的标准Theminimumlengthofspotradiographshallbe6in.(150mm).Theacceptabilityofweldsexaminedbyspotradiographshallbejudgedbythefollowingstandards.一处抽样射线底片的最小长度应为150mm（6in.）。抽样射线检测的焊缝，其合格与否按下述标准判断：Weldsinwhichindicationsarecharacterizedascracksorzonesofincompletefusionorpenetrationshallbeunacceptable.焊缝的射线底片显示特征为裂纹或未熔合或未焊透区域均为不合格。Weldsinwhichindicationsarecharacterizedasslaginclusionsorcavitiesshallbeunacceptableifthelengthofanysuchindicationisgreaterthan2/3twheretisthethicknessoftheweldexcludinganyallowablereinforcement.Forabuttweldjoiningtwomembershavingdifferentthicknessesattheweld,tisthethinnerofthesetwothicknesses.Ifafullpenetrationweldincludesafilletweld,thethicknessofthethroatofthefilletshallbeincludedint.Ifseveralindicationswithintheabovelimitationsexistinline,theweldsshallbejudgedacceptableifthesumofthelongestdimensionsofallsuchindicationsisnotmorethantinalengthof6t(orproportionatelyforradiographsshorterthan6t)andifthelongestindicationsconsideredareseparatedbyatleast3LofacceptableweldmetalwhereListhelengthofthelongestindications.Themaximumlengthofacceptableindicationsshallbe3/4in.(19mm).Anysuchindicationsshorterthan1/4in.(6mm)shallbeacceptableforanyplatethickness.焊缝的射线底处显示特征为夹渣或气孔，若任一这种显示长度大于2/3t（t为除去允许的焊缝余高后的焊缝厚度）应为不合格。对两不等厚工件的对接焊接接头，t为两者中的较薄者厚度。若全焊透焊缝包括角焊缝在内，则该角焊缝的厚度应计入t内。若上述限度内的若干显示成直线存在，而在6t长度以内所有显示的最长尺寸的总和不超过t者（对长度不足6t的焊缝，其显示长度总和的限额可按比例推算），且被认为最长的那些显示被不小于3L的合格焊缝金属所隔开，这里L为最大显示长度，该焊缝应判为合格。判为合格的最大显示长度应为19mm（3/4in.）。任何小于6mm(1/4in.)的这种显示，对任何板厚都可判为合格。Roundedindicationsarenotafactorintheacceptabilityofweldsnotrequiredtofullyradiographed.圆形显示对无需全部射线检测的焊缝均为合格。EvaluationandRetests评片与复验Whenaspot,radiographedasrequiredina)(1)ora)(2)above,isacceptableinaccordancewithb)(1)andb)(2)above,theentireweldincrementrepresentedbythisradiographisacceptable.按上述a）（1）或a）（2）内的要求进行的抽样射线检测并按上述b）（1）或b）（2）内的规定评定为合格者，则该射线底片所代表的焊缝增量均为合格论。Whenaspot,radiographedasrequiredina)(1)ora)(2)abovehasbeenexaminedandtheradiographdisclosesweldingwhichdoesnotcomplywiththeminimumqualityrequirementsofb)(1)orb)(2)above,twoadditionalspotsshallberediographicallyexaminedinthesameweldincrementatlocationsawayfromtheoriginalspot.ThelocationsoftheseadditionalspotsshallbedeterminedbytheAuthorizedInspectororLevelIIIasprovidedfortheoriginalspotexaminationina)(3)above.按上述a）（1）或a）（2）内的要求进行的抽样射线检测并经检验发现该焊缝不符合上述b）（1）或b）（2）中的最低质量要求，对此同一焊缝增量应增加两个抽样射线检测，其位置应避开原先的抽样检测位置。这些增加的抽样检测位置应由授权检验师或NDEⅢ级人员选定，与上述a）（3）所规定的确定最初抽样检测位置的方式相同。Ifthetwoadditionalspotsexaminedshowweldingwhichmeetstheminimumqualityrequirementsofb)(1)andb)(2)above,theentireweldincrementrepresentedbythethreeradiographsisacceptableprovidedthedefectsdisclosedbythefirstofthethreeradiographsareremovedandthearearepairedbywelding.Theweldrepairedareashallberadiographicallyexaminedinaccordancewiththeforegoingrequirementsofthisparagraph.如果增加的两个抽样检测结果表明焊缝符合上述b）（1）或b）（2）的最低质量要求，由这三张射