大学英语写作课件4-Composing-essays

ComposingEssaysCriteriaofaGoodComposition

Itshouldhavesth.interestingand/orimportant&ifpossiblesth.newtosay;This“sth.”isexpressedclearly,accuratelyandappropriately.Beforewriting,wemust:decideonthepurpose&audienceofourwriting;trytoadaptthestyleandlanguagetosuitourpurpose&audience.StepsinWritingaComposition

PlanningacompositionWritingthefirstdraft

(初稿)RevisingthefirstdraftMakingthefinalcopy

(定稿)PlanningaCompositionPuttingdownalltherelevantfacts;Thewritershouldthinkofanmanyrelevantfactsasshecouldattheverybeginning.Listalltherelatedfactsandideas.2.Thinkingofapropertheme&decidingonthepurpose;

Havinglistedallthefacts,weshouldthinkofatheme,thatis,acontrollingidea,anddecideonourpurpose.3.Re-examiningthelistofdetails&outlining

Withourpurposeinmind,weshouldlookatthelistagainandcutoutirrelevant,unnecessary,orunimportantdetails.TypesofOutlineSentenceoutline（句子提纲）:madeupofsentences;thecontrollingideaorthesisissubdividedintosmallerparts;Roman&Arabicnumeralsorlettersofthealphabetareusedtonumber&orderideas.Topicoutline（主题提纲）:consistingofnouns&theirmodifiersortheirequivalents(gerund/infinitivephrases).Thesis(controllingidea)IntroductionMainIdeaA.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetaila.Fact1b.Fact2MainIdeaA.Sub-idea1.Supportingdetail2.SupportingdetailB.Sub-ideaC.Sub-ideaConclusionRulesforWritingOutlinesAvoidsinglesubdivisions;Avoidmixingsentences&phrasesinanoutline;Makesuresubheadsofthesamerank(e.g.:A,B&C)areofequalimportance,arerelatedtotheheadingsI,II&III,andarearrangedinlogicalorder;Alwayswritethethesisinonecompletesentence.ThreeMainPartsofaCompositionTheBeginningTheMiddle/BodyTheEndTheBeginning

rousesthereaders’interest&drawstheirattentiontothesubjectmatterofthepaperand/orprovidesnecessarybackgroundinformationWaysofBeginninganArticleRelevantbackgroundmaterial;RelevantEpisode(趣闻轶事法);Thetimeandplaceoftheeventtobedescribed;Aquotation;Aquestion;Astatement;Figuresorstatistics;Adefinition;Ananalogy(类比法).BeginningwithRelevantEpisode

TheWorldIsGettingSmallerandSmaller(CET-4,1993.12)(趣事引导)Mostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:Whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecitywhereyouliveandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresurprisedtofindthatyourunintooneofyouroldclassmatesonthestreet.Perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout,“Whatasmallworld!”(主题)Whyistheworldgettingsmallerandsmaller?

Foronething,….Foranother,….趣闻轶事法常用表达式开头:Mostofushavesuch(an)experience(s):whenyougotosomeplace…,youaresurprisedtofind…Manypeoplehavesharedtheexperiencelikethis…承接句:Sucha/ancase/event/story/phenomenonisquitepopular.Thecase/event/story/phenomenonisnotrare/isolated/unique.ItisjustoneofmanytypicalexamplesIhaveheard/encountered.Wemayregard/see/view/thinkofthecaseasaresult/signof/aresponse/reactionto…Ithasnowdrawnpublic/muchattention

totheproblem/issueof…Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthis:引语法常用表达式Oneofthegreatmen/writers/scientistsoncesaid/remarked,“…”.Itistrue.Astheproverbsays/goes,“…”.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharethisbelief./Nowitstillhasarealisticsignificance.Thereismuchtruthintheoldsaying,“…”.Inotherwords,nothingismoreimportant/valuablethan…Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Constantdroppingofwaterwearsawayastone.用格言，谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅，又有更强说服力．数据统计法常用表达式From/Accordingtotherecentsurvey/study/statisticsbytheofficials/government/scientists/experts,itcanbepredicted/learned/seen/estimatedthat…Allstatistical/reliableevidencepointstothefact/goestoshowthat…A/Onerecent/new/generalstudy/survey/investigationconducted/takenbyexperts/

officials/scientists

indicates/suggests/proves/shows/demonstratesthat…Asisshown/isevidenced/canbeseeninthe

graph/data/findings/table

provided/releasedby

aninstitute/thegovernment,…ExampleofbeginningbyaDefinition(定义引导)Patriotism[‘peɪtri:ə.tɪzəm]

meanstheloveofone’scountry.Aperson’smotherlandisaplacewhereheisbornandbred,aplacewherehisancestorslivedfromgenerationtogeneration.(主题)Naturallyoneshoulddevelopastrongpatriotismandshowdeeploveforhispeople,traditionandeverypieceofland.定义常用表达式Ais…Ameans…Asignifies…Aisconsideredtobe…Aistakentobe…Arefersto…Aisdefinedas…ExampleofbeginningbyanAnalogy

Atraditionalstorydescribesafoolishmanliftingarocktooheavyforhimandhavinghisownfeetsquashed.Hitlerwaslikethatfoolishman,buthewasdifferentinthat,beforehedestroyedhimself,hedestroyedmillionsofotherpeople.TheMiddlepresentsclearly&logicallythewriter’sfacts&ideas.usuallyconsistsofdetailsoftheevent.Thesedetailsincludeinformationabouttime,place,characters,circumstance.Moreimportantly,thesedetails,whenputtogether,willshowsomekindofdevelopment:developmentbytime,space,process,example,comparisonandcontrast,causeandeffect,classification.TheEndTheendwindsupthepaperoftenwithanemphatic&forcefulstatementtoinfluencethereaders’finalimpressionandshowsthemthewriter’spurpose.theendofanarrativeessayisalsotheplacetomoralize

(论道德),ortodrawalessonfromtheexperience,ortomakecommentsontheincidentandthecharacters,ortoshowthesignificanceaboutwhathappened.WaysofEndinganArticleRepetitionofthesis(重复主题);Summaryofmainpoints(总结要点);Referencetoattentionmethod(呼应开头);Outlookonfuture(展望未来前景);Useofquotation/proverb(应用引语或谚语);Useofrhetoricalquestion(使用反问句).RepetitionofThesis用不同于主题的语言表达形式来复述主题以达到强化主题/加深印象的目的。(开头)Almostovernight,you’llfindpeoplesuddenlydecoratedwithnumerousplastichoopsofvariouscolors.Peoplecallithula-hooporgymnastichoop.Frombigdepartmentstorestovendor’sstands,almosteveryplaceiscrowdedwithpeoplepurchasinghula-hoops.(主题)Obviously,theselittlehoopshavegoneintomillionsofhouseholdsinChina.…(结尾)Inshort,everybodycangethealthfulrewardsfromthegameprovidedhedoesn’tover-exercisewithit.Anditisjustforthesereasonsthat(重复主题)hula-hoopspreadsalloverthecountryatsucharapidspeed.SummaryofMainPoints在结尾处回顾各段的要点，加以总结，以揭示主题。如：Tosumup,inordertokeeptherespectfultitle,thestudentsoughttobehavewellaccordingtothefiverulesmentionedabove:1)beambitious;2)behelpful;3)bebroadminded;4)bebrave;and5)behonest.ReferencetoAttentionMethod如果文章开头提出疑问，那就在结尾处作一个概括性的回答；如果文章开头引用了名言，则不妨在结尾处重申一遍再回到主题上来。总之，要使文章的主题思想前后呼应，有始有终。如：(开头)Nowadays,quiteanumberofoldpeoplearenotsatisfiedwiththeyouth.Theyalwaysconnecttheyouthwithfashionabledress,rockmusicandpopularsongs.Theyalwaysshaketheirheadsandsay,“Ai,youngpeopletoday…”(结尾)Thereisnodoubtmodernyouthshaveshortcomings.Theyareusuallyeagertosucceedwithouttakingthingsonestepatatime.Theyoftensetgoalshighandoutofreach,andpaynoattentiontothereality.(呼应开头)That’swhytheoldpeopleshaketheirheadsandbecomedissatisfiedwiththem.OutlookonFuture对文中所讨论主题或问题处于尚未有定论阶段时，可提出解决问题的办法，或表明观点，或提出建议，或对发展中的新生事物寄予希望，展示良好的发展前景。如：(开头)NowadaysmoreandmorefriendsallovertheworldarebeginningtogetinterestedintheChineselanguage.Tomyknowledge,Chineselanguagecoursesaregiveninmorethan1,000schoolsinover50countries.…(结尾)I’msureChinesewillbecomeoneofthemostimportantlanguagesintheworldinthe21stcentury.AsChinawillopenfurthertotheoutsideworld,thelanguageissuretobespreadworld-wide.UseofQuotation/Proverb用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。如：

Ifyouhaveanythingtodo,trytodoityourself,forthatisthesafestwaytopermanentsuccess.Rememberthefamoussaying,“Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.”Ifwesticktostudiesdayafterday,thereisnothingthatcan’tbeachieved.Asanoldsayinggoes,“Constantdroppingofwaterwearsawayastone.”UseofRhetoricalQuestion用反问结尾，虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。如：

Therefore,listeningskillsmustbeconsciouslyimproved.Sinceitissuchanimportantmeansoflearningandcommunication,whyshouldwenotdevelopthisabilityasfaraspossible?So,whatcanwebenefitfromwealthifwedonothavehealth?FourMainTypesofWriting

Narration(记叙)Exposition(说明)Description(描写)Argumentation(议论)Narrationanaccountofaneventoraseriesofeventincludingstories,biographies,histories&newsitems;mainlydealswithevents&experiencesFiveAspectsinaNarrativePurposeSelectionofdetailsContext(background/setting)OrganizationPointofviewFirst-personnarrative:morelifelike;butcannottelleventshappeningindifferentplacesatthesametimeThird-personnarrative:moreobjective;freefromthelimitationoftime&place;butnoteasytoputinorderthingshappeningtodifferentpeopleindifferentplacesFirst-personnarrative:morelifelike;butcannottelleventshappeningindifferentplacesatthesametime

更生动Third-personnarrative:moreobjective;freefromthelimitationoftime&place;butnoteasytoputinorderthingshappeningtodifferentpeopleindifferentplaces

更客观Expositionexplains/exploressth.,suchastheprocessofmakingamachine,thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon,theplanningofaproject,orthesolutionofaproblemmainlydealswithprocesses&relationships.themostimportantqualityofexpositionisclarityToachieveclarityinexposition,thewritershouldLimithissubject/scopeofdiscussion;Prepareenoughmateri