世界银行 -水安全与气候变化 Water Security and Climate Change- Insights from Country Climate and Development Reports

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WaterSecurityand

ClimateChange

PublicDisclosureAuthorized

InsightsfromCountryClimateandDevelopmentReports

ABOUTTHEWATERGLOBALPRACTICE

Launchedin2014,theWorldBankGroup’sWaterGlobalPracticebringstogetherfinancing,knowledge,andimplementationinoneplatform.BycombiningtheBank’sglobalknowledgewithcountryinvestments,thismodelgeneratesmorefirepowerfortransformationalsolutionstohelpcountriesgrowsustainably.

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ABOUTGWSP

ThispublicationreceivedthesupportoftheGlobalWaterSecurity&SanitationPartnership(GWSP).GWSPisamultidonortrustfundadministeredbytheWorldBank’sWaterGlobalPracticeandsupportedbyAustralia’sDepartmentofForeignAffairsandTrade,Austria’sFederalMinistryofFinance,theBill&MelindaGatesFoundation,Denmark’sMinistryofForeignAffairs,theNetherlands’MinistryofForeignAffairs,Spain’sMinistryofEconomicAffairsandDigitalTransformation,theSwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency,Switzerland’sStateSecretariatforEconomicAffairs,theSwissAgencyforDevelopmentandCooperation,U.K.InternationalDevelopment,andtheU.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment.

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©2024InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank

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WaterSecurityandClimateChange

InsightsfromCountryClimateandDevelopmentReports

KEYMESSAGES*

lMostcriticalclimatechangeimpactchannelsdiscussedintheCountryClimateandDevelopmentReports(CCDRs)aredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtowater,includingwatershocksaffectingagriculturalandenergyproduction,water-relateddiseasesimpactinghealthandlaborproductivity,andwater-relatednaturaldisastersandresultinginfrastructuredamages.Whileestimatesoftheimpactdifferacrosscountries,thepoorandvulnerableareoftendisproportionatelyaffected.

lWatersectoractionscancontributetobothclimatemitigationandadaptation.Approximately10percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissionsarelinkedtowater-relatedactivities.Thewatersectorofferssignificantuntappedpotentialforclimatemitigationandplaysacrucialroleinprovidinginnovativesolutionsnecessaryforthetransitiontogreenenergy.Investmentsinwateradaptationdeliversubstantialsocialandeconomicbenefits.

lTheinvestmentrequirementsinthewatersectoraresubstantial,andthefinancinggapisequallysignificant.Theprivatesectorneedstoplayacrucialroleinbridgingthisinvestmentgap.Toencourageprivateparticipation,itisessentialtoestablishclearandtransparentgovernanceandpolicies,implementblendedfinancingmechanisms,andadoptpricingincentivesthatrewardsustainablewaterinvestmentand

management.

lDemand-sidemanagementoftenprovestobemorecost-effectiveinaddressingwatersupplyshortagesthaninvestinginsupply-sidesolutions.Effectivewaterdemandmanagementinvolvesadjustingwatertariffstoreflectthetruevalueofwaterinwaterallocationanduse,increasingconsumerawareness,andstrengtheningregulationsandtechnologiestoimprovewateruseefficiency.Increasingefficiencyrequirescountriestoovercomepolitical-economybarrierswhilerepurposingwastefulwatersubsidies.CountriesexperiencingwaterstressaremorelikelytorecommendwatertariffreformsintheirCCDRs.

lFutureCCDRscanbefurtherimprovedby(1)systematicallyestimatingtheinvestmentneedsofthewatersectorandevaluatingtheircost-effectiveness,(2)improvingmodelingapproachestobetterassesstheimpactofwatersectorshocksonthemacroeconomy,(3)developingastrongernarrativeregardingtheeffectsofwatershocksonemploymentandtheimportanceoftransboundarywatermanagement,and(4)emphasizingtheimportanceofmonitoringtheoutcomesofwatersectorinvestmentsthroughsystematicdatacollection,includingtheuseofremotesensingtechnologies.

Thekeyfindingsofthisreportarealsohighlightedinthe2024WorldBankCCDRsummaryreport,“PeopleinaChangingClimate:FromVul-nerabilitytoAction,”availableat

/en/publication/country-climate-development-reports

.

T

osupportthealignmentofdevelopmentandclimateobjectivesatthecountrylevel,theWorldBankGroup

launchedtheCountryClimateandDevelopmentReport(CCDR).CCDRshelpgovernments,privatesector

investors,citizens,anddevelopmentpartnersprioritizetheactionsthatdeliverdevelopmentbenefits,enhanceresilienceandadaptation,andreducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions.

Becausewaterprovidesinputstomanyeconomicsectors(agriculture,energy,transport,forests,andfisheries)andclimatechangemanifestsitselfthroughchangesinthewatercycle,itisvaluabletounderstandhowCCDRscapturethewatersectorandtoidentifyemerginginsightsonwatersectoractionsinthecontextofclimatechange.

ThisreportanswersthesecrucialquestionsfromthevantagepointofCCDRsreleasedin2022,2023,and2024.

1

Itexaminesarangeofwater-relatedclimaterisksandassociatedreformsaspresentedinthesereports.Ateamofexpertsusedclimatechange-relatedkeywordsandtext-miningtechniquestoreviewsome3,900pagesofCCDRtext.Datavisualizationsoftextminingresultsindicatetheimportanceofthewatersectorforhumancapital,economy,andenvironment.Country-specificexamplesarementionedforthecountrieswherewaterwasrecognizedasthemostpertinentingredientforsocioeconomicdevelopment.

TheCCDRsprovidecomprehensivecoverageofwater.Water-relatedchallengesarethemostfrequentlymentionedchallengesintheCCDRs(

figure1

).AlmostallcompletedCCDRshighlightwater-sectorrecommendationsaskeyforadaptation,mitigation,orboth.Thirty-ninecountriesconductedwatersector-relateddeepdivesoranalyzedthewater/climatechange/developmentnexus(

figure2

).TheWaterGlobalPracticeco-ledCCDRsforAngola,Iraq,Kenya,Malawi,andZimbabwe.

FIGURE1CCDRsPreparedBetween2022and2024ExtensivelyCoverWater

watermanagement

electricitylandecosystemwaterbornemeasurewaterways

resourcefltywbilitrvoiretemseymeltoclkivelihoods

eirlisucaiiitisltrysitivsgitioinwater

reductioncropsirrigationenergygroundwaterJtransportcroppubliceconomic

forestscoastalecosystemsfoodinfrastructureurbandeforestation

sliiilleitliltrdisiiiiii

treatmentsecuritydrainageharvestingefficiency

fisfloodchangelandscapedroughtsgovernanceindustrypollurces

Source:Analysisisbasedon52completedCCDRs(25in2022,16in2023,and11in2024).

Note:ThewordcloudshowsthemostfrequentlyusedwordsintheCCDRs.Largerandboldertypeindicateshigherfrequency.

WATERSECURITYANDCLIMATECHANGE:INSIGHTSFROMCOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORTS

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CCDRsconcludethatwaterplaysacrucialroleforagriculturalproductivityandfoodsecurity,humandevelopment,economicgrowthandjobs,andtheenvironment.WatersectoractionsarecriticalforreducingGHGemissions,adaptingtoclimatechange,andbuildingresilience.Investinginaclimate-resilient,water-securefutureprovideslargeeconomicandsocialreturns.Improvingwater-relatedresilienceisamongthetopfiveissuestackledbytheCCDRrecommendations,togetherwithclimatefinance,decarbonizingpowergeneration,increasingeconomywideresilienceandadaptation(includingthesocialaspectsofboth),anddecarbonizingtransport.Sustainablewatermanagementgreatlyenhancesthesynergybetweenresilienceanddevelopment.Twocentralchallengestoachievesustainablewatermanagementareclosingthefinancinggapandreforminginstitutions.

FIGURE2WaterThroughtheCCDRLens

Honduras

MaldivesAzerbaijanIndonesia

Pakistan

EgyptMoldovaWesternBalkans6

MoroccangladeshKazksninicanRliLiberiaPacificAtolls

CCDR

BeninMalawiGhanaNepalG5SahrlaqCentralAfricanRepublic

rnaEtiiongo.TürkiyeBrazilMadagascar

CamermbodiaLebanonRngi,.kin.ArmeniaMozambique

iiieiaBiiMlailbaan

Source:Analysisisbasedon52completedCCDRs(25in2022,16in2023,and11in2024).

Note:Thewordcloudshowsthefrequencyofwater-relateddiscussionsinaCCDR.Largertyperepresentshigherfrequency.

Context:Whywatermatters

Thewatersectoriscentralinadaptingtothechangingclimatebecauseitintersectswithnumerouseconomicsectors,offeringessentialinputsforagriculture,energy,transportation,forests,andfisheries(figure3).WateristhemostfrequentlymentionedsectorintheanalyzedCCDRs.Changesinthewatercycleduetoclimatechangecreateuncertaintyintheeconomy.Whenestimatesandimpactsofthesechangesdifferwidely,theuncertaintyincreasesevenmore.Forinstance,by2050,underadryorhotscenario,theSahelcountriescouldexperiencebetweena5percentanda10percentfallincroprevenuesandan11percentto20percentfallinlivestockyield,whereasinawetscenario,theimpactonlivestockyieldscouldbepositiveinallcountries(WorldBank2022a).

WATERSECURITYANDCLIMATECHANGE:INSIGHTSFROMCOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORTS

3

Thewatersectorofferssignificantuntappedpotentialforclimatemitigation.Upto10percentofglobalGHGemissionsarewater-related(USWaterAlliance2022).Theseemissionsincludedirectemissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxidefromirrigation,wetlands,andwastewaterandindirectemissionsthroughenergyusedinwatersupplyandtreatment.

Moreimportantly,waterisanessentialelementforbuildingsharedprosperityonalivableplanet.Therearefourinterconnectedbuildingblocksofprosperity:healthandeducation(humancapital),jobsandincome,peaceandsocialcohesion(socialcapital),andtheenvironment(naturalcapital).Waterinfluencesthesefouraspectsofprosperitythroughthreeprimarychannels:assafedrinkingwater,asanessentialinputforvariouseconomicsectors,andasacriticalsupportforecosystems(

figure3

)(ZhangandBorja-Vega2024).

FIGURE3EquitableandInclusiveWaterSecurityforSharedProsperityonaLivablePlanet

l

p

p

n

u

o

s

ti

y

r

a

e

it

t

a

n

a

w

s

d

g

n

n

a

i

k

n

i

r

D

Humancapital

Jobsandincome

Healthandeducation

WaterWaterservices

Agricultureandothereconomicsectors

NaturalcapitalEnvironment

Socialcapital

Peaceandsocial

cohesion

delivery

resources

E

c

o

s

Climatechange

y

s

t

e

m

s

Improveresilience

toextreme

hydro-climaticrisks

Improveresources

developmentand

allocation

Improveequitable

andinclusive

servicedelivery

Sharedprosperityonalivableplanet

Equitableandinclusivewatersecurity

Source:ZhangandBorja-Vega2024.

Sustainablewatermanagementdeliversbothdevelopmentandclimatebenefits.Improvedwaterandsanitationinfrastructurecanreducethespreadofwaterbornediseases,promotebetterhealthandeducationoutcomes,andenablecommunitiestobetterwithstandtheimpactofdroughtsandfloods.Nature-basedsolutionscanboostcarbonsequestration,replenishwaterresources,andbenefitpoorcommunitiesthatdisproportionatelyrelyonwaterandnatureforlivelihoods.Climate-smartirrigationcansignificantlyreducemethaneemissionsfromagricultureandenhanceagriculturalproductivity.

Between2015and2022,theproportionoftheworld’spopulationwithaccesstosafelymanageddrinkingwaterincreasedfrom69percentto73percent.Nevertheless,countriesfacegrowingchallengeslinkedtowaterscarcity,waterpollution,anddegradedwater-relatedecosystems.In2022,some2.2billionpeoplestilllackedsafelymanageddrinkingwater,3.5billionpeoplelackedsafelymanagedsanitation,and2billionlackedabasichandwashingfacility

WATERSECURITYANDCLIMATECHANGE:INSIGHTSFROMCOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORTS

4

(UnitedNations2023).Eightypercentofrainfedagricultureneedsclimate-smartagriculturepracticestoincreasefoodproduction.With4billionpeoplelivinginwater-scarceareasandbillionsvulnerabletofloodsanddroughts,thereisanurgentneedtoimprovesustainablewatermanagementasacriticalstrategyforaddressingclimatechangemitigation,adaptation,anddevelopment.

Keywater-relatedfindingsfromCCDRreports

Climatechangeimpactsonwaterresourcesandwaterservicesprovision

Climatechangeisexpectedtoleadtolargechangesinthewatercycle,withconsequencesthatcouldbelargeandunevenacrosstheglobe.Changesintemperatureandprecipitationduetoclimatechangegeneratedisruptionsinthewatercyclethatincreasethefrequencyandintensityofdroughtsandfloods,impactwateravailability,andleadtosealevelrise.All52analyzedCCDRsdescribedhowthesechangesadverselyimpactgrowth,prospects,andlivelihoods.Forexample:wateravailabilityinIraqcoulddeclineby13percentto28percentby2050duetoclimatechange.ForCentralAsiancountries,climateprojectionssuggestthattheflowoftheAmuDaryaRiverwilldecreaseby5percentandtheSyrDarya,by15percentby2050;thefrequencyoflow-water-flowanddroughtyearswillincrease,andrunofflossesareexpectedtobeasmuchas25percentto40percent.TheCaribbeanSeaexperiencedanaveragechangeinsealevelof1.7mm/y(+/-1.3)overthe1993–2010period.By2050,coastalareasoftheDominicanRepublicarelikelytoexperienceanaveragesealevelriseof+0.5meters(RCP8.5)andby2069,anaverageriseof0.6meters(RCP8.5).InEthiopia,itisestimatedthat5millionpeopleareexposedtoanaveragedroughtand0.25millionpeopletoanaveragefloodeventeveryyear.Withclimatechange,watersupplywillbecomemoreerratic,andwaterscarcitywillgreatlyworseninregionswherewaterisalreadyinshortsupply,suchasintheMiddleEastandtheSahelinAfrica(WorldBank2016).Unlessinvestmentsaremadetomanageandmitigatethisuncertainty,theimpactswillbesignificant.

MostcriticalclimatechangeimpactchannelsdiscussedintheCCDRsaredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtowater,includingwatershocksaffectingagriculturalandenergyproduction,water-relateddiseasesimpactinghealthandlaborproductivity,andwater-relatednaturaldisastersandresultinginfrastructuredamages.Forexample,by2040,itisestimatedthathydropowergenerationinGhanacoulddeclineby8percentto30percentcomparedto2020levels.InArgentina,annuallossesinrainfedagriculturefromwaterdeficitsorexcessesareestimatedat$2.1billion(0.6percentofGDP).DroughtinCapeTownledtoalossof20,000jobsinagriculture,resultedinadecreaseintouristnumbers,andledtoadirecteconomicimpactof3.4percentofprovincialGDPand0.3percentofnationalGDPin2018.InBangladesh,projectedsealevelrisecouldnearlydoubleassetriskby2050,whilethreateningagriculturalproduction,watersupply,andcoastalecosystems.InEgypt,underamediumsealevelrisescenario(RCP4.5SSP2),GDPlossesof1percentannuallycouldoccurby2030andgrowtoabout3percentin2100.InLebanon,climatechangeisprojectedtoreducewateravailabilitybyupto9percentby2040(andupto50percentduringthedryseason)andtoinducesignificantlossesinagriculture(uptoUS$250millionperyear)andtourism(duetoadecreaseinthenumberofsnowdaysandahigherfrequencyofforestfires).InUzbekistan,arisingincidenceofwaterborneandheat-relatedillnessescouldresultina0.6percentto1.2percentincreaseinmortalityby2050.Bythe2040s,waterbornediseasesinZimbabweareprojectedtoincreaseby57percentinawet/warmscenarioand123percentinahot/dryscenario.

Climatechangeimpactsonwateravailabilityhaveregionalimplications.Increasingdemandsontheworld’ssharedwaterresources,coupledwithincreasinguncertaintyduetoclimatechange,couldexacerbateregionaltensionsovertransboundarywaterresourcesandincreasethecostofadaptationmeasuresascountriesseek

WATERSECURITYANDCLIMATECHANGE:INSIGHTSFROMCOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORTS

5

sovereignsolutions.However,cooperationisoftentheleast-costsolutiontosecuringwatersupplies,whilealsogeneratingpeacedividendsandstrengtheningregionalresilience.Althoughcleardirectionshavebeensetforwaterresourcemanagementpolicy,furtherstrengtheningofgovernanceandregionalcooperation—onpolicy,institutions,andregulations—isrequired(WorldBank2022b).

Macroeconomicimpactsofclimate-inducedchangesinwateravailabilityandquality

Wateravailabilityisbecominglesspredictableinmanyplaces.Insomeregions,droughtsareexacerbatingwaterscarcity,threateningsustainabledevelopmentandbiodiversityworldwide.

2

Regionsaffectedbywaterscarcitycouldseetheirgrowthratesdeclinesubstantiallyduetowater-relatedimpactsonagriculture,health,andincomes.Underthemostpessimisticclimatescenarios,Nigerandsomeothercountriesmayfacea12percentdeclineinannualGDPcomparedtoamedium-growthbaseline(

figure4

).Withoutreform,a10percentfallinwatersupplyinTürkiyecouldreduceGDPby6percent.Inahot/dryclimatescenario,upto16.7percentoftheDominicanRepublic’sGDPcouldbelostrelativetothebaseline.DroughtconditionsinMalawiincreasetheprobabilityofanindividualfallingbelowthepovertylineby14percent.IntheSahelRegion,withoutclimateadaptation,by2050,annualGDPcomparedtoamedium-growthbaselinewouldbereducedbybetween6.8percent(BurkinaFaso)and11.9percent(Niger)underthedryandpessimisticclimatescenarios.ThatdecreasecouldbelargeenoughtowipeoutmostoralloftheannualgrowthinrealGDPandrealGDPpercapita.

3

Theimpactwillbemoresignificantinplaceswithoutsufficientwaterstorageinfrastructureandrelativelyreliantonrainfedagriculture.Inthatsense,climatechangewillexacerbateglobalinequalityandthepoorandvulnerableareoftendisproportionallyaffected.

FIGURE4EstimatedImpactsofaPessimisticClimateScenarioonGDPby2050

0

ChangeinGDPwithcurrentpolicies(%)

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10

–12

–14

–16

AzerbaijanPeru

KazakhstanRomania

Tanzania

Bangladesh

TajikistanNepal

Ghana

Montenegro

ChadUzbekistan

Mali

NigerPhilippines

Malawi

Congo,Dem.Rep.

Serbia

Liberia

Grenada

SaintLuciaBosniaandHerzegovinia

SouthAfrica

Colombia

Maldives

Armenia

Ecuador

Albania

Kosovo

.SIDS

WesternBalkans

OOther

countries

0K2K4K6K8K10K12K14K16K18K

GDPpercapitain2023(US$)

Source:WorldBank2023a.

Note:GDP=grossdomesticproduct;SIDS=smallislanddevelopingstates.

WATERSECURITYANDCLIMATECHANGE:INSIGHTSFROMCOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORTS

6

Watersectorcontributiontoclimatemitigationandclimateadaptation

Watersectoractionscancontributetobothclimateadaptationandmitigation.CCDRsincludedwatersectorrecommendationsforbothadaptationandmitigationactions.Watersectorrecommendationsfocusmostlyonadaptation(

figure5

).

FIGURE5RecommendationsonAdaptationVersusMitigationbySector

Economywide EnergyTransport

Water

AdaptationMitigationBoth

Agriculture Finance Buildings Forestry IndustryEnvironment Health Education WasteMining

0306090120150

Numberofpolicyrecommendations

Source:WorldBank2022c.

Thewatersectorholdsuntappedpotentialforclimatemitigation.About10percentofglobalGHGemissionsarewater-related,includingdirectemissionsofmethaneandnitrousoxidefromirrigation,wetlands,andwastewaterandindirectemissionsgeneratedthroughtheenergyusedinwatersupplyandtreatment.About2percentofGHGemissionscomefromwaterutilities,equivalenttothosefromtheworld’sshippingindustry.Fiftypercentoftheenergy-relatedGHGemissionsfromthewastewatersectorcanbeabatedwithexistingtechnologiesandatzeroornegativecost.

Thewater-energynexusbecomesincreasinglyimportantinaneraofclimatechange.Climatechangeimpactsonwateravailabilitycouldimpairenergysectordecarbonizationstrategy.InRomania,forexample,about50percentofthecountry’selectricitygenerationcomesfromhydropowerandnuclear.TheRomaniaCCDRacknowledgesthereliablesupplyofwaterresourcesasbeingcriticaltoRomania’senergysecurityanddecarbonization(WorldBank2023b).

WATERSECURITYANDCLIMATECHANGE:INSIGHTSFROMCOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORTS

7

Wateralsounderpinsinnovativesolutionsneededforthegreenenergytransition.Manycountries(Angola,Azerbaijan,Brazil,Colombia,Morocco,Nepal,Pakistan,Romania,andTürkiye,forexample)haveshowninterestinbecomingproducers,users,orexportersofgreenhydrogen,whichrequiresreliableaccesstowater.Co-locationofpumpedhydroandreservoirswithrenewableenergysources(inAngolaandJordan,forexample)couldsupportrenewableenergyintegration.InColombia,asignificantincreaseofsolarandwindpowergenerationcapacity,combinedwithhighhydroelectricityuse,representstheleast-costoptiontoexpandelectricitygeneration.

Conversely,technologiestoincreasewatersupplyareoftenenergy-intensive.CountriessuchastheArabRepublicofEgyptandMoroccoareactivelyinvestingindesalinationandwastewaterreuseplantstoreapthebenefitsofexpandedwatersupply,reducedmethaneemissions,andbiogasgeneration(

box1

).However,desalinationandwastewatertreatmentareenergy-intensive,andthechoiceofenergysourceshassignificantimplicationsforcountries’decarbonizationefforts.

GroundwaterpumpingaffectsGHGemissions,dependingonthesourceofenergy,andhaswatersecurityimplications.Ifpumpsarerunningonfossilfuel,GHGemissionswillincrease.Ifpumpsrunonrenewableenergysuchassolarenergy,themarginalcostsofpumpingwilldecrease,creatingariskofover-exploitationofgroundwater.Solarpumpingincombinationwithnet-meteringcouldbeapotentialsolution.

BOX1DesalinationasaViableWaterSupplyOption

Desalinationcanimprovethereliablesupplyoffreshwaterandhelpreducepressureonexistingfreshwaterresources.Countriesfacingwatershortages,suchasEgypt,Iraq,Jordan,andTunisia,areexploringacombinationofgroundwaterpumping,waterharvesting,anddesalinationtomeetdemandforwater.InEgypt,anestimated76plantsareinoperation,withcapacityexpansionfrom140,000m3/dayin2014to750,000m3/dayin2021.Thisfivefoldincreasewillimproveresilienceofwatersupplyfordrinking,tourism,andindustryincoastalareas.InTunisia,anewpublic-privatepartnership(PPP)frameworkaimstohelptheprivatesectorpartnerwiththestatetodevelopseveraldesalinationandwastewatertreatmentplants.TheprivatesectorinvestmentpotentialinthewatersectorisestimatedatbetweenUS$2.9billionandUS$3.4billion,mostofwhichwillbeusedtodevelopdesalinationplantsfortheagriculturesector.

However,giventhehighenergyintensityofthedesalinationprocess,thechoiceofenergysourcesmustalignwithcountry’sdecarbonizationtargets.InMorocco,thePlanNacionaldel’Eau(NationalWaterPlan)acknowledgesthatdesalinationofseawaterisbasedonenergy-intensivetechnologies.TomeetMorocco’sdecarbonizationtargets,desalinationplantswillneedtorelyonenergyfromrenewablesources,suchaswindandsolarpower.

Source:WorldBankCountryClimateandDevelopmentReports.

WATERSECURITYANDCLIMATECHANGE:INSIGHTSFROMCOUNTRYCLIMATEANDDEVELOPMENTREPORTS

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Waterinvestmentsyieldsignificantsocial,economic,andclimatereturns.Thenetbenefitsofinvesting$1.8trilliongloballyinfiveareasrelatedtoadaptationinwaterareestimatedat$7.1trillionfrom2020to2030(GlobalCommissiononAdaptation2019).

4

InPeru,adaptationinvestmentscanincreaseGDPby5percent,mostlyduetoagricultureandwaterco-benefits.InJordan,waterandenergyefficiencymeasurescouldsignificantlyreducewatersectorcostsandachieveoperationalcostrecoveryby2040.InCambodia,increasingannualinvestmentinwater,sanitation,andhygieneby5percentcouldnearlyoffsetnegativeclimatechangeimpactsonlaborsupplyby2050.InMorocco