第二章 畜禽的繁殖课件

第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第一节引言第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction繁殖是家畜生产中最重要的经济性状（Reproductionisthemosteconomicallyimportanttraitinfarmanimalproduction）-Determinesnumberofsaleableanimals-Determinesnumberofreplacementfemales-Initiateslactation第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction2.畜禽繁殖学的研究对象：－研究畜禽繁殖的自然规律－以畜禽生殖生理学为基础，总结和提出相应的技术措施

保持畜禽正常的繁殖性能提高畜禽繁殖力调整和控制繁殖的生理过程

作为育种工作的有效手段第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction3.主要内容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技术

3.3家畜繁殖力的评价、影响因素的分析、生产实践中提高繁殖力的方法和途径第二章畜禽的繁殖3.1畜禽生殖生理公畜和母畜的生殖系统组成和功能家畜生殖活动的机理及内分泌（生殖激素）调节第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction3.主要内容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技术

3.3家畜繁殖力的评价、影响因素的分析、生产实践中提高繁殖力的方法和途径第二章畜禽的繁殖3.2繁殖技术人工授精

-发情鉴定

-妊娠诊断:超声波诊断仪

-冷冻精液第二章畜禽的繁殖3.2繁殖技术繁殖控制技术

-发情控制:同期发情

-排卵控制:超数排卵,胚胎分割

-妊娠和分娩控制:同期分娩第二章畜禽的繁殖3.2繁殖技术繁殖生物技术

-卵子和胚胎的冷冻保存

-卵母细胞体外培养和体外受精

-胚胎分割和卵裂球的培养

-克隆动物生产:体细胞核移植

-胚胎移植

-转基因动物第二章畜禽的繁殖IIntroduction3.主要内容：

3.1畜禽生殖生理

3.2繁殖技术

3.3家畜繁殖力的评价、影响因素的分析、生产实践中提高繁殖力的方法和途径第二章畜禽的繁殖4.GoalsofthechapterProvidebasicunderstandingofanatomy(解剖)Understandmajorhormones(激素)involvedUnderstandgestation(妊娠),estruslength(发情期)andestrouscycle(发情周期)offarmanimalsIIntroduction第二章畜禽的繁殖II繁殖学术语

ReproductionterminologySpeciesMaturefemaleYoungfemaleCattleSheepSwineHorseBirdsCowHeifer（小母牛）Ewe（母羊）EwelambSowGiltMare（母马）Filly（小雌马）HenPullet（不足一岁母鸡）Poult;ChickTable1Termsforfemales第二章畜禽的繁殖SpeciesMaturemaleCastratemale（去势公畜）CattleSheepSwineHorseBirdsBullSteer（阉公牛）Ram（公羊）Wether（阉羊）Boar（公猪）Barrow（阉公猪）Stallion（公马）GeldingRooster/cock/tomCapon（阉鸡）II繁殖学术语

ReproductionterminologyTable2Termsformales第二章畜禽的繁殖第二节畜禽的繁殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官一、组成1.性腺（睾丸）（Gonads

，

testicles）2.输精管道2.1附睾(Epididymis）2.2输精管（Vasdeferens)2.3尿生殖道(Urethra)3.副性腺3.1精囊腺(seminalvesicle)3.2前列腺(prostate)3.3尿道球腺(Cowpersgland)4.外生殖器（阴茎,penis第二章畜禽的繁殖睾丸附睾S型弯曲阴茎交配器官精囊腺尿道球腺囊状皱褶阴茎收缩肌脑垂体LH,FSH下丘脑GnRH尿道口第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官二、公畜生殖系统的功能形成雄性配子（精子）生成激素精子转运排尿射精第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官二、公畜各生殖器官的功能1.性腺(

Gonads)–睾丸(

testicles

inmale)Location:supportedbyscrotum(阴囊)(noneinpoultry)Scrotum（阴囊）:isaheatregulatingstructurebybloodflowandmuscles第二章畜禽的繁殖一、公畜的生殖器官Function产生配子(Producegametes-spermatozoa,精子)-生精作用(Spermatogenesis)–processofproduction&developmentofmalegametes-occursinseminiferoustubules(精细管)产生雄性激素(Producemalesexhormones,androgens,雄激素)-在间质细胞产生睾丸激素(

testosterone）第二章畜禽的繁殖睾丸下降（

DescentoftheTestes)睾丸在靠近肾脏的生殖脊附近形成

在发育的一定时期通过腹股沟下降到阴囊中睾丸下降的时间timeofdescent

-牛和羊（bullandram）：妊娠中期 -猪（Boar）：妊娠最后1/4期 -马（stallion）：出生前后一、公畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖睾丸下降（

DescentoftheTestes)下降失败－双侧或单侧隐睾

-导致不育

-不影响雄性激素的分泌

-性活动和特征不受影响为什么？一、公畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖2.附睾(Epididymis) -浓缩(Concentration),贮存(storage),成熟(maturation),和转运(transport)精子一、公畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖附睾体附睾尾附睾头输精管输精小管睾丸网直管血管和神经精细管叶中隔精索鞘膜白膜鞘膜腔睾丸和附睾

第二章畜禽的繁殖睾丸和附睾附睾体附睾尾附睾头睾丸输精管第二章畜禽的繁殖输精管(Vasdeferens)–transportofspermatozoafromepididymistourethra尿道(Urethra)–commonexcretoryductforurine&semen(notpresentinbirds)一、公畜的生殖器官Durationoftimetoproduceaspermcell--BoarTotaltimetoproducespermcell:45to47days!!34to35daysto“make”asperm10to12daystotransitepididymis副性腺(Accessoryglands)3Accessoryglands: 前列腺(

prostategland)精囊腺(seminalvesicles)尿道球腺(Cowper’sgland)一、公畜的生殖器官精囊腺前列腺尿道球腺第二章畜禽的繁殖副性腺(Accessoryglands)为精液增加精清/营养物质和缓冲液(addfluidvolume,nutrients,andbufferstosemen)sperm+accessoryglandfluid=SEMEN（精液）一、公畜的生殖器官Table3公畜精液的特点

SemencharacteristicsofmaleanimalsAnimalVolume/ejaculate(ml)Spermconcentration(milperml)summaryBull3-8800mil-2bilLowvol;highconcRam0.8-2.02-3bilLowvol;highconcBoar150-350200-300milHighvol;lowconcStallion60-100150-300milHighvol;lowconcTom0.2-0.88-30bilLowvol;highconcCock0.2-1.53-7bilLowvol;highconc不同种属公畜精液的组成的差异主要是什么因素的影响形成的？第二章畜禽的繁殖去势对附性腺的影响第二章畜禽的繁殖SummaryofthePrimaryFunctionsof

theMaleReproductiveTractTesticles–testosteroneproductionandspermatozoaproductionEpididymis–concentration,storage,maturation,andtransportofspermatozoa.Scrotum–supportoftesticles,temperaturecontrol.Vasdeferens–spermtransport.Accessoryglands–additionoffluidvolume,nutrients,andbufferstosemen.Penis–Copulatoryorgan.第二章畜禽的繁殖BullReproductiveTract第二章畜禽的繁殖RamReproductiveTract第二章畜禽的繁殖公猪的生殖系统第二章畜禽的繁殖二、母畜的生殖器官一、组成1.性腺-卵巢(Ovaries)2.生殖道(reproductivetract)－输卵管(oviduct)－子宫角(uterinehorns)－子宫体(uterinebody)－子宫颈(Cervix)－阴道(Vagina)外生殖器－阴道(vagina)－阴户(vulva)12345678第二章畜禽的繁殖母猪的生殖系统第二章畜禽的繁殖FemaleBovineReproductiveSystem第二章畜禽的繁殖二、母畜生殖道的功能生成激素

产生配子

：卵原细胞

3.转运配子

-

卵母细胞

的转运

-

精子的转运

4.受精

5.胚胎的生长发育

6.分娩

二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖三、母畜各生殖器官的功能卵巢（Ovaries）Functions产生卵子(Produceegg,oocyte;ova)产生雌激素(Produceestrogen)产生孕激素(Produceprogesterone)二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖卵巢（Ovaries）Structures卵泡(ovarianfollicles:containegg;produceestrogen)黄体(corpusluteum,CL）:produceprogesterone（黄体酮,孕酮）;developsfromcellsofovulatedfollicle二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖CowOvariesNormalwithsmallfolliclesNormalwithcorpusluteumAbnormalwithlargecysticfollicle第二章畜禽的繁殖充血黄体－红体注意卵巢中的黑红色结构－充血黄体充血黄体在滤泡排出后的空间形成。排卵几天后，将形成黄体，由黄体产生黄体酮（也称为妊酮或妊激素）充血黄体－妊娠后2天的母猪生殖系统第二章畜禽的繁殖黄体卵巢妊娠4－18天母猪的黄体第二章畜禽的繁殖在邻近正常的发情周期结束时，黄体逐渐失去功能，终止产生黄体酮。黄体本身逐渐变为“白体”。白体第二章畜禽的繁殖2.输卵管(Oviduct)运输卵子和精子(Transportegg&sperm)受精的场所(Siteoffertilization)二、母畜的生殖器官输卵管的组成

Structureofoviduct伞部(infundibulum)–eggpickup壶腹部(前1/3处）(Ampulla)–;spermstorage&

fertilization峡部(isthmus)–第二章畜禽的繁殖3.子宫(Uterus)功能是胚胎着床（附植）的场所,为胚胎发育提供营养(Siteofembryonidation–nourishment)产生前列腺素(produceshormoneprostaglandin)-前列腺素的作用是溶解黄体,重新开始发情周期二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖形态与位置构成：子宫角、子宫体和子宫颈--猪、马：双角子宫--牛羊：对分子宫

二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖比较猪和牛的子宫左：猪-双角子宫右：牛-对分子宫第二章畜禽的繁殖对分子宫和双角子宫牛马牛猪纵隔第二章畜禽的繁殖子宫颈(Cervix,oftenconsideredpartofuterus)精子和胎儿的通道(Passagewayforsperm&fetus)是子宫和阴道之间的屏障,对子宫形成保护(Barrierbetweenuterus&vagina;protectsuterus)二、母畜的生殖器官子宫颈(cervix) －物理屏障

：不发情和妊娠期紧闭 －化学屏障：母畜发情期间较高水平的雌激素刺激子宫颈分泌粘液二、母畜的生殖器官第二章畜禽的繁殖阴道(Vagina)交配器官(Copulatoryorgan)产道(Birthcanal)二、母畜的生殖器官Cowreproductivetract第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultryMaleTestesinbodycavityCopulationwithanextensionofcloaca(泄殖腔)UnnecessaryforfemaletolayeggsSpermcanremainviableinfemaleforseveraldaysorweeks!第二章畜禽的繁殖三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultry2.FemaleRightovary&oviductfailtodevelopafterhatching.Ovulatestartingatpubertyfor25weeks24+hoursfromoneovulationtonext第二章畜禽的繁殖三、家禽的繁殖

ReproductioninPoultry2.FemaleOviduct:infundibulum(伞部)–eggpickup;spermstorage&fertilizationMagnum(膨大部)–secretesalbumen(蛋白)isthmus(峡部)–formsshellmembranes(形成壳膜)Uterus–shellformation(形成壳)Incubatefertileeggs21(chicken)or28(turkey)days第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖ChickenreproductivetractOvumOvaryOviduct第二章畜禽的繁殖Chickenovary第二章畜禽的繁殖第三节生殖激素第二章畜禽的繁殖一、生殖激素的概念

SexualHormonalFunctionHormonescanbeconsideredthefuelwhilethesystemisthemachinery激素是由某些特殊化的细胞（内分泌细胞，某些神经细胞等）所分泌的化学物质，它们可以从一组细胞传递到另一组细胞，或从一个细胞的这一部分传递到同一细胞的另一部分，以发挥其调节作用的一系列微量生物活性物质下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)血液卵巢(睾丸)脑垂体促卵泡激素(FSH)

促黄体激素(LH)催产素(oxty)卵巢激素－雌激素－妊酮（黄体酮）睾丸激素－雄性激素二、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴

hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxis三、雌性生殖激素

HormonesoffemalereproductionHormone Source Function

GnRH(促性腺激素释放激素)Hypothalamus(下丘脑)FSH,LHreleaseFSH pituitary(脑下垂体) follicledevelopmentLH pituitary ovulation formationofCLProstaglandin(前列腺素)uterus killscorpusluteumestrogen follicle estrus;matingbehavior uterinegrowthprogesterone corpusluteum maintainpregnancy四、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的关系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus(下丘脑) GnRH(促性腺激素释放激素)Brain–AnteriorPituitary(垂体前叶) FSH(促卵泡激素) LH(促黄体激素)Reproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation (卵泡发育) (排卵) Ovary–Follicle(卵泡) Ovary–CorpusLuteum(黄体) Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus(下丘脑) Uterus,hypothalamusBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamus四、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的关系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamus四、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的关系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin四、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的关系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin四、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的关系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary FSH LHReproductivetract

Ovary Ovary -Developmentoffollicle -Ovulation

Ovary–Follicle Ovary–CorpusLuteum Estrogen Progesterone Uterus,hypothalamus Uterus,hypothalamusPGF2alphaProstaglandin三、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴

hypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxis第二章畜禽的繁殖四、下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的关系

relationshipofhypothalamus-pituitary-ovaryaxisCL卵泡卵巢FSH下丘脑GnRH黄体酮(-GnRH和LH)子宫PGF(破坏黄体)脑垂体LH雌激素

(+forGnRH和LH,-forFSH)请完整叙述下丘脑-垂体-性腺激素之间的关系五.雄性生殖激素

HormonesofmalereproductionBrain–Hypothalamus GnRHBrain–AnteriorPituitary(垂体前叶) FSH Testes–spermproduction

Testosterone Skeletalmuscle-“Secondarysexcharacteristics”(第二性征) Malereproductivesystem

第二章畜禽的繁殖第二章畜禽的繁殖第四节母畜的繁殖周期第二章畜禽的繁殖一、发情周期的概念

EstrousCycleEstrus(发情)–synonymouswith“heat”.PeriodoftimewhenfemaleissexuallyreceptivetomaleDuetoincreasedconcentrationsofestrogenSignalsapproachingovulationEstrouscycle–periodoftimefromoneestrustothenextESTRUS=NOUN ESTROUS=ADJECTIVEEstrousCycleDaysDurationofEstrusGestationHeifer2118hrs285d9moEwe1730hrs144d5moMare227days336d11moGilt2160hrs114d3mo,3wk,3dGoat2139hrs150d5moTable4Reproductivecharacteristics

offemaleanimalsESTROUSCYCLESESTROGENPROGESTERONEFSHLHPROSTAGLANDIN第二章畜禽的繁殖1.初情期（Puberty）:Theageatwhichfemaleormalereproductionsystemsbecomefunctional Heifer,cow 6-18months Ewe 6-8months Mare 20months Gilt 5-8months Doe,goat 4-8months Heifer,bison 24months Pubertyisthefunctionofweightbutnotage!二、初情期、妊娠和分娩

Puberty,Pregnancy&Parturition第二章畜禽的繁殖二、初情期、妊娠和分娩

Puberty,Pregnancy&Parturition2.Fertilization(受精)JoiningofspermandeggsCelldivisionoccursevery20hoursNidation(附植):Attachtouterus25dayscattle14daysswine3.Gestation（妊娠）:thedurationfromfertilizationtoparturition(seetable）4.Parturition:Givingbirth第二章畜禽的繁殖第五节繁殖技术ReproductiveTechniques第二章畜禽的繁殖一、人工授精

Artificialinsemination(AI)人工授精(Artificialinsemination,AI)WhyisAIused?maximizegeneticimprovementreducematingcostscontrolreproductivediseasesuseofdeadorinjuredsires(公畜）第二章畜禽的繁殖Somekeystosuccessare:Detectionofestrus(发情鉴定)Obsevationofbehavioralchanges(行为变化)Standingheat(静立反射);restlessPropertimingofinsemination(适时输精)viablespermavailableattimeofovulationbreedtowardendofestrusTechnicianskill(员工技能)correctplacementofsemeninreproductivetract一、人工授精

Artificialinsemination(AI)第二章畜禽的繁殖下图：发情盛期母猪的静立反射上图：发情母猪症状之一—耳朵竖起第二章畜禽的繁殖2.SpeciesuseofAIDairy-70%ofallcows Poultry–95%(becauseofdifficultnaturalmating)Swine–rapidlyincreasingHorses–increasingwithgreateruseofextendedsemenBeef-<10%ofallcows,increasingSheep–increasingbutlimited(flocksdispersed)一、人工授精

artificialinserminationAIproceduresinfemalesSheep-surgicalorspeculum（反射镜）Swine-corkscrewHorses-likecattle第二章畜禽的繁殖二、同期发情

Estroussynchronization1、Estroussynchronization：controllingestrouscyclesofemalesexpressestrusaroundsametime2.ReasonstousewithAI-decreaseexpenseoftime&laborfordetectionofestrusforsuccessofembryotransfer第二章畜禽的繁殖二、同期发情

Estroussynchronization3.Methods:hormonal:induceovulation