中瑞零碳建筑项目-循环建造SINO-SWISS ZERO EMISSION BUILDING PROJECT Circular construction – Swiss Experiences

让我们共同打造气候中和的未来Buildingaclimate-neutralfuturetogether让我们共同打造气候中和的未来Buildingaclimate-neutralfuturetogetherintepEditiorialInformationEditiorialInformationCommissionedbyLeadAuthorManyThankstotheInvestorandPlanningteamofShanghaiandShaoxingDemoProjectofSino-SwissZEBProjecttoprovidetheprojectdatatothisreport.23CONTENT1.ProjectBackgroundofSDCZEBChina42.CIRCULARCONSTRUCTION63.RE-USE:THEK.118PILOTPROJECT173.5Greenhousegasemi4.DESIGNFORDISASSEMBLY345.REPORTaboutTRIPtoDemoprojectFIELD416.CIRCULARCONSTRUCTION51Annex80A1.TERMINOLOGY81A2.LITERATUREA3.Grossary1.1AbouttheSino-SwissZEBProjectFigure1:TheAmbassadorofSwitzerlandtoChinaBernardinoRegazzonimetwithNiHong,ViceMinisterofChina’sHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmenton24thNov.2020andsignedtheagreement,©SwissEmbassyinBeijingInordertojointlyaddressenergyefficiency.WithintheframeDevelopmentCooperation(SDFigure1:TheAmbassadorofSwitzerlandtoChinaBernardinoRegazzonimetwithNiHong,ViceMinisterofChina’sHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmenton24thNov.2020andsignedtheagreement,©SwissEmbassyinBeijing1.1.3Projectimpactonclimateprotecting1.1.1ProjectPurposes1.2TheRoleofZHAWIKEandIBP-teamZEBstandardsandfindi1.1.2ProjectZEBstandardsandfindi1.1.2Projectduration452.1IntroductionandDefinitiondifferentiateddependingontheirimpact,economics,culturalsignificance,etc.).Figure2:DIAGRAMOFTHELIFECYCLEMODEL.©ZHAWFigure2:DIAGRAMOFTHELIFECYCLEMODEL.©ZHAW672.2Fivepossibleapproachestocircularitytowardscircularity,theFigure3:DIAGRAMOFTHELIFECYCLEMODELHIGHLIGHTINGCOMPONENTREUSEPROCESS.©ZHAW2.2.1Discardnothing8individualcomponenarchitecturefestivalsheritageconservationofficials,alongwiththegreatsensitivitys9Figure4:FROMLEFTTORIGHT:THEHOUSE’S‘NEW’FAÇADE;NORTHELEVATIONLOOKINGTOWARDSTHECHURCH;PLANOFTHEGROUNDFLOOR;LONGITUDINALSECTION.©STUDIOALBORI2.2.2Materialitÿseriousnesswithwhicḧ̈̈Figure5:FROMLEFTTORIGHT:EXTERNALVIEW;UPSTAIRSLOGGIA;PLANSOFGROUNDANDFIRSTUPPERFLOOR;LONGITUDINALSECTION.©RASMUSNORLANDER2.2.3Continuinglocaltradition(1947–1952),therebydemonPouillon,whodesignedtheLaTourette(1948–1creatingbuildingsfromlimestonefromtheFigure6:FROMLEFTTORIGHT:EXTERNALVIEW;CENTRALHALLWAYWITHSTAIRCASE;BEDROOMWITHEXPOSEDSTONE;AXONOMETRY;©11H452.2.4SystemSeparationandstuff(i.e.furniture)—stipulaFIATfactoryturnedracetrack,butitsverFigure7:GROUNDFLOORPLANSSHOWINGFIXEDSPACES(GREENSHADING)ANDFLEXIBLESPACES(LUGHTBLUESHADING);SECTIONSHOWINGPRIMARYCONCRETENantes,2009•Client:MinistèredelaCultureNantes,2009•Client:MinistèredelaCulture–DRACdesPaysdeLoire•Architects:Lacaton&Vassal,Paris•Civilengineering,concretestructure:SetecBâtiment,Paris•Civilengineering,steelstructure:Cesma,Merignac•Generalcontractor:SavoieFreres2.2.5DesignforDisassemblyCaribbeanhut,asimplfledtothetemple,inHanover—bothlightweightstrucproductdetails,postconstructionchanges,anddcryfromthestandardizedarchremarkablylight(thesupersisbuiltofstandardizedthatallowthecopperFigure8:FROMLEFTTORIGHT:EXTERNALVIEW;THEOPENINTERIOR,THESPACESOFWHICHHAVENOPARTITIONWALLSANDARESEPARATEDONLYBYGLASS.CONNECTINGJOINTSINTHEPRIMARYSTRUCTURE.STRUCTURALAXONOMETRY.LONGITUDINALSECTIONANDPLANSOFFIRSTFLOORANDTOPFLOOR.©ROLANDHALBE,©WERNERSOEBEK2.2.6Themanyroutestocircularity3.1AbriefHistory3.1AbriefHistorydepartmentofArchitectureofZHAanyotherworkorst3.2DesignwithreusecomponentsconnectiondetailsaresuddenlyspecifieThemapbelowshowsalldemolitionsitesfromwhichcomponentswerecollected.Inthenextpages.Figure9:Componentmap;©ZHAWFigure9:Theaxonometryshowshowtheentirebuildingiscompletelyconstructedwithreusedelements(ingreen).Eventhesolarpanelsontheroofarereused;©ZHAWFigure10:DesignandConstruction:Process©ZHAWBurghaldeschoolBadenEglistrassehousingdevelop-BurghaldeschoolBadenEglistrassehousingdevelop-ment,ZrichBauTeilLadenwinterthurwinterthurwinterthurBaselBSAarhCwerk1,sulzerArealsite,winterthurptmbr28siemensAIbisriedensite,ZrichLetzigrabenhousingdevelopment,ZrichcoopdistributioncenterLysbchel,BaselJauar2pr2ugust28componentmapwinterthurBaselBSAarhCwerk1,sulzerArealsite,winterthurptmbr28siemensAIbisriedensite,ZrichLetzigrabenhousingdevelopment,ZrichcoopdistributioncenterLysbchel,BaselJauar2pr2ugust28componentmaptbr2tbr2290km60kmtbr2tbr22zieglerprintshopusterzellwegertextilema-zieglerprintshopustercafsorglosZrichJauar2NeomontanafactoryworkshopZrichvogelshanghousingdevelopmentwinterthurSBBtemporarysolutionsAaraupr22Fbrury22Buckheimerstrasseofficebuilding,ZrichBadenerstrasseofficebuilding,cafsorglosZrichJauar2NeomontanafactoryworkshopZrichvogelshanghousingdevelopmentwinterthurSBBtemporarysolutionsAaraupr22Fbrury22Buckheimerstrasseofficebuilding,ZrichBadenerstrasseofficebuilding,ZrichHunzikertemporarybuildingswillisauSPtmbr22DStnatnAugust22NNmbr28Dbr28tbr28RiedtwilwillisauCoopCoopdistributioncenterprattelnFFbruar2EulerstrasseEulerstrasseresiden-tialbuildingBaselyy22TemporaryTemporarysolutionvolkilandshoppingcentre,volketswilThisdiagramshowshowthefinaldesignofthebuildingfollowsthefindingofthecomponents:infact,itisnolongerthearchitectwhodecidesaprioritheshapeandcolorsofthebuilding,butreactstotheshapes,sizesandcolorsofthecomponentshefindsonhisway:Formfollowsfunction.Thisparadigmshiftrequiresgreatflexibilityandknowledgeofthecomponentsandmaterialsthataregoingtobereused.3.3ConstructionorganizationTenspecificservicesshowedintablebelowcanbederivedfromtheK.118casestudythatonlybecomenecessaryasaconsequenceofreuse(e.g.dismantlingandpreparation)orneedtobereallocated(e.g.transportandstorage)onthebasisofit,theyare:1.Search2.Assessment3.Documentation4.Acquisition5.Dismantling6.Transport(happeningtwotimes,fromdismantlingsitetostoragespaceandfromstoragespacetothenewconstructionsite)7.Storage8.Preparation9.Reinstallation10.MaintenanceEachcomponentsearchtriggersacascadeofactionsanddecisionswhichcanbeassignedtotheseservices.3.4Costof10componentsIsitstillpossibleinSwitzerlandtodaytobuildwithreusedcomponentsforthesamepriceaswithnewones?Inordertogettothebottomofthisquestion,theeffectivecostsatcomponentlevelwereestablished,basedontheconstructionaccountingforK.118,andcomparedwithequivalentnewcomponents.Notonlyisthefinalpricerelevant,butalsothetimewhenpaymentisdue:whileinconventionalconstruction,materialscanbeorderedaccordingtotheconstructionprogramofthenewbuilding,theavailabilityofusedcomponentsobeysthelogicofdemolitionsitesandthestocksofdealerswhohavebeenscarceuptonow.Inthefirststep,thecompositionpercomponentisinvestigatedusingtencomponentswithdifferentmanufacturingprocessesandmaterialpropertiesasexamples:whatistheeffectivecompositionoftheircostswhenalltheservicesandprocessesrelevanttoreuseareconsidered?Theplanningcostsdirectlyrelatedtothesearchanddocumentationofthecomponentsarealsorecordedhere.Theactualpurchaseprice—atmost,usuallythescrapvalue—isgenerallynegligible.Ontheotherhand,labourcostsfordismantling,preparation,andreinstallationaresignificantlyhigherinSwitzerland,ahighwagecountry.Forcomponentssubjecttomechanicalwear(e.g.theOrionwindow,Zellwegerinteriordoors,Letzigrabenletterboxes)specialmaintenanceworkandprovisionsforwarrantyreplacementmustalsobetakenintoaccount.InthecaseofK.118theyarepartofthecontractsforworkandservices.Thenextstepisthecomparisonpercomponentwithvaluesforequivalentnewcomponents.Althoughtheyaremostlyreinstalledwithonlyminimalpreparation,insomecasesitwasnotpossibletoundercutthepriceofnewcomponents.Forexample,despiteitsuntreatedsurfacepatina,theLysbüchelloadbearingsteelstructure,whichrequiresheavyliftinggearfordismantling,transportandreinstallation,turnedoutslightlymoreexpensivethananewone.Fromapurelyeconomicpointofview,theVogelsangfloorboardswerealsonot‘profitable’.Thedismantling,preparation,andreinstallationofthesmalltimberelementsrequireagreatdealofexpensivemanualwork.However,hadtheybeenmadefromvaluablehighgradetimberinsteadofcheapspruce,theratiowouldquicklyhavelookedmorefavourable.Alsorelevantistheamountofworkstoredinthecomponentintermsofembodiedcraft.Thus,reuseisfinanciallyworthwhile,especiallyforcomponentswithcomplexmanufacturingprocesses,suchasdoorsorwindows,providedtheyareeasytosalvage.Considerationssuchastheseneedtobetakenintoaccountwhenestimatingthecostsofreusingcomponents.Inthenextpages.Figure11:Costs:CoompositionperComponent,©ZHAWFigure12:Costs:ComparisonperComponent,©ZHAWcosts:comparisoncomponentper100%Additionalcosts/savingsReusedcostsNewcostQuantityintheprojectPm24pS477CHFPiece --3t;costs:comparisoncomponentper100%Additionalcosts/savingsReusedcostsNewcostQuantityintheprojectPm24pS477CHFPiece --3t;4444PC832538CHF/piece 5,202CHF/t538CHF/piece 5,202CHF/tprice/reusedunit1051CHF/piece1643CHFPiece59CHF/m2540CHF/m223CHF/m2124CHF/m2Consideredoverall,reusealsoaffectstheconstructioncostsandfinancingoftheproject:whereasintheconventionaldesignandconstructionprocess,onlydesignandapprovalcostsareincurreduptothestartofconstruction,forK.118,componentcostsofabout11percentoftheconstructioncostshadalreadyaccumulatedduringthistime.TherealdesigneffortisalsohigherasapercentageofthetotaleffortintheearlyprojectphasesthanprovidedforintheservicemodelofSIAOrder102.2.Theeffectisonlyrelativizedintheimplementationphase,whentheplanningcostsexceedthatofapurenewbuildbyabout15percent,similartoaconversion.InthecaseofK.118,thatamountstoabout2percentoftheconstructioncosts.Theclientmustthereforeinvestaconsiderableamountlongbeforetheconstructionpermitisissued-over60percentmorethanusualbythestartofconstruction.Intheend,thequestionposedatthebeginningcanneverthelessbeansweredwith‘almost’:atthecomponentlevel,thereusedcomponentsintheK.118casestudyareonaveragecheaperthannewones.However,intotal,additionalexpensesariseintheplanning,andinthecaseofconstructioncosts,2–3percentsavingsduetorationalconstructionmethodsareoffsetbythesubsequentcostsofreuse.Thathastodonotonlywithindividualconnectiondetailsbutalsowithmaterialresiduesthataredifficulttocalculate,andthelackofestablishedprocessesandmarkets.3.5Greenhousegasemissionsforthefollowinginvestigation,whichwasZurich'sOfficeforS̈loadbearingsteelstructure.negligibleeffectsforInthenextpages:Figure13:Greenhousegasemissions:Compositionpercomponent,©ZHAWFigure14:Greenhousegasemissions:Compositionpercomponent,©ZHAWThepotentialofreusebecomesobviouswiththecomparisonpercomponentwiththesamebutnewparts.Eventhetransportwithinthestatedradiusiscomparativelyinsignificant.Emissionsareusuallyreducedmorethan98percent,particularlyifthemanufacturerequiresthermalprocesses(e.g.themeltingofmetalorglass).Thebalanceissomewhatlessclearonlywithcomponentswhosehandlingduringreuserequiresthecostlyuseofmachinery,suchastheLysbüchelloadbearingsteelstructure,orthosemadefromnaturalmaterials,whosemanufactehardlyemitsanygreenhousegases,e.g.theVogelsangsolidtimberfloorboards.Here,too,however,thesavingsareextremelyhighatabout90percent—reusedcomponentsactaswildcardsforthelifecycleassessment.Evenifthevaluesfromasinglecasestudycannotbegeneralized,theoverallbalanceoftheK.118casestudydoesindicatethepossiblepotentialsavingsfromreuse.Comparedwithahypotheticalbuildingconstructedfromthesamebutnewcomponents,atotalof494tCO2eqaresaved—i.e.about59percent.Thereusedcomponentsareonlyresponsibleforabout6toftheremaining349tofgreenhousegasemissions.Ifoneconsidersthecontributionsofthevariouscomponentgroupstothesavings,then,asexpected,theloadbearingstructure,windowsandfaçadeturnouttohavelucrativepotentialsavings.Overall,however,itisnoticeablethatthereductionsofgreenhousegasemissionsarenotattributabletoafewelements,butthatitistheaggregateeffectofmanydifferentelementsthatmakesthedifference.Theenormouspotentialofreusedcomponentsforthereductionofgreenhousegasesalsocaststheeconomicevaluationinadifferentlight:If,whenmakingthecomparisonpercomponent,arealisticmonetaryvaluewasattachedtotheCO2eqsavingsshown,thiswouldalsosignificantlyshiftthecostpercomponentinfavourofreuse.59%savedCo2eqemnissions15.1%Existingbuilding21.4%Buildingconstruction8.4%Lysbchelload-be59%savedCo2eqemnissions15.1%Existingbuilding21.4%Buildingconstruction8.4%Lysbchelload-bearingsteelstructure4.5%Neomontanasteeltrapezoidalsheeting4.5%orionexternalstaircase3.2%zellwegersteelsections0.8%orioncladdingslabs18.5%Buildingservices13.5%siemensphotovoltaicsystem0.4%vogelsangradiators2.7%variousheatinginstallations0.2%washbasincomponentexchange0.6%variouswaterinstallations1.1%ventilationducts30.7%Fagade9.2%orionwindows5.0%werk1windows5.8%otherwindowsandexternaldoors6.3%zieglerfagademetalcladding2.6%Fagadeconstruction1.8%Fagadeinsulation(straw)7.3%Flatroof5.3%zieglerinsulationboard2.0%3-plyplywoodceilingboards7.0%Buildingfitout1.1%vogelsangfloorboards0.4%otherfloorfinishes1.8%Eventbaumarqueefloorpanels1.2%zellwegerinteriordoors2.5%variousinternalpartitionsanddoors100%SAVING%44t2q7.0%Buildingfit-out15.1%Existingbuilding7.3%Flatroof21.4%Buildingconstruction1%6tCo2eqReusedcomponents343tCo2eqNewcomponents30.7%Facade18.5%Buildingservices100%843tCo2eqtotalKK8Figure15:Greenhousegasemissions:Overallbalance,©ZHAW3.6Plans,sectionsanddetailsoftheK118Figure16:FaçadeandSection©BaubüroinsituFigure17:GroundFloorand3rdand4thFloorplan©BaubüroinsituFigure18:DetailsectionandfloorplanwithviewoftheK118Façade©Baubüroinsitü̈̈4.1IntroductionandDefinitionimplementingsimplebuianddeconstruction-challenges4.1.1BridgesofTonielSuizöFigure19:TRANSFEROFCABLESANDTHEIRUSEINTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEBRIDGE.©VANDERWALM4.1.2TheCircularBuilding,London,Arupconstructionprocess.(https://www.frener-reinstallation-and-exhibition-iareastomeetfuturerequirements,andinthepavilion,someofwhichhFigure20:FROMLEFTTORIGHT:ANINSTALLATIONCREATEDOUTSIDETHEBUILDINGCENTREFORTHELONDONDESIGNFESTIVAL2016.THESTEELSTRUCTUREOFTHECIRCULARBUILDING.THEINTERIORSPACEOFTHECIRCULARBUILDING.EXPLODEDAXONOMETRICVIEWOFTHESTRUCTUREANDELEMENTSOFTHECIRCULARBUILDING.©ARUP4.1.3HouseofSwitzerland,Zürich,SpillmannEchsleArchitektenFigure20:IMAGESFROMTHECONSTRUCTIONSITE,SECTIONANDPLANSOFTHEHOUSEOFSWITZERLAND©SPILLMANNECHSLEARCHITEKTEN4.2TeachingFurnitureRe-useatZHAW4.2.1Overviewdisusedfurniturecombined,addsFigure21:REFURBISHEDEASYCHAIRBYGIRSBERGER©HTTPS://GIRSBERGER.COM/DE/LOESUNGEN/REMANUFACTURING/4.2.2CaseStudyenabledstudentstoknowledgeofwoodworkingfunctionality,designandconstruction.Ofvaryingscales.intoalargerstructurewithwalpractice.Furthermore,theresFigure22:STUDENTPROJECTSFROMLEFTTORIGHT.“BRIBBON”,PARAMETRICOFF-CUTFURNITURE,STUDENTSFIONAHUBLER,SIMONEMAHLER.“BRIBBON”,DETAIL,PARAMETRICOFF-CUTFURNITURE,STUDENTSFIONAHUBLER,SIMONEMAHLER.“SCHALTABLE”,PARAMETRICOFF-CUTFURNITURE,STUDENTSFERDINANDMATTHIAS,ENDRITMEMETI.SAFEDIGITALFABRICATIONWITHTHESHAPERCNC,PARAMETRICOFF-CUTFURNITURE,SINAELMER,ZHAWWORKSHOPSTAFF.ENTHUSIASTICSTUDENTSWITHPRECISEPRESS-FITJOINT,PARAMETRICOFF-CUTFURNITURE,STUDENTSABIDINMEMETI,MANUELJECK.RAWMATERIALFROMABUILDINGSKIP,PARAMETRICOFF-CUTFURNITURE.“GRIDFUSION”,BENCHMADEFROMRECYCLEDVENTINGDUCTGRIDWITH3D-PRINTEDCONNECTOR,DETAIL,OPENSOURCEDESIGN,STUDENTSDOMINIKMETTLER,SIMONOTT.“SCHWALBENECK”,FURNITURESYSTEMWITHPARTIALMACHININGAND3D-PRINTEDCONNECTOR,OPENSOURCEDESIGN,STUDENTSYANOSHSIMENIC,TILSTEIGER©ZHAWexchangesandsiteviFigure23:THESWISSDELEGATIONINBEJING,OCTOBER20235.1ImpressionsofthebuiltEnvironmentFigure23:THESWISSDELEGATIONINBEJING,OCTOBER20235.1ImpressionsofthebuiltEnvironmentFigure24:SNAPSHOTFROMBEJING.©ADRIANKIESEL5.1.1InfrastructureGrowthofhigh-speedtrains,lineconnectingmodern5.2Workshop18.October20235.2.1Lecturesustainableurban5.2.2DesignPrinciplesinActionThroughcasestudiesandexamplesFigure25:Constructionsite,DemoProject,©ADRIANKIESEL5.2.3SiteVisitsfFigure26:BeijingDemoProjectonsite,©ADRIANKIESELandCooperation.TheprojectcommencedinMayyearsofjointeffortsFigure27:BeijingDemoProject©AtelierSUPcapital.Figure28:ShangaiDemoProjectonsite,©Sino-SwissZEBProjectFigure29:ConstructionsiteofWuxiDemoProjectandworkshoponsite,©ADRIANKIESELLocalZEBconsultingFigure30::ShanghaiDemoProject©XXXXandtoforgoacarbonintensefinishoranddewaywehopethebuildinWuxisectorslikesolartechnolSino-SwissZEBconsultingteam:Intep-skat,CABRlow-tech,UAD,HSLU,EMPA,ZHAWetc.Location:Wuxi,Jiangsu,China(HotSummerColdWinter;SolarResourceAreaDemonstrationBuilding:Mixfunctionswithoffice,conference,exhibition,educationBuildingSize:210980m2PhaseI:groundfloorB1+secondfloorB2Investmentcosts:ca.2’170’622’600RMBtotalFigure31:WuxiDemoProject©WuxiDPAfterstartingthetourthroughthebuildingsite,thesheeramountofconcreteusedbecomesapparent.Positiveistheuseofthermalenergytoheatthebuildingandtheincorporationoflargeareasforphotovoltaic.IntheafternoontheZHAWheldalectureonDfDandReusefortheplannerteam.Principlesofsustainabilityandembodiedcarbonwerecommunicatedanddiscussed.Th