Unit1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

LearningObjectivesFindoutthestagesofscientificresearchinthispassage.LearnaboutJohnSnow’sresearchprocessExpressyourideaonthegiventopicthroughcreativethinking大单元主题教学Lead-inGreatscientistswehavelearntLead-inAccordingtothesepictures,Whatkindofdiseasedoyouthinkitis?COVID-19Whatotherkindsofepidemics（流行病）doyouknow?bird-flu（禽流感）malaria（疟疾）plague（鼠疫）Ebola(埃博拉)Lead-inVideoTime:Howmuchdoyouknowaboutcholera?Whatarethesymptoms(症状)

ofCholera？Itbeginsinthestomachandaseverecasecanleadtodeathwithoutimmediatetreatment.dehydration(缺水)severevomiting(呕吐)diarrhea(腹泻)Manyyearsago,thecholeraintheworldkilledmillionsofpeople.Peoplewereveryafraidofit,buttheydidn'tknowwhattodo.Luckily,Idecidedtofindouthowtopreventandtreatthedisease.Finally,Iwonthebattle.Stagesinscientificresearch

DrawaconclusionCollectdataAskaquestion

Findaproblem

Analysetheresults

Findsupportingevidence

ThinkofamethodPredictionWhatwillbetalkedaboutfromthetitle?JohnSnow

Defeats“KingCholera”Who?How?What?WhyCholerawascalled“King”atthattime?Becauseitclaimed/tookalotoflives.Readthewholetextquicklyandmatchthemainideas.Readthewholetextquicklyandmatchthemainideas.Para.1Para.2Para.4Para.5JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Snow'scontributions.Para.3

Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydrationandevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.Readfordetails(Para.1)Research

background

霍乱曾经是世界上最可怕的疾病之一，直到英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示了如何战胜霍乱。这种疾病会导致严重的腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。19世纪初，霍乱在欧洲爆发，数百万人死于这种疾病。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰・斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。JohnSnowWho?A________doctorwhoevenattended_______________whenshegavebirth.What?Hehadadesireto________________onceandforall.famousdestroycholeraQueenVictoriacholeraWhat?Itusedtobeoneof_________________________________________becauseitcauses______________________________________________.When?_____________________________________________________________.Where?_____________________________________________________________.Whatconsequence?Millionsofpeople_______________________________.themostfeareddiseasesintheworldseverediarrhoea,dehydrationandevendeathIntheearly19thcenturyEuropediedfromthedisease“KingCholera”=________choleradeadlyreadfor“what”and“who”Readfordetails(Para.1)Research

backgroundReadfordetails(Para.2)WhatwerethetwotheoriesandwhichdidJohnSnowagreewith?

关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时的医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。TwocontradictorytheoriesTheoryone:causedby________Theorytwo:causedby_______SymptomsSymptomscoughsneezerunnynoselungdiarrhoeadehydration✔badairgermsSnowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Readfordetails(Para.2)FindaproblemWedon’tregardanyscientifictheoryastheabsolutetruth.------KennethRMiller我们不认为任何科学理论是绝对真理。------肯尼斯R米勒WhatdidJohnSnowinvestigatewhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854?Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.Readfordetails(Para.2)AskaquestionSnowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16.37.38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspected

thatthewaterpumpwastoblame.

斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)。但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作。酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。Readfordetails(Para.3)Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿离开宽街后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。Readfordetails(Para.3)AmapofBroadStreet-”CholeraMap”WhatmethoddidSnowuse?AmapofBroadStreet-”CholeraMap”Whichhouseshadmorethan4deathsinBroadStreet?WhichhouseshadnodeathinBroadStreet?Multipledeathshappenedhere.Nodeathhappenedhere.Hesuspectedthatthewaterfromthepumpwastoblame.

Readfordetails(Para.3)ThinkofamethodCollectdataAnaysetheresultsPumpwatercarriedthecholeragerms.TwodeathsPlacePersonEventInanotherpartofLondonAwomanandherdaughterDiedofcholerabecauseofdrinkingthewaterdeliveredfromthepumpRemove

thehandleofthepumpThediseasewasstopped.Readfordetails(Para.3)

ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.

事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Readfordetails(Para.4)

ThroughSnow'stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsidered

thefatherofmodernepidemiology.

通过斯诺的不懈努力，自来水公司开始销售干净的水，世界各地的霍乱威胁大大减少。然而，霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年，全世界有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人死于霍乱。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。此外，斯诺运用地图和统计数据，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。Snow'scontributions.Readfordetails(Para.5)Wascholeradefeatedcompletely?Readfordetails(Para.4---5)Howtopreventthecholera?Topreventcholerafromspreading,we'dbetterdrinkpureorboiledwaterandeatcleanfood.A:Itwasbelievedthatcholerawascausedbybad____orgermsin_______________.B:Snow___________________theplaces

wherethepeoplewho_____hadlivedC:Manydeathsoccurrednearthe___________inBroadStreet.Somepeople__________drunkthewaterfromthepump,andlived.AwomanandherdaughterdiedinanotherpartofLondonafter________________________.D:Thepumpwatercarried____________.conclusionevidenceE:The_______ofthepumpwasremoved.processsolutionhandletheoriesairfoodorwatermarkedonthediedwaterpumphadn’tdrinkingwatercholeragermsReadthepassage

againandcompletethechartbelow.(教材P3习题)conclusionevidenceprocesssolutiontheoriesmapfromthepumpAsadoctor,hehelpedusto____________________.Asascientist,hefoundout_________________________.whatcausedcholerapreventcholeraWhatqualitiesdoyouthinkJohnSnowhas?GroupdiscussionGroupdiscussionWhatqualitiesdoyouthinktheyhaveincommon?creativitycommittedpassionatecriticalthinkingcareforlifestrongsenseofsocialresponsibility

Intheearly19thcentury,anoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,_______(cause)millionsofdeaths.Seeingthis,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhow_________(prevent)ortreatcholera.Atthattime,doctorshadtwotheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onewasthatbadaircausedthediseasea