CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology专题知识讲座

JlliangZhang(Ph.D)PROTISTACollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology

Ifyoulookatadropofpondwaterunderamicroscope,allthe"littlecreatures"youseeswimmingaroundare

protists.Allprotistshaveanucleusandaretherefore

eukaryotic.Protistsareeitherplant-like,animal-likeorfungus-like.

PROTISTSVerydiversegroup>60,000knownspeciesMostareunicellularSomearecolonialSomearemulticellularNot“simple”atthecellularlevelRemember,aunicellularorganismmustcarryoutallbasicfunctionsoflifewithinasinglecellCellswithinamulticellularorganismcanbecomespecialized,andneednotcarryoutallsuchfunctionsKingdomProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimaliaProtistaMonera(原核生物)prokaryoticeukaryoticPrincipalcharacterUnicellularMicroscopicNogermlayersAlltypesofsymmetry团藻空球藻实球藻Structure&OrganellesShells&Skeletons:nakedsecretedshellcomposedoforganicorinorganicmaterials(i.e.CaCO3,SiO2)shellcomposedofsmallparticlescementedtogetherStructure&OrganellesCellmembrane=Plasmamembrane=PlasmalemmaCytoplasm(protoplasm):ectoplasm=outersemi-solidregionendoplasm=innerfluidregion(granular)Nucleus/nuclei:*Macronucleus=largenucleusinvolvedincontrollingmetabolicactivities*Micronucleus=smallnucleusinvolvedinreproductiveactivities*NotallprotistshavebothtypesofnucleusAlltypesofnutrition/feeding1.Autotrophic:capableofmakingtheirownfoodhavechloroplastsforphotosynthesis2.Heterotrophic:incapableofmakingtheirownfoodandmustingestpre-formedorganicmaterialsAlltypesofnutrition/feedingFeeding:Phagocytosis（吞噬作用）

Foodvacuole-intracellulardigestivecavityAlltypesofnutrition/feedingFeeding:intakefoodthroughacytostome(cellular“mouth”)eliminatewastethroughacytoproct(cellular“anus”)Cytoproct（胞肛）Cytostome（胞口）Osmoregulation&ExcretionContractilevacuoles（伸缩泡）:involvedinwaterregulationpumpsexcesswateroutofthecytoplasmExcretionisviadiffusionLocomotionPseudopodia“false”“foot”FlagellaCiliacytoplasmicstreamingAsexualReproduction“fission”:whenanindividualsplitsinto2identicalindividuals,itiscalled“binaryfission”(二分裂)if>2progeny,itiscalled“multiplefission”(多分裂)whenasmallerindividualbudsoffofthelargerparent,itiscalled“budding”(出芽生殖)Plasmotomy（质裂）Thedivisionofamultinucleateprotozanintomultinucleateduaghterindividualsbycytoplasmicdivisionbutwithoutnucleardivisionaliscalled-Plasmotomyeg:Opalina（蛙片虫）SexualReproductionconjugation=when2individualsexchangemicronucleiresultsingeneticmixingand“new”genotypes4daughters(geneticallydifferentfromparents)exchangeofmicronuclei-fusionofthe“exchanged”micronuclei-degenerationofoldmicronucleiParameciumreproduction1.Individualsfuse2.Micronucleusproduces4haploidnucleiParameciumreproduction4.Matesswapmicronuclei3.Onedividesbymitosis,3disintegrateParameciumreproduction5.Syngamyoccurs,micronucleifuse6.Micronucleiundergomitosisandform8micronucleiParameciumreproduction7.Originalmacronucleusdisintegrates;4micronucleidevintonewmacronuclei8.After2celldivisionsw/outnucleardivision,thenewmacroandmicronucleiareparceledoutinto4newindividualsGamogenesis（配子生殖）：

PhylumSarcomastigophora（肉鞭亚门）SubphylumSarcodina(肉足纲)SubphylumMastigophora（鞭毛纲）PhylumCiliophora（纤毛亚门）PhylumSporozoa(Apicomplexa)（顶复亚门）**NotethatyourtextbookhasdifferenttaxonomicgroupingsbutwewillfollowthelabKingdomProtista已命名旳原生动物超出64000种，其中半数以上为化石种类（Ⅰ）、Mastigophora（鞭毛虫纲）1、Symbolanimal—Euglena(眼虫)Lightdetector:swellingnearthebaseofthelongflagellum;detectslightthatisnotblockedbytheeyespot;asaresult,Euglenamovestowardlightofappropriateintensity,animportantadaptationthatenhancesphotosynthesisLongflagellumShortflagellumNucleusPlasmamembraneParamylongranuleChloroplastContractilevacuoleEyespot:pigmentedorganellethatfunctionsasalightshield,allowinglightfromonlyacertaindirectiontostrikethelightdetector

Pellicle:proteinbandsbeneaththeplasmamembranethatprovidestrengthandflexibility(Euglenalacksacellwall)Euglena(LM)5µmbinaryfissionEncystation（包囊形成）2.characteristicspresentinclassmastigophora(鞭毛纲)Oneormorewhiplikeflagellapresentforlocomotionandfoodcapture.Nutritionautotrophicbyphototrophy,orheterotrophicbyosmotrophy,ormixtotrophic.Reproductiontypicallyasexuallybysymmetrogeniclongitudinalbinaryfission;sexualreproductionoccursinsomecases.

Thereareabout2023speciesandseveralorders,whicharegroupedintotwosubclasses:I.ClassPhytomastigophora（植鞭亚纲）II.ClassZoomastigophora（动鞭亚纲）3、ClassificationofmastigophoraA、Phytomastigophora：Membersofthethisclasshavebothchloroplastsandflagella。常见旳有绿眼虫、团藻虫、盘藻虫、钟罩虫、夜光虫等。盘藻Goniumformosum团藻Volvoxcarteri几种鞭毛虫裸甲腰鞭虫夜光虫沟腰鞭虫角鞭虫钟罩虫合尾滴虫尾窝虫RedTidesEnvironmentalconditionscancausedinoflagellate（腰鞭毛虫）populationstoexploderesultinginredtidescancausefishkillsinvolvedinparalyticshellfishpoisoningB、ZoomastigophoraItsorganismsareheterotrophicandhaveone-to-manyflagella.代表性旳种类有利什曼原虫、锥虫、原海绵虫等。1）Leishmania（利什曼原虫）Sandfly

2）Trypansoma（锥虫）TsetseflyTrypansomasleepingsickness3）Cryptobia（鳃隐鞭虫）寄生于鱼鳃阴道毛滴虫Trichomonasvaginalis披发虫Trichonympha领鞭毛虫和变形鞭毛虫变形鞭毛虫双领虫原绵虫自由生活种类（Ⅱ）Sarcodina1、Symbolanimal—AmoebaproteusPseudopodiaassistphagocytosisandmotionintheorganisms.Thepellicle(orenvelope)isusuallythinandflexible.Theircytoplasmconsistsofclear,outerectoplasmandgranular,innerendoplasm.Asexualreproductionoccursbyfissionofthecell.2、CharacteristicspresentinSarcodina3、ClassificationofSarcodina

1）Rhizopoda伪足为叶状、指状、丝状或根状特征：代表：大变形虫、痢疾内变形虫、表壳虫、有孔虫Symbolanimal：entamoebahistolyticaMajorpathogenworld-widedistribution(10%)5%insomedevelopedcountries100deathsinChicago1930Trophozoite（滋养体）&Cyst（包囊）oral-faecaltransmission表壳虫Arcella

sp砂壳虫Difflugiasp有孔虫Foraminifer2）Actinopoda特征：具轴伪足，多营漂浮生活代表：太阳虫、放射虫太阳虫Actinophrys放射虫Radiolarian(Ⅲ)Sporovoa

(孢子纲)1、Symbolanimal—Plasmodiumvivax(间日疟原虫)Mosquito&“victim”Africa=kills1millionchildrenperyearThousandsofsporozoitesinjectedAnophelesMosquitoPlasmodiumsporozoitegameteocyte卵囊裂殖子

寄生在人体红细胞内旳疟原虫：1-环状体；2-滋养体3-裂殖体；4-雄配子；5-雌配子；6-中性粒细胞；7-淋巴细胞2、CharacteristicspresentinSporovoa1）Exclusivelyparasites2）Adultsporozoanshavenostructuresformovement3）Heterotrophic4）Complexlifecycle；Reproductivepatternincludinggamogenesis,merozoitereproduction(裂殖子生殖)andsporogony（孢子生殖）.3、ThecommonkindofSporovoa巴贝斯焦虫Babesia艾美球虫Eimeria碘泡虫Myxobolus(Ⅳ)C