【目的论视角下参展商手册英译探究（英文）6000字（论文）】

目的论视角下参展商手册英译研究摘要随着经济全球化的发展，世界各国的贸易往来日益频繁。在对外贸易中，展会的举办发挥着重要的作用。在展会中发挥着“门面”作用的参展商手册，更是直观的反映出展会的内容。对参展商手册的翻译，不仅能够使来华参展的企业更好的理解此次展会，而且能够提高我国的国家形象。因此，本文的写作目的在于发现目前参展商手册在翻译方面所存在的不足，并以第二届中国国际进口博览会参展商手册为例，采用汉斯·弗米尔的翻译目的论，旨在为其他展会中参展商手册的翻译提供更多的翻译方法。如省译、分译、合译、转换语态、语序等，使译者能够以更加灵活翻译方式和技巧来处理目标文本。总之，只有不断加强两种语言之间的转换应用，才能使得在译员在翻译参展商手册中更加自如，更加接近目标语的表达交流习惯，进而促进展会的顺利举办。关键词：参展商手册；商务英语；英汉翻译Ⅰ.Introduction1.1ResearchBackgroundTheChinaInternationalImportExpo(CIIE)istheworld'sfirstlarge-scalenationalexhibitionwiththethemeofimports.Itaimstofirmlysupporttradeliberalization,economicglobalization,andactivelyembracetheworld.TheholdingoftheChinaInternationalImportExpoisamajormovemadebytheChinesegovernment.Itisconducivetostrengtheningeconomicandtradeexchangesandcooperationamongcountriesintheworld,promotingglobaltradeandworldeconomicgrowth,andpromotingthedevelopmentofanopenworldeconomy.The3rdCIIEisaninternationaleconomicandtradeeventwiththelargestscaleandthelargestnumberofparticipatingcountriesheldinmycountryundertheconditionsofnormalizationofepidemicpreventionandcontrol.Itusesacombinationofonlineandofflinemethods.Inthedownwardtrendoftheoverallglobaleconomicdevelopment,thethirdCIIEhasbroughthopetotheeconomicdevelopmentofvariouscountries.1.2Researchcontentandsignificance“InthereportontheinfluenceofthethirdCIIE,itisclearlyshownthattheexhibitionattractedenterprisesfrom124countriesandregionstoparticipateintheexhibition.”Intheexhibitormanual,theEnglishversionhastwiceasmanyviewsastheChineseversion.TheExhibitorManualisanindispensabledocumentforexhibitorstounderstandthedetailsofthisexhibitionandensurethesmoothholdingoftheexhibition.Itplaysanindispensableroleininternationalexhibitionswheremanyforeigncompaniesparticipate.Therefore,studyingtheEnglishversionoftheCIIEExhibitor’sManualandsummarizingrelevantvocabularyandsentenceexpressionswillhelpstudentsmajoringinBusinessEnglishimprovetheaccuracyandprofessionalismofsuchtexttranslation.Ⅱ.LiteratureReviewTheexhibitor'smanualservesasaguidebookfortheexhibition.Itspurposeistointroduceexhibitorstothespecificinformationoftheexhibitionandtheinformationthatexhibitorsshouldknow.Thetextcontentoftheexhibitor’smanualisclear,formalandlogical.Itslanguageandinterpretationstyleareverybusiness-oriented.Itmainlyconveysbusinessinformationtoexhibitorsandplaysaninformationalfunction.Comprehensivelyspeaking,itisabusinessexplanatorytext.2.1ResearchatHomeWangHui(2011),whilestudyingthetranslationofthe2010ShanghaiWorldExpo'spublicitymanual,proposedthatintranslatingtheforeignpublicitymanual,inadditiontoliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,translatorsshouldtrytheirbesttoadoptimitationtranslation.Thatis,tofindexpressionswiththesameorsimilarculturalfunctionsinthetargetlanguageculturetoreplacethewordsintheoriginaltext.Thisnotonlypreservestheconversationalmeaningoftheoriginaltext,butalsoallowsthereadersofthetargettexttounderstandandacceptit.LiuZixin(2014)analyzedthetranslationofexhibitionlogos,technicaltermsandnegotiationterms,andbelievedthatthetranslationofexhibitionEnglishshouldberefinedandaccurateincontent.Translatingexpressions,faithfulexpressionsandeuphemisticexpressionscanbeusedintranslation.MaZhiguo(2019)pointedoutthatinthetranslationprocess,thetranslatormustfirststrivefortheinformationcorrespondencebetweenthetargetlanguageandtheoriginallanguage.Atthesametime,consideringthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishsentencestructureandwritinghabits,appropriatelyadjustthesentencestructureandinformationarrangementordertoensurethatthetranslationisclearandconcise,accurateandprofessional,andnaturalandsmooth.Soastoachievetheexpectedtransmissioneffect.Atpresent,mostdomesticresearchesonexhibitiontextsfocusontheexhibition'spublicitytextsandthelanguageusedintheprogressoftheexhibition.Therearerelativelyfewtranslationstudiesspecifictotheexhibitor’smanual.Atthesametime,whentranslatingtheexhibitor'smanual,thetranslationmethodusedisrelativelysimple.Beginnertranslatorswithoutprofessionaltrainingoftentranslatetextsaccordingtotheirownunderstanding.Therefore,althoughwehaveconductedalotofresearchonthetextoftheexhibition,therearestillvariousproblemsintheEnglishtranslationoftheexhibitor'smanual.2.2ResearchAbroadDuanXiaoXiao(2019)proposedthatequivalenceisthebasicstandardpursuedintranslationpractice.However,theexternallypromotedtextneedstobe"flexible"intranslationtoimproveandpromote"equivalence".BusinessEnglishtranslationisnotonlythetranslationoftwolanguages,butalsothetranslationoftheculturesrelatedtothem.Therefore,inthetranslationofsuchtexts,oneshouldnotblindlytranslateitsliteralmeaning,butshouldunderstand"flexibility"andcombineculturewithtranslationwork.MeirongLiu(2020)believesthatfromacross-culturalperspective,factorssuchasculturaldifferences,thinkingstyles,andvocabularyaccuracywillallaffecttheaccuracyofbusinessEnglishtranslation.Therefore,onlythroughstandardizationandunificationofwords,areasonablegraspofculturaldifferences,andfocusingontheuseofprofessionalterms,cantheaccuracyoftranslationbeguaranteed.Butonthewhole,foreignresearchonEnglish-Chinesetranslationinvolvesawiderange.However,mostoftheirresearchresultsfocusonthediscussionoftranslationtheoriesandtechniques,andtheirtheoreticalsuggestionshavenotbeenwidelyusedinpractice.Inotherwords,thepracticeofapplyingtheoriestoexhibitiontextsisstillrelativelysmall.Thereareevenfewertranslationstudiesspecifictotheexhibitor’smanual.Ⅲ.TheoreticalFramework3.1TheIntroductiontotheFunctionalistSkoposTheorySkopostheorywasproposedbytheGermantranslationtheoristRiceandherstudentVermeerinthe1980s.Itisthecentralcontentoffunctionaltranslationtheory.Itrequiresthatwhentranslating,itshouldbebasedonacertainpurpose,ensurethecoherenceofthetranslation,andbeloyaltotheoriginaltext.Atthesametime,itemphasizestheimportanceofthe"targetaudience".TranslationundertheguidanceofSkoposTheorymeansthattheactualpurposeisthemostimportantcontent,anditiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththerealityofthetranslationacttheory,whichalsoincludesthetranslationofrelevantculturalfactors.Vermeeremphasizedthattranslationisanactof"realizingaspecificpurposeandsatisfyingthetargetaudienceinthecontextofthetargetlanguage".WhentranslatingundertheguidanceofSkoposTheory,SkoposRule,CoherenceruleandFidelityruleshouldbethebenchmark.3.2ThreeRulesoftheSkoposTheorySkoposTheoryoftranslationcanbedividedintothreemajorprinciples.Skoposrule,CoherenceruleandFidelityrule.ThemostimportantofthesethreeprinciplesisSkoposrule.Skoposruleisthatthetranslationshouldbeinthecontextandcultureofthetargetlanguage.Andtranslateinthewaythetargetlanguagerecipientexpects.Thepurposetobeachievedbythetranslationactdeterminesthewholeprocessofthetranslationact,thatis,theresultdeterminesthemethod.Generallyspeaking,"purpose"referstothecommunicativepurposeofthetranslation.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldbeclearaboutitsspecificpurposeinagiventranslationcontext,anddecidewhichtranslationmethodtouseaccordingtothispurpose.Isliteraltranslation,freetranslationorsomewhereinbetween.Coherencerulemeansthatthetranslationmustmeetthestandardofintra-textualcoherence.Thatistosay,thetranslationisreadableandacceptable,sothattherecipientcanunderstandit.Thismakesitmeaningfulinthecultureofthetargetlanguageandthecommunicativecontextinwhichthetargetisused.Thefidelityrulemeansthatthereshouldbeinter-textualcoherencebetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettext.Thisisequivalenttotheso-calledloyaltytotheoriginalinothertranslationtheories,butthedegreeandformofloyaltytotheoriginaldependsonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingoftheoriginal.3.3TheStandardoftheSkoposTheorySkopostheoryregardsadequacyasthecriterionforevaluatingtranslations,thatis,translationsmustmeettherequirementsoftranslationpurposes.Itsstartingpointisnotwhetherthetargettextisequivalenttotheoriginaltext,butitemphasizesthatthetranslatortakestheexpectedfunctionofthetargettextasthestartingpointintranslation.Andaccordingtovariouscontextualfactors,choosethebesttreatmentmethod.Inotherwords,thetranslator'stranslationstrategymustbedeterminedbytheintendedpurposeorfunctionofthetranslation,theso-called"skoposrule".Whilefocusingonthefunctionofthetranslation,thetheoryalsoemphasizesthereadabilityofthetranslationinthetargetlanguage,thatis,the"coherencerule",andtheintra-textualcoherencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginal,thatis,the"fidelityrule",butbothofthelattermustbeobeyedskoposrule.3.4ApplicationofSkoposTheoryinExhibitionTranslationBasedontheSkopostheory,thetranslationshouldconformtothehabitualexpressionofEnglishasmuchaspossible,andshouldbeaudience-oriented,ratherthancopyingtheexpressionhabitofChinese.Therefore,inthetranslationprocess,attentionshouldbepaidtoavoidingtheexpressionofChinglish.Forexample,someslogansintheexhibitionoftenadoptsymmetrical,rhyming,andantitheticalformsaccordingtotheChineseexpressionhabits.Itincreasesthedifficultyoftranslation.ButifitisguidedbySkopostheory,itcaninterpretthecontentofthetranslationwell,insteadofjustseekingthevisualequivalencebetweentheoriginaltextandthetargettext.InChineseculture,someexpressionsarepoliteandeuphemisticrejectionsorexcuses.Whentranslatingsuchcontent,thetranslatorshouldaccuratelygrasptheintentoftheoriginaltextsoastochooseanappropriatetranslationstrategy.Onlyinthiswaycanthetranslationbemoresuitablefortheexpressionofthetargetlanguageonthebasisofretainingtheconnotationoftheoriginallanguage.Basedonthecharacteristicsofdomesticexhibitions,exhibitionEnglishtranslationhasitsspecialpurpose.Thatistoensurethesmoothprogressoftheexhibitionandthesuccessfulrealizationofthegoals.Therefore,whentranslatingtheexhibitiontext,thetranslatorneedstofullyconsiderthepurposeoftheexhibitionandthelanguagehabitsoftheaudience,andthenflexiblyadoptdifferenttranslationmethods.Skopostheoryemphasizesthattheprocessoftranslationactiondependsonthepurposeitwantstoachieve.ThisprovideseffectiveguidanceforthetranslationofexhibitionEnglish,andsolvestheproblemsofsemanticlevel,naturalleveldeviation,andculturalcontradictionsinthetranslationprocess.Thisenablestranslationtoservetheexhibitionmoreeffectively.EnhancemutualcommunicationbetweenChineseandforeignexhibitorsandserveasabridgeforculturalcommunication,marketexpansionandbrandpromotion.Ⅳ.FeaturesandDifficultiesofExhibitorManualTranslationFirstofall,regardlessofthetypeandscaleoftheexhibition,thefirstpartoftheexhibitor'smanualshouldcontainthebasiccontentoftheexhibitionandthebasicinformationoftheexhibitionhall.Inthispart,thecompanynameandpropernounssuchastimeandlocationaremainlyused.Secondly,eachexhibitor'smanualalsoneedstomakerelevantregulationsonboothdesignandexhibits.Whentranslatingtheabovecontent,itshouldconformtotheprofessionaltermssuchasthenameunitspecifiedintheinternationaltrade.Finally,asaninternationalexhibition,mostoftheexhibitorscomefromcompaniesinforeignregions,soexhibitsneedtobetransportedfromtheircountryorregiontothelocationoftheexhibitionthroughvariousmethods.Therefore,thetransportationofexhibitsisalsoanimportantpartoftheexhibitor'smanual.Whentranslatingthecontentofthispart,aseriesofcommonexpressionhabitsstipulatedinimportandexporttradeshouldbefollowed.ExhibitionEnglishisabranchofbusinessEnglish.IthasauniquestyleofbusinessEnglishexpressioninvocabulary,sentenceandtexttranslationexpression.Thefollowingwilldiscussthecharacteristicsandtechniquesoftheexhibitor'smanualtranslationfromthethreeaspectsofvocabulary,sentenceandtext,anddiscoverthedifficultiesandproblemsthatcurrentlyexistintranslatingsuchtexts.4.1FeaturesandDifficultiesofVocabularyTranslationNomatterwhatkindoftextitis,thetranslationofvocabularyisthemostimportant.Whentranslatingtheprofessionalvocabularyofexhibitions,threepointsneedtobeconsidered:whetheritisstandardized,conformstothetextandregionalcharacteristics.Throughobservation,wecanroughlydividethevocabularytranslationoftheexhibitor'smanualintothreecategories.Thatis,thetranslationofprofessionalvocabulary,thetranslationofbehavioralverbsandthetranslationofmodalverbs.Jin&Han(2014)suggestion“themostimportantpointinthetranslationoftheexhibitor’smanualisthatthemeaningshouldbeconciseandclear.Therefore,ourEnglishexpressionsindailylifearenotsuitableforexhibitormanuals.”Forexample,wewilldecidehowtotranslatetheterm"exhibition"accordingtothescaleoftheexhibition.Inaddition,therearealargenumberofprofessionalvocabularyinthetranslationoftheexhibitor'smanual,whichrequiresthetranslatortohavealargeamountofprofessionalknowledge.Onlyinthiswaycantheaccuracyofthemanualtranslationbeguaranteed.Atthesametime,behavioralverbsandmodalverbsarewidelyusedintheexhibitor'smanual.Whentranslatingsuchverbs,itisnecessarytochoosethetranslationmethodaccordingtothemeaningoftheoriginallanguagetoachieveabalancebetweentheoriginallanguageandthetargetlanguage.Butatpresent,manyEnglishmajorstendtouseliteraltranslationwhentranslatingsuchverbs.Thisleadstoabigdifferencebetweentheoriginallanguageandthetargetlanguage.4.2FeaturesandDifficultiesofSentenceTranslationWu(2018)concludesthatTheexhibitor’smanualhasarefinedlanguageandrichcontent,withlongandcomplexsentences,andalargenumberofChineselongsentencesandconditionalsentences.VariousChineseexpressionssuchaspassivesentencesandimperativesentencesandspecialgrammaticalsentencesemergeinanendlessstream.Whentranslating,itisnecessarytofocusonthemainthemeoftheoriginaltext,graspthekeypointsofthesentence,distinguishthepriority,andavoidasinglesentencepattern.Intheexhibitor’smanual,thesentencestructurealsohasitsowncharacteristics.Thatistosay,shortsentencesareoftenusedinChinesetexts,whileinEnglishversions,themethodofcombinedtranslationorsplittranslationisdeterminedaccordingtotheclassificationoftranslationgroups.Butnomatterwhatmethodisadopted,itspurposeisnottocausereadingdifficultiesforreaders.Inaddition,therearemanycontentsintheexhibitormanualtoconveytoexhibitorstheissuesthatshouldbepaidattentiontowhenparticipatingintheexhibition.Therefore,thetranslationofimperativesentencesisalsoextremelyimportant.Forthistypeofsentence,therearetwocommonlyusedtranslationstrategies.Oneistokeeptheimperativeunchanged,andtheotheristotransformthesentencestructure.Ofthetwomethods,theformergenerallyusesthemethodofLiteralTranslation.Finally,duetothedifferencesinChineseandEnglishthinkinghabits,weseldomusepassivesentencesinChineseexpressions.InEnglish,theuseofpassivesentencesisverycommon.Thisrequiresustopayattentiontothemeaningofthesentenceinthetranslationprocess.Butgenerallyspeaking,whentranslatingsuchsentences,studentsmajoringinBusinessEnglisharemoreinclinedtouseliteraltranslationdirectlybasedonthedescriptionoftheoriginaltext.Thestandardandnormativeofsentencetranslationneedstobeimproved.4.3FeaturesandDifficultiesofTextTranslationTheExhibitor’sManualisapubliclypublishedtext,anditstranslationalsohascorrespondingrequirementsforetiquette.Thisisespeciallytrueforlargeandeveninternationalexhibitions.Therefore,translatorsneedtopayattentiontotoneandpolitelanguagewhentranslating.Attheleveloftexttranslation,itsrequirementisnolongerjusttoconveytheliteralmeaning,butalsotobeabletoreflectitsimplicitmeaningthroughtranslation.InChineseexpression,wearemoreinclinedtoexpressthelogicofthearticlethroughthecontentofthelanguage.IntheprocessoftranslatingintoEnglish,weneedtoconnectthemthroughaseriesoflogicalwords.Inordertoachieveabalancebetweenthetwolanguages.Atthesametime,fortheEnglishexpressioninherentinChinese,weshouldgiveprioritytotheinherentexpressionwhentranslating.Inaddition,becauseitisthetransformationofmeaningbetweenthetwolanguages,wewillencounternon-verbalproblemswhentranslating,whichrequiresthetranslatortohaveasolidculturalaccumulationbetweenthetwolanguages.Forcollegestudents,weusuallyhavethefollowingproblemswhentranslating.Forexample,theculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwolanguagesarenotconsideredwhentranslating.Blindlyperformingliteraltranslationbasedontheoriginaltextmakesthetextlookblunt.Ⅴ.TranslationStrategiesofExhibitonManualfromthePerspectiveofSkoposTheoryInresponsetotheabovequestions,theauthorwilltakethesecondsectionoftheCIIEExhibitor'sManualasanexampletostudytheexpressions.Andtofindsolutionsfortheexistingproblemsinthevocabulary,sentence,anddiscourseinthetranslationoftheexhibitor’smanual.5.1StrategiesinSkoposSkoposrulerequiresourtranslationtoachievetheintendedmeaningoftheoriginaltext.Itemphasizesthatinthetranslationprocess,thetranslatorshouldtaketheexpectedfunctionofthetranslationasthestartingpointandchoosethebesttranslationmethodaccordingtovariouscontexts.InthesecondCIIEExhibitorHandbook,inordertoachievethisgoal,translatorsoftenuseomissionandamplificationwhentranslating.Thefollowingaresomeexamples.5.1.1OmissionWhentranslatingthevocabularyoftheexhibitor’smanual,wecanchoosetostartwiththeomissionoftranslationtomaximizethemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Atthesametime,theexpressionofthetranslationshouldconformtotheusagehabitsofnativeEnglishspeakersasmuchaspossible,reducingthereadingpressureoftargetreaders.Omissiontranslationisatranslationmethodthatomitssomerepeatedwordsorsomeincludedmeaningsforthesakeofconcisewritingandmoreinlinewiththehabitofthetargetlanguage.Themeaningoftheoriginaltexthasnotsufferedanylossduetoomission.【例1】如有任何不明或疑问，可在展会筹备阶段或展会现场向承办单位、展会指定服务商进行咨询。【译文】Incaseofanyquestionsordoubts,pleaseconsulttheOrganizersandCIIE’sdesignatedserviceprovidersduringthepreparationstageorattheExposite.【例2】在无专业人员监管的情况下，不可进行涉及机械类展品的动态演示活动。【译文】Nodynamicdemonstrationrelatedtomechanicalequipmentshallbeconductedwithoutprofessionalsupervision.InExample1,"进行"isanactionverb,andthetranslatoromitteditduringtranslation.Because"进行咨询"itselfmeansactionbehavior,use"consult"totranslate,omittingthemeaningof"进行".Thiswayofexpressionnotonlyachievesthemeaningoftheoriginaltextitself,butalsoreducesthecognitiveloadofthetargetreaders.InExample2,thesubjectof"动态演示活动"canonlybeexpressedthroughthepassiveformof"beconduceted".Duringthetranslation,thesubjectchangecausesachangeofvoice.Thisistomaketheoriginalintentionconsistentwiththeexpectationoftherecipientofthetranslationandformamoreeffectivetranslation.5.1.2AmplificationSinceeachnationhasitsownlanguagestructureandexpressionhabits,differenthistoricalbackgrounds,religiousbeliefs,customs,habits,andwaysofthinkingnaturallydiffer.AnoutstandingfeatureofforeignpublicitytranslationisthatitisbasicallytranslatedfromChinesetoEnglish.IntheuseofEnglish,duetotheinfluenceofChinesethinkingandculture,thephenomenonthatdoesnotconformtoEnglishexpressionhabitsoccursfromtimetotime.Themethodofaddingsomeexplanatorywords,conjunctions,genericwords,generalwordsandpronounsintranslationinordertomakethetranslationfluentandeasytounderstand,ortomakethetextvividandmoreinlinewiththelanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguage,iscalledthemethodofamplification.【例3】诚挚感谢您参加中国国际进口博览会，我们在中国上海欢迎您的到来！【译文】OnbehalfoftheCIIEorganizingcommittee,weherebysincerelythankyouforyourparticipationintheCIIE.WelcomeandseeyouinShanghai,China!InExample12,thetranslatoraddsadditionaltranslationsduringtranslation,whichisbasedonbusinesscultureconsiderations.InEnglishexpression,thefixedsentencepattern"onbehalfof..."isusedattheendorthebeginningofthecontentofthespeech.Inthisway,thetranslationcanshowthesincerityofusastheorganizer.Atthesametime,basedonthetranslationprincipleofSkoposTheory,thisexpressionismoreinlinewiththehabitualexpressionofEnglish.5.2StrategiesinCoherenceCoherencerulemeansthatthetranslationmustbereadableandacceptable,sothatthereaderofthetargetlanguagecanunderstandthetranslationandcansuccessfullyapplyittoactivities.TheExhibitorManualisamanualthatintegratesexplanatorytextandpublicitytext.Whentranslatingtheexhibitor’smanual,itneedstobeconcise,preciseandreadable.Theuseofsentencepatternsintheexhibitor’smanualcanberoughlydividedintolongsentences,imperativesentences,passivesentencesandconditionalsentences.Butcurrently,whentranslatingthesesentencepatterns,mostofthestudentsmajoringinBusinessEnglishdirectlytranslatethembasedontheChineseexpressions.Thisnotonlymakessentenceslonganddifficulttounderstand,butalsoextremelylacksprofessionalism.Throughtheanalysisoftheexhibitor'smanualofthesecondCIIE,thetranslatoradoptedthemethodofSyntacticLinearityandCombinationinordertoachievethisgoal.Thefollowingexampleswillillustrate.5.2.1SyntacticLinearitySyntacticLinearityistotranslatetheChinesesentencewithoutsubjectintheoriginalsentenceintoEnglishsentencewithitastheformalsubject.【例4】严禁在未经采取防漏保护的措施下使用污水、沙土、泥炭、苔等类似材料参与搭建及展示，以防粘污展馆固定设施设。【译文】Itisprohibitedtoadoptsewage,sand,peat,mossandothersimilarmaterialsintheconstructionanddisplaywithouttakingleakage-proofmeasures,soastopreventthecontaminationofthefixedfacilitiesandequipmentintheexhibitionhall.InExample4,thetranslationmethodoftheformalsubjectisadopted.Theuseofthisstructuredsentencepatternismoresuitableforthetranslationoflonganddifficultsentences.Bychangingthesentencestructureandfollowingtheprincipleofpoliteness,exhibitorswillnotbeoffended.Atthesametime,itisalsoinlinewiththehabitofEnglishuserswhenreadinglongsentences,placingthoserealsubjectsatthebackofthesentencetoavoidtop-heavy.5.2.2CombinationCombinationreferstocombiningtwoormorewordsintheoriginaltextintooneword,combiningtwoormoresimplesentencesintoonesentence,orcombiningacompoundsentenceinthetranslationwithasinglesentenceexpression.【例5】为全面加强展会特装展台的安全生产管理工作，确保展台搭建、拆除及展期维护严格遵守承办单位及展馆的相关安全生产的规定与要求，承办单位特别推荐了多家资质良好、经验丰富、管理严格的特装施工服务商以供展商自行选用，承办单位不负责为参展单位推荐具体的特装施工服务商。【译文】Inordertocomprehensivelystrengthenthesafeoperationmanagementofthespecialexhibitionboothsandensurestrictcompliancewiththeinstructionsandregulationsoftheorganizerandtheexhibitionspaceforsafeoperationinbuilding,dismantlingandmaintenanceofexhibitionboothsduringtheexhibition,theorganizerhasspeciallyrecommendedanumberofqualified,sophisticatedandwell-managedspecialexhibitionboothconstructorsfortheexhibitorstochoosefrom.Theorganizerisnotobligedtorecommendanyspecificexhibitionboothconstructors.Liu&Jin(2014)pointedoutthat“basedontheprincipleofSkoposTheory,thetranslationshouldconformtothehabitualexpressionofEnglishasmuchaspossible.Itshouldbeaudience-oriented,ratherthanjustcopyingtheexpressionhabitsofChinese.”InChinese,weareusedtodividingalongsentenceintomultiplesmallsentencestoreducetheburdenofunderstanding.InEnglishexpression,itismoreinclinedtodividethemeaninggrouptoreducetheburdenofunderstanding.Therearefiveclausesinthislongsentence.Afteranalysis,thetranslatordivideditintotwomeaninggroups.Thefirstmeaninggroupisthefirsttofourthclauses,mainlyemphasizingtheservicesprovidedbytheorganizerforexhibitors.Thelastsentenceisdividedintoagroupofmeanings,emphasizingthattheundertakingunithasnosuchobligation.Thetwopartsaredifferentfromeachother,anditisnoteasytocauseconfusioninreadingforexhibitors.Atthesametime,theEnglishtranslationof"资质良好、经验丰富、管理严格……"into"qualified,sophisticatedandwell-managed".EachChinesefour-characterwordcorrespondstoanEnglishword.Itnotonlyconveysthemeaningoftheoriginaltext,butalsoavoidsthesentencefrombeingtoolongandmakestheexpressionmoreconcise.【例6】未严格按照该绿色标准实施的，承办单位有权要求予以整改，由此产生的损失由相应的参展商或搭建商承担。【译文】Theorganizerhastherighttorequestanyexhibitororexhibitionboothconstructorwhofailstofollowthestandardstocorrectitsoffenceandindemnifyforanylossesarisingtherefrom.Example6isthesameasExample5,andthecombinedtranslationmethodisalsoadoptedintranslation.Theoriginalsentenceisthreeshortsentences,whichthetranslatortreatsasacomplexsentenceinEnglish.Inthisway,thetranslationisconciseandclear,andwillnotcausetoom